1
|
Kuthe PV, Muzaffar-Ur-Rehman M, Chandu A, Prashant KS, Sankarnarayanan M. Unlocking nitrogen compounds' promise against malaria: A comprehensive review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400222. [PMID: 38837417 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites are the primary cause of malaria, leading to high mortality rates, which require clinical attention. Many of the medications used in the treatment have resulted in resistance over time. Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) has shown significant results for the treatment. However, mutations in the parasite have resulted in resistance, leading to decreased efficiency of the medications that are currently being used. Therefore, there is a critical need to find novel scaffolds that are safe, effective, and of economic advantage. Literature has reported several potent molecules with diverse scaffolds designed, synthesized, and evaluated against different strains of Plasmodium. With this growing list of compounds, it is essential to collect the data in one place to gain a concise overview of the emerging scaffolds in recent years. For this purpose, nitrogen-containing heterocycles such as β-carboline, imidazole, quinazoline, quinoline, thiazole, and thiophene have been highly explored due to their wide biological applications. Besides these, another scaffold, benzodiazepine, which is majorly used as a central nervous system depressant, is emerging as an anti-malarial agent. Hence, this review centers on the latest medication advancements designed to combat malaria, emphasizing special attention to 1,4-benzodiazepines as a novel scaffold for antimalarial drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranali Vijaykumar Kuthe
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Muzaffar-Ur-Rehman
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ala Chandu
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kirad Shivani Prashant
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Murugesan Sankarnarayanan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ravindar L, Hasbullah SA, Rakesh KP, Hassan NI. Pyrazole and pyrazoline derivatives as antimalarial agents: A key review. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 183:106365. [PMID: 36563914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Malaria poses a severe public health risk and a significant economic burden in disease-endemic countries. One of the most severe issues in malaria control is the development of drug resistance in malaria parasites. The standard treatment for malaria is artemisinin-combination therapy (ACT). Nevertheless, the Plasmodium parasite's extensive resistance to prior drugs and reduced ACT efficiency necessitates novel drug discovery. The progress in discovering novel, affordable, and effective antimalarial agents is significant in combating drug resistance, and the hybrid drug concept can be used to covalently link two or more active pharmacophores that may act on multiple targets. Pyrazole and pyrazoline derivatives are considered pharmacologically necessary active heterocyclic scaffolds that possess almost all types of pharmacological activities. This review summarized recent progress in antimalarial activities of synthesized pyrazole and pyrazoline derivatives. The studies published since 2000 are included in this systematic review. This review is anticipated to be beneficial for future study and new ideas in searching for rational development strategies for more effective pyrazole and pyrazoline derivatives as antimalarial drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lekkala Ravindar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aishah Hasbullah
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - K P Rakesh
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nurul Izzaty Hassan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600 Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Das T, Mohapatra S, Priyadarsini Mishra N, Nayak S. Catalyst and base free aza-Michael addition reaction: Synthesis of poly-substituted 4-pyrazole based benzopyrans. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
4
|
Pandya KM, Battula S, Patel NB. Design & Synthesis of InCl3 Catalyzed Novel Pyrazole Conjugates with 2°-Amines; Discover Their in Vitro Antimicrobial & DFT Studies. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2026986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keyur M. Pandya
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
- Department of Product Research & Development, Alexza Pharmaceuticals Inc, Mountain View, California, USA
| | | | - Navin B. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Van de Walle T, Cools L, Mangelinckx S, D'hooghe M. Recent contributions of quinolines to antimalarial and anticancer drug discovery research. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113865. [PMID: 34655985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Quinoline, a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry, has always been associated with a multitude of biological activities. Especially in antimalarial and anticancer research, quinoline played (and still plays) a central role, giving rise to the development of an array of quinoline-containing pharmaceuticals in these therapeutic areas. However, both diseases still affect millions of people every year, pointing to the necessity of new therapies. Quinolines have a long-standing history as antimalarial agents, but established quinoline-containing antimalarial drugs are now facing widespread resistance of the Plasmodium parasite. Nevertheless, as evidenced by a massive number of recent literature contributions, they are still of great value for future developments in this field. On the other hand, the number of currently approved anticancer drugs containing a quinoline scaffold are limited, but a strong increase and interest in quinoline compounds as potential anticancer agents can be seen in the last few years. In this review, a literature overview of recent contributions made by quinoline-containing compounds as potent antimalarial or anticancer agents is provided, covering publications between 2018 and 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Van de Walle
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lore Cools
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'hooghe
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marinescu M. Synthesis of Antimicrobial Benzimidazole-Pyrazole Compounds and Their Biological Activities. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1002. [PMID: 34439052 PMCID: PMC8389006 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10081002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of new compounds with antimicrobial and antiviral properties is a central objective today in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Benzimidazole and pyrazole compounds have remarkable biological properties, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer's, antiulcer, antidiabetic. Moreover, recent literature mentions the syntheses and antimicrobial properties of some benzimidazole-pyrazole hybrids, as well as other biological properties thereof. In this review, we aim to review the methods of synthesis of these hybrids, the antimicrobial activities of the compounds, their correlation with various groups present on the molecule, as well as their pharmaceutical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marinescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Soseaua Panduri, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pandya KM, Patel JJ, Patel AH, Patel NB, Desai PS. Substituted Imidazole-Pyrazole Clubbed Scaffolds: Microwave Assisted Synthesis and Examined Their In-vitro Antimicrobial and Antituberculosis Effects. LETT ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178617999200819164729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted imidazole-pyrazole fused compounds were designed & fused
synthesized by employing Debus-Radziszewski one-pot synthesis reaction. Azoles are an extensive
and comparatively new class of synthetic compounds including imidazoles and pyrazoles. The
current clinical treatment uses compounds of azole framework. Azoles act by inhibiting ergosterol
synthesis pathway (a principal component of the fungal cell wall). In addition, a literature review
shows that the compounds that include imidazoles and pyrazoles have significant anti-bacterial and
anti-mycobacterial effects. In light of the above findings, a series of compounds with imidazole
and pyrazole scaffolds were sketched and developed to examine anti-bacterial, antifungal and antimycobacterial
activities. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized using
<sup>1</sup>HNMR, <sup>13</sup>CNMR, elemental analysis, and MS spectral data. The target compounds were screened
for their in-vitro antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species
by disc diffusion method according to the NCCLS (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory
Standards) and anti-mycobacterial activity against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain.
The results revealed that imidazole-pyrazole fused scaffold compounds have potential antibacterial,
antifungal and anti-mycobacterial activities which can be further optimized to get a lead
compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keyur M. Pandya
- Department of Chemistry, Arts, Science and Commerce College, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat - 394185, Gujarat,India
| | - Janki J. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat- 395007, Gujarat,India
| | - Arpan H. Patel
- Department of Clinical Development, Immunocore LLC, 181 Washington Street, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428,United States
| | - Navin B. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat- 395007, Gujarat,India
| | - Piyush. S. Desai
- Department of Chemistry, Arts, Science and Commerce College, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat - 394185, Gujarat,India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- Atukuri Dorababu
- Department of Chemistry SRMPP Govt First Grade College Huvinahadagali 583219 India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chugh A, Kumar A, Verma A, Kumar S, Kumar P. A review of antimalarial activity of two or three nitrogen atoms containing heterocyclic compounds. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|