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Eyibio U, Ukanwa K, Amabogha B, Adepoju T, Adebayo A, Balogun T, Eloka-Eboka A. Biodiesel synthesized from the blend of Thai red and Elaeis guineensis oil: An application of calcined base, optimization, kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters studies. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12608. [PMID: 36619441 PMCID: PMC9816768 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study emphasized the use of the mixed oil (MO) extracted from Elaeis guineensis and Thai Red oilseeds for the synthesis of biodiesel using a derived bio-base catalyst from calcined Littorina littorea shell powder. The MO properties were determined with a view to examine its quality for biodiesel production. The derived calcined catalyst was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), BET adsorption analysis, and Hammett indicator. Process optimization of biodiesel synthesized was carried out by considering four constraint variables: reaction time (60-80 min), catalyst conc. (2-6% wt.), reaction temp.(55-75 °C), and ethanol/oil molar ratio (E-OH/OMR) (4-8 vol./vol.) using design expert STAT EASE 360. For the rate of reaction, degree of disorderliness, and the activation energy of the transesterification process, kinetics and thermodynamic parameters were considered using Eyring Polanyi and Gibb's Duhem equations, while the qualities of biodiesel as well as its economic appraisal were also carried out. Results obtained showed the API gravity ratio of the mixed oil of 2:3, which indicated a perfect blend ratio. Statistical analysis validation via response surface methodology indicated a biodiesel yield of 98.90% (wt./wt.) was obtained at 69.83 (min), 5.86% (wt.), 68.17 °C, and 7.04 (vol./vol.). Kinetic parameter evaluation showed the activation energy (Ea) of transesterification of the mixed oil to biodiesel to be 55.44 kJ mol-1 while thermodynamic parameters (Gibb's free- Δ G θ ) were obtained as follows: 184.87 kJ mol-1, 179.77 kJ mol-1, and 174.67 kJ mol-1, at enthalpy ( Δ H θ ) value of 53.38 kJ mol-1 and entropy ( Δ S θ ) of -509.64 J mol-1, respectively. Catalyst reusability test was altered at 7th cycles, while the qualities of biodiesel were found comparable with biodiesel recommended standards (ASTM D6751 and EN 14214).
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Affiliation(s)
- U.P. Eyibio
- Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering Department, Akwa-Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden Mkpat Enin L.G.A., Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria, P.M.B 1167, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - K.S. Ukanwa
- Centre for Thermal Energy Systems and Materials, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - B. Amabogha
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University Otuoke, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, P.M.B 126, Yenagoa, Nigeria
| | - T.F. Adepoju
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University Otuoke, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, P.M.B 126, Yenagoa, Nigeria,Corresponding author.
| | - A.D. Adebayo
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Federal University, Otuoke, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, P.M.B 126, Yenagoa, Nigeria
| | - T.A. Balogun
- Chemical Engineering Department, River State University, Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria
| | - A.C. Eloka-Eboka
- Centre of Excellence in Carbon Bases Fuels, School of Chemical and Mineral Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Metal-organic framework as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production: A review. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Monday Abel Otache, Duru RU, Ozioma A, Abayeh JO. Catalytic Methods for the Synthesis of Sugar Esters. CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s2070050422010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kosawatthanakun S, Pansakdanon C, Sosa N, Chanlek N, Roessner F, Prayoonpokarach S, Wittayakun J. Comparative Properties of K/NaX and K/NaY from Ultrasound-Assisted Impregnation and Performance in Transesterification of Palm Oil. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:9130-9141. [PMID: 35350340 PMCID: PMC8945162 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to compare physicochemical properties and catalytic performance of potassium supported on zeolite NaX and NaY (K/NaX and K/NaY, respectively) prepared by ultrasound-assisted impregnation from potassium acetate buffer precursor. Calcination converts the potassium precursor to carbonate, which occupies the zeolite cavities and disperses on the external surface. Both calcined samples show a decrease in zeolite phases, BET surface areas, and pore volumes. With the smaller changes, K/NaX is more stable than K/NaY. Moreover, K/NaX has higher basicity than K/NaY and is more active in the decomposition of 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol (MBOH), producing dominant products from basic sites. Both K/NaX and K/NaY are active in the transesterification of palm oil, producing more than 94% of the biodiesel yields in the first run. However, the yields drop in the second run because of the leaching of potassium species into glycerol and biodiesel products. The spent K/NaX has a similar phase to the fresh one, whereas the spent K/NaY shows more structure collapse. With better structural stability, less potassium leaching, and less decline in biodiesel yields in the second run, K/NaX is a better catalyst than K/NaY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Kosawatthanakun
- School
of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree
University of Technology, Nakhon
Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Chaianun Pansakdanon
- School
of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree
University of Technology, Nakhon
Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Narongrit Sosa
- National
Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum, Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Narong Chanlek
- Synchrotron
Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon, Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Frank Roessner
- Industrial
Chemistry 2, Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg D-26111, Germany
| | - Sanchai Prayoonpokarach
- School
of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree
University of Technology, Nakhon
Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Wittayakun
- School
of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree
University of Technology, Nakhon
Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Current State and Perspectives on Transesterification of Triglycerides for Biodiesel Production. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11091121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Triglycerides are the main constituents of lipids, which are the fatty acids of glycerol. Natural organic triglycerides (viz. virgin vegetable oils, recycled cooking oils, and animal fats) are the main sources for biodiesel production. Biodiesel (mono alkyl esters) is the most attractive alternative fuel to diesel, with numerous environmental advantages over petroleum-based fuel. The most practicable method for converting triglycerides to biodiesel with viscosities comparable to diesel fuel is transesterification. Previous research has proven that biodiesel–diesel blends can operate the compression ignition engine without the need for significant modifications. However, the commercialization of biodiesel is still limited due to the high cost of production. In this sense, the transesterification route is a crucial factor in determining the total cost of biodiesel production. Homogenous base-catalyzed transesterification, industrially, is the conventional method to produce biodiesel. However, this method suffers from limitations both environmentally and economically. Although there are review articles on transesterification, most of them focus on a specific type of transesterification process and hence do not provide a comprehensive picture. This paper reviews the latest progress in research on all facets of transesterification technology from reports published by highly-rated scientific journals in the last two decades. The review focuses on the suggested modifications to the conventional method and the most promising innovative technologies. The potentiality of each technology to produce biodiesel from low-quality feedstock is also discussed.
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Extraction and Quality Evaluation of Biodiesel from Six Familiar Non-Edible Plants Seeds. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9050840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel produced from non-edible plant sources is cost-effective, biodegradable, environment friendly, and compatible with petro-diesel, but new sources and extraction processes still need to be discovered. Here, we explored the fuel properties of seeds from six non-edible plant sources, including Sapindus mukorossi (Soapnut, SP), Vernicia fordii (Tung, TO), Ricinus communis (Castor, CA), Toona sinensis (Juss. TS), Ailanthus altissima (Heaven tree, AA), and Linum usitatissimum L. (Lin seed, LS) from China. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained by optimizing the most important variables (reaction temperature, ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil, catalyst, mixing intensity, and purity of reactants) that influence the transesterification reaction of the biodiesel. All six plants contained high seed oil content (SOC; % w/v) with the highest in the TO-54.4% followed by SP-51%, CA-48%, LS-45%, AA-38%, and TS-35%, respectively, and all expressed satisfactory physico-chemical properties as per international standards of ASTM D6751 and EN14214. Our data provide a scientific basis for growing these plants in unproductive agricultural lands as an alternative energy sources for biodiesel production either standalone or blended with petro-diesel.
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Co-Solvent Free Electrochemical Synthesis of Biodiesel Using Graphite Electrode and Waste Concrete Heterogeneous Catalyst: Optimization of Biodiesel Yield. BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING & CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.16.1.10310.179-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study optimized a co-solvent free electrochemical method for biodiesel synthesis using graphite electrode and waste concrete heterogeneous catalyst. Various parameters were evaluated, including: applied voltage (9.6, 14.4, 19.2 V), catalyst particle size uniformity (unfiltered and filtered with 150 mesh), and reaction time (15, 30, 120, 240 min). The results obtained 100% FAME content and 78.51% of biodiesel yield that were achieved at 14.4 V within 30 min using filtered catalyst and cooking oil feedstock. However, a slight decline was observed with the use of waste cooking oil. This optimized method offers a reliable and simple condition for mass biodiesel production. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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Riaz S, Rhee KY, Park SJ. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs): Biopolymers for Biofuel and Biorefineries. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:253. [PMID: 33451137 PMCID: PMC7828617 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossil fuels are energy recourses that fulfill most of the world's energy requirements. However, their production and use cause severe health and environmental problems including global warming and pollution. Consequently, plant and animal-based fuels (also termed as biofuels), such as biogas, biodiesel, and many others, have been introduced as alternatives to fossil fuels. Despite the advantages of biofuels, such as being renewable, environmentally friendly, easy to source, and reducing the dependency on foreign oil, there are several drawbacks of using biofuels including high cost, and other factors discussed in the fuel vs. food debate. Therefore, it is imperative to produce novel biofuels while also developing suitable manufacturing processes that ease the aforementioned problems. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are structurally diverse microbial polyesters synthesized by numerous bacteria. Moreover, this structural diversity allows PHAs to readily undergo methyl esterification and to be used as biofuels, which further extends the application value of PHAs. PHA-based biofuels are similar to biodiesel except for having a high oxygen content and no nitrogen or sulfur. In this article, we review the microbial production of PHAs, biofuel production from PHAs, parameters affecting the production of fuel from PHAs, and PHAs biorefineries. In addition, future work on the production of biofuels from PHAs is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahina Riaz
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea;
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (BK PLUS), College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea;
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Okwundu OS, El-Shazly AH, Elkady MF. Investigation of the Role of Egg Membrane in CaO Synthesis and Methods for Stable Composites Syntheses. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-020-04945-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Biodiesel Processing Using Sodium and Potassium Geopolymer Powders as Heterogeneous Catalysts. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122839. [PMID: 32575547 PMCID: PMC7356640 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the catalytic activity of geopolymers produced using two different alkali components (sodium or potassium) and four treatment temperatures (110 to 700 °C) for the methyl transesterification of soybean oil. The geopolymers were prepared with metakaolin as an aluminosilicate source and alkaline activating solutions containing either sodium or potassium in the same molar oxide proportions. The potassium-based formulation displayed a higher specific surface area and lower average pore size (28.64–62.54 m²/g; 9 nm) than the sodium formulation (6.34–32.62 m²/g; 17 nm). The reduction in specific surface area (SSA) after the heat treatment was more severe for the sodium formulation due to the higher thermal shrinkage. The catalytic activity of the geopolymer powders was compared under the same reactional conditions (70–75 °C, 150% methanol excess, 4 h reaction) and same weight amounts (3% to oil). The differences in performance were attributed to the influences of sodium and potassium on the geopolymerization process and to the accessibility of the reactants to the catalytic sites. The Na-based geopolymers performed better, with FAME contents in the biodiesel phase of 85.1% and 89.9% for samples treated at 500 and 300 °C, respectively. These results are competitive in comparison with most heterogeneous base catalysts reported in the literature, considering the very mild conditions of temperature, excess methanol and catalyst amount and the short time spent in reactions.
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Tayari S, Abedi R, Tahvildari K. Experimental investigation on fuel properties and engine characteristics of biodiesel produced from Eruca sativa. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Paula RSF, Figueredo IM, Vieira RS, Nascimento TL, Cavalcante CL, Machado YL, Rios MAS. Castor–babassu biodiesel blends: estimating kinetic parameters by Differential Scanning Calorimetry using the Borchardt and Daniels method. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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A review of heterogeneous calcium oxide based catalyst from waste for biodiesel synthesis. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0843-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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