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Kolcu F, Çulhaoğlu S, Kaya İ. Comparative Study of Bis-Schiff Case Containing Conjugated Oligomers Based on Phosphate and Silane Moieties: Investigation of Photophysical and Thermal Properties. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24789-24806. [PMID: 38882123 PMCID: PMC11170720 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Oligo(azomethine)s bearing phosphate and silane moieties were the subject of an investigation within this study. The initial stage involved the synthesis of two Schiff base monomers, denoted as SCH-1 and SCH-2 (SCHs), each possessing a pair of hydroxyl functional groups. This was achieved through a loss of water between the aldehyde and diamine precursors. Subsequently, the Schiff base entities were subjected to oligomerization through HCl-mediated elimination due to the interaction between the hydroxyl groups of the Schiff bases and the chlorine moieties of dichlorodiethylsilane (Si) or phenyl dichlorophosphate (P). This procedure yielded distinct P-oligo(azomethine) (P1-P, P2-P) and Si-oligo(azomethine) (P1-Si and P2-Si) structures corresponding to each precursor. The molecular structures of the synthesized Schiff base monomers and oligo(azomethine)s were elucidated employing Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR techniques. Thermal properties of the resulting products were assessed by utilizing thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG/DTA and DSC) techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to acquire high-resolution images and detailed surface information on the samples. Additionally, X-ray diffraction was employed to analyze the phase properties of the solid samples. Furthermore, the optical band gap (E g) values of the resulting P-oligo(azomethine)s and Si-oligo(azomethine)s were determined utilizing UV-vis spectrophotometer. The relatively low band gap values exhibited by the synthesized oligo(azomethine)s were indicative of their potential suitability as semiconductive materials in the realm of electronic and optoelectronic device fabrication. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements disclosed a green emission profile upon excitation by blue light. The oligo(azomethine)s incorporating methoxy groups demonstrated a red shift in comparison to their counterparts with methyl groups. Remarkably, no discernible fluctuations in fluorescence were observed over a 3600 s interval under consistent conditions. This observation underscored the inherent stability of the PL emission across the spectral range of exciting light. Thermal analyses unveiled high thermal stability of the synthesized oligo(azomethine)s, sustaining their structural integrity up to 220 °C. The char % of P-oligo(azomethine)s and Si-oligo(azomethine)s were observed to fall within the range of 29.45-55.47% at 1000 °C. SEM images revealed the absence of pores on the surface of P2-Si, which exhibited the highest limiting oxygen index and thermal heat release index (T HRI) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Kolcu
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Synthesis and Analysis Lab., Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17020, Turkey
- Lapseki Vocational School, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 178, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Çulhaoğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Synthesis and Analysis Lab., Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17020, Turkey
- Barem Packaging Industry and Trade A.S., Tire 35910, İzmir, Turkey
| | - İsmet Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Synthesis and Analysis Lab., Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17020, Turkey
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Vothi H, Kim C, Nguyen T, Lee J, Nguyen LAT, Suhr J. Thermal degradation and flame retardancy of nylon 6/aluminum methylmethoxy phosphonate composites. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5219-5227. [PMID: 36777944 PMCID: PMC9910282 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07297a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An aluminum methylmethoxyphosphonate (AlPo)-based flame retardant (FR) was synthesized. Thermal degradation and flame retardancy of nylon 6 (PA6)/AlPo composites were examined and compared with PA6/commercial aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) composites. The PA6/AlPo composite achieved a V-0 rating at 20 wt% loading during the UL-94 test, and it exhibited the formation of a charred layer that protected the polymer from burning and reduced the release of gases during the combustion of PA6. AlPo demonstrated exceptional performance in gaseous and condensed phases in the PA6 matrix, whereas AlPi only worked in the gaseous phase. The differences between the thermal degradation mechanisms and flame retardancies of AlPi and AlPo were investigated via Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cone calorimetry. A suitable degradation mechanism was proposed to aid the development of flame retardants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Vothi
- Center for Composite Materials & Concurrent Design, Research & Business Foundation, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea +84339949314.,University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam.,Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Chowon Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea +821077087847
| | - TanBinh Nguyen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea +821077087847
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea +821077087847
| | - Lan-Anh T. Nguyen
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwon16419Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwan Suhr
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea +821077087847.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
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Pham ST, Tieu AK, Sencadas V, Joseph P, Arun M, Cortie D. Thermoresponsive Hybrid Colloidal Capsules as an Inorganic Additive for Fire-Resistant Silicone-Based Coatings. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang T. Pham
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Anh Kiet Tieu
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Vitor Sencadas
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO─Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paul Joseph
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Malavika Arun
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - David Cortie
- Institute of Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Loganathan TM, Sultan MTH, Ahsan Q, Jawaid M, Naveen J, Shah AUM, Talib ARA, Basri AA. Thermal degradation, visco-elastic and fire-retardant behavior of hybrid Cyrtostachys Renda/kenaf fiber-reinforced MWCNT-modified phenolic composites. JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY 2022; 147:14079-14096. [PMID: 36093037 PMCID: PMC9447359 DOI: 10.1007/s10973-022-11557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural fibers have emerged as a potential alternate to synthetic fibers, because of their excellent performance, biodegradability, renewability and sustainability. This research has focused on investigating the thermal, visco-elastic and fire-retardant properties of different hybrid Cytostachys Renda (CR)/kenaf fiber (K) (50/0; 35/ 15, 25/25, 15/ 35, 0/50)-reinforced MWCNT (multi-walled carbon nanotubes)-modified phenolic composites. The mass% of MWCNT-modified phenolic resin was maintained 50 mass% including 0.5 mass% of MWCNT. In order to achieve homogeneous dispersion ball milling process was employed to incorporate the MWCNT into phenolic resin (powder). Thermal results from thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis revealed that the hybrid composites (35/15; 35 mass% CR and 15 mass% K) showed higher thermal stability among the composite samples. Visco-elastic results revealed that kenaf fiber-based MWCNT-modified composites (0/50; 0 mass% CR and 50 mass% K) exhibited higher storage and loss modulus due to high modulus kenaf fiber. Fire-retardant analysis (UL-94) showed that all the composite samples met H-B self-extinguishing rating and exhibited slow burning rate according to limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. However, (15/35; 15 mass% CR and 35 mass% K) hybrid composites showed the highest time to ignition, highest fire performance index, lowest total heat release rate, average mass loss rate, average fire growth rate index and maximum average rate of heat emission. Moreover, the smoke density of all hybrid composites was found to be less than 200 which meets the federal aviation regulations (FAR) 25.853d standard. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was carried out to select an optimal composite sample considering the thermal, visco-elastic and fire-retardant behaviors. Through TOPSIS analysis, the hybrid (15/35; 15 mass% CR and 35 mass% K) composite sample has been selected as an optimal composite which can be used for high-temperature aircraft and automotive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamil Moli Loganathan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Aerospace Malaysia Innovation Centre (944751-A), Prime Minister’s Department, MIGHT Partnership Hub, Jalan Impact, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Qumrul Ahsan
- University of Asia Pacific, 74/A Green Road, 1205 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Jesuarockiam Naveen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014 India
| | - Ain Umaira Md Shah
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Abd. Rahim Abu Talib
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Adi Azriff Basri
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
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Mohd Sabee MMS, Itam Z, Beddu S, Zahari NM, Mohd Kamal NL, Mohamad D, Zulkepli NA, Shafiq MD, Abdul Hamid ZA. Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142911. [PMID: 35890685 PMCID: PMC9324192 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an intensive overview of flame retardant coating systems. The occurrence of flame due to thermal degradation of the polymer substrate as a result of overheating is one of the major concerns. Hence, coating is the best solution to this problem as it prevents the substrate from igniting the flame. In this review, the descriptions of several classifications of coating and their relation to thermal degradation and flammability were discussed. The details of flame retardants and flame retardant coatings in terms of principles, types, mechanisms, and properties were explained as well. This overview imparted the importance of intumescent flame retardant coatings in preventing the spread of flame via the formation of a multicellular charred layer. Thus, the intended intumescence can reduce the risk of flame from inherently flammable materials used to maintain a high standard of living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Meer Saddiq Mohd Sabee
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Zarina Itam
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: (Z.I.); (Z.A.A.H.)
| | - Salmia Beddu
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Nazirul Mubin Zahari
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Daud Mohamad
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Norzeity Amalin Zulkepli
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Mohamad Danial Shafiq
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
- Correspondence: (Z.I.); (Z.A.A.H.)
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Modification of Glass/Polyester Laminates with Flame Retardants. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247901. [PMID: 34947505 PMCID: PMC8706711 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of flame retardants used for glass/polyester laminates. It concerns flame retardants withdrawn from use such as compounds containing halogen atoms and flame retardants currently used in the industry, such as inorganic hydroxides, phosphorus and nitrogen-containing compounds, antimony, and boron compounds, as well as tin–zinc compounds. Attention is also drawn to the use of nanoclays and the production of nanocomposites, intumescent flame retardant systems, and mats, as well as polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. The paper discusses the action mechanism of particular flame retardants and presents their advantages and disadvantages.
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Vothi H, Nguyen C, Pham LH, Kim J, Hoang D. Degradation mechanism and flame retardancy of aluminum phosphonate in glass fiber-reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate). Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yotkuna K, Chollakup R, Imboon T, Kannan V, Thongmee S. Effect of flame retardant on the physical and mechanical properties of natural rubber and sugarcane bagasse composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sethurajaperumal A, Manohar A, Banerjee A, Varrla E, Wang H, Ostrikov KK. A thermally insulating vermiculite nanosheet-epoxy nanocomposite paint as a fire-resistant wood coating. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4235-4243. [PMID: 36132838 PMCID: PMC9417340 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00207d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Conventional fire-retardant composite coatings are typically made of organic-based materials that reduce flame spread rates. However, the associated chemical reactions and starting precursors produce toxic and hazardous gases, affecting the environment and contributing to climate change. Wood is one of the most common materials used in construction and households, and thin-film fire-retardant coatings are needed to protect it from fire. Here, we derive high-performance nanocomposite paint-based coatings from naturally occurring and highly insulating layered vermiculite. The coatings are made using different weight percentages of shear-exfoliated vermiculite nanosheets in an epoxy matrix and are brush-coated onto teak wood. A series of tests using coated wooden rods and standard fire retardancy tests confirm a reduction in flame spread and combustion velocity with minimal toxic smoke release. Samples coated with the vermiculite/epoxy nanocomposite paint resist fire propagation, and post-combustion analysis indicates their resistance to thermal degradation. Our results offer a novel and eco-efficient solution to minimize the flame propagation rate, enhancing char development, and expand the scope of applications of ultra-thin vermiculite in nanocomposite coatings as a fire retardant, exploiting its low thermal conductivity in thermal insulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimannan Sethurajaperumal
- Nanosheets and Nanocomposites Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Anagha Manohar
- Nanosheets and Nanocomposites Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Arghya Banerjee
- Nanosheets and Nanocomposites Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Eswaraiah Varrla
- Nanosheets and Nanocomposites Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Hao Wang
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland Toowoomba QLD 4350 Australia
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics, QUT Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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Synergistic effect between piperazine pyrophosphate and melamine polyphosphate in flame retarded glass fiber reinforced polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Effect of silica aerogel – Aluminium trihydroxide hybrid filler on the physio-mechanical and thermal decomposition behaviour of unsaturated polyester resin composite. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bio-Based Polyamide 1010 with a Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Based on Melamine-Gallic Acid Complex. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071482. [PMID: 32630673 PMCID: PMC7407098 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims at developing polyamide 1010 (PA1010) composites with improved fire behavior using a halogen-free flame-retardant system based on melamine (Me) and gallic acid (GA) complexes (MA). The MA complexes were formed by hydrogen bonding, starting from 1:2, 1:1, 2:1 Me:GA molar ratios. PA1010 composites were obtained by melt mixing, followed by compression molding. MA provided a plasticizing effect on the PA1010 matrix by decreasing the glass transition temperature. The influence of MA on PA1010 chain packaging was highlighted in the X-ray diffraction patterns, mainly in the amorphous phase, but affected also the α and γ planes. This was reflected in the dynamic mechanical properties by the reduction of the storage modulus. H-bonds occurrence in MA complexes, improved the efficiency in the gaseous form during fire exposure, facilitating the gas formation and finally reflected in thermal stability, thermo-oxidative stability, LOI results, and vertical burning behavior results. PA1010 containing a higher amount of GA in the complex (MA12) displayed a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 33.6%, much higher when compared to neat PA1010 (25.8%). Vertical burning tests showed that all the composites can achieve the V-0 rating in contrast with neat PA1010 that has V-2 classification.
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