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Nisar S, Shah AH, Nazir R. The clinical praxis of bacteriocins as natural anti-microbial therapeutics. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:451. [PMID: 39476181 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/10/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, the excessive use of antibiotics has resulted in a rise in antimicrobial drug resistance (ADR). Annually, a significant number of human lives are lost due to resistant infectious diseases, leading to around 700,000 deaths, and it is estimated that by 2050, there could be up to 10 million casualties. Apart from their possible application as preservatives in the food sector, bacteriocins are gaining acknowledgment as potential clinical treatments. Not only this, these antimicrobial peptides have revealed in modulating the host immune system producing anti-inflammatory and anti-modulatory responses. At the same time, due to the ever-increasing global threat of antibiotic resistance, bacteriocins have gained attraction among researchers due to their potential clinical applications. Bacteriocins as antimicrobial peptides, represent one of the most important natural defense mechanisms among bacterial species, particularly lactic acid bacteria (LAB), that can fight against infection-causing pathogens. In this review, we are highlighting the potential of bacteriocins as novel therapeutics for inhibiting a wide range of clinically relevant and multi-drug-resistant pathogens (MDR). We also highlight the effectiveness and potential applications of current bacteriocin treatments in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR), thereby promoting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safura Nisar
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Abdul Haseeb Shah
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, India.
| | - Ruqeya Nazir
- Centre of Research for Development (CORD), School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, India.
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2
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Emiliano JVDS, Fusieger A, Camargo AC, Rodrigues FFDC, Nero LA, Perrone ÍT, Carvalho AFD. Staphylococcus aureus in Dairy Industry: Enterotoxin Production, Biofilm Formation, and Use of Lactic Acid Bacteria for Its Biocontrol. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:601-616. [PMID: 39021233 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known pathogen capable of producing enterotoxins during bacterial growth in contaminated food, and the ingestion of such preformed toxins is one of the major causes of food poisoning around the world. Nowadays 33 staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and SE-like toxins have been described, but nearly 95% of confirmed foodborne outbreaks are attributed to classical enterotoxins SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and SEE. The natural habitat of S. aureus includes the skin and mucous membranes of both humans and animals, allowing the contamination of milk, its derivatives, and the processing facilities. S. aureus is well known for the ability to form biofilms in food processing environments, which contributes to its persistence and cross-contamination in food. The biocontrol of S. aureus in foods by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and their bacteriocins has been studied for many years. Recently, LAB and their metabolites have also been explored for controlling S. aureus biofilms. LAB are used in fermented foods since in ancient times and nowadays characterized strains (or their purified bacteriocin) can be intentionally added to prolong food shelf-life and to control the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Regarding the use of these microorganism and their metabolites (such as organic acids and bacteriocins) to prevent biofilm development or for biofilm removal, it is possible to conclude that a complex network behind the antagonistic activity remains poorly understood at the molecular level. The use of approaches that allow the characterization of these interactions is necessary to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms that govern the inhibitory activity of LAB against S. aureus biofilms in food processing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Victor Dos Santos Emiliano
- InovaLeite - Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leites e Derivados, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Andressa Fusieger
- InovaLeite - Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leites e Derivados, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Anderson Carlos Camargo
- InovaLeite - Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leites e Derivados, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- InsPOA - Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Faria da Cruz Rodrigues
- InovaLeite - Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leites e Derivados, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Luís Augusto Nero
- InsPOA - Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Tuler Perrone
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Antônio Fernandes de Carvalho
- InovaLeite - Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leites e Derivados, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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3
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Cancino-Diaz ME, Gómez-Chávez F, Cancino-Diaz JC. Presence and mRNA Expression of the sar Family Genes in Clinical and Non-clinical (Healthy Conjunctiva and Healthy Skin) Isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:1301-1309. [PMID: 39282185 PMCID: PMC11399487 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-024-01339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus possesses sar family genes, including sarA, S, R, T, U, V, X, Y, Z, and rot, which are transcription factors involved in biofilm formation and quorum sensing. In contrast, Staphylococcus epidermidis has sarA, R, V, X, Y, Z, and rot genes; specifically, SarA, Z, and X are involved in biofilm formation. The expression of the sar family members in S. epidermidis isolated from clinical and non-clinical environments is unknown. This study aimed to establish if clinical and non-clinical isolates of S. epidermidis express the sar family members. We genotyped isolates from clinical ocular infections (n = 52), or non-clinical healthy conjunctiva (n = 40), and healthy skin (n = 50), using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and the staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec). We selected strains with different genotypes and representatives of each source of isolation, and the presence of the sar family genes was detected using PCR and RT-qPCR to determine their expression. The sar family genes were present in all selected strains, with no observed differences. The relative expression of the sar family showed that all selected strains expressed each gene weakly, with no significant differences observed between them or between different sources of isolation. In conclusion, the presence and relative expression of the sar family genes are very similar among strains, with no differences based on their origin of isolation and genotype. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-024-01339-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario E Cancino-Diaz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11350 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Fernando Gómez-Chávez
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Osteoarticulares E Inmunológicas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado E Investigación, ENMyH-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07320 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Juan C Cancino-Diaz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11350 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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4
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Rodrigues RC, Andre C, Dantas Vanetti MC. Subinhibitory concentrations of nisin enhance virulence gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus and increase mortality in Galleria mellonella. Lett Appl Microbiol 2024; 77:ovae064. [PMID: 38970380 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovae064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Alternative strategies for controlling Staphylococcus aureus and other pathogens have been continuously investigated, with nisin, a bacteriocin widely used in the food industry as a biopreservative, gaining increasing attention. In addition to its antimicrobial properties, bacteriocins have significant effects on genome functionality even at inhibitory concentrations. This study investigated the impact of subinhibitory concentrations of nisin on S. aureus. Culturing in the presence of 0.625 μmol l-1 nisin, led to the increased relative expression of hla, saeR, and sarA, genes associated with virulence while expression of the sea gene, encoding staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), decreased. In an in vivo experiment, Galleria mellonella larvae inoculated with S. aureus cultured in the presence of nisin exhibited 97% mortality at 72 h post-infection, compared to over 40% of larvae mortality in larvae infected with S. aureus. A comprehensive understanding of the effect of nisin on the transcriptional response of virulence genes and the impact of these changes on the virulence of S. aureus can contribute to assessing the application of this bacteriocin in food and medical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramila Cristiane Rodrigues
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Cleriane Andre
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Dantas Vanetti
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
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5
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Charest AM, Reed E, Bozorgzadeh S, Hernandez L, Getsey NV, Smith L, Galperina A, Beauregard HE, Charest HA, Mitchell M, Riley MA. Nisin Inhibition of Gram-Negative Bacteria. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1230. [PMID: 38930612 PMCID: PMC11205666 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims: This study investigates the activity of the broad-spectrum bacteriocin nisin against a large panel of Gram-negative bacterial isolates, including relevant plant, animal, and human pathogens. The aim is to generate supportive evidence towards the use/inclusion of bacteriocin-based therapeutics and open avenues for their continued development. Methods and Results: Nisin inhibitory activity was screened against a panel of 575 strains of Gram-negative bacteria, encompassing 17 genera. Nisin inhibition was observed in 309 out of 575 strains, challenging the prevailing belief that nisin lacks effectiveness against Gram-negative bacteria. The genera Acinetobacter, Helicobacter, Erwinia, and Xanthomonas exhibited particularly high nisin sensitivity. Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the promising potential of nisin as a therapeutic agent for several key Gram-negative plant, animal, and human pathogens. These results challenge the prevailing notion that nisin is less effective or ineffective against Gram-negative pathogens when compared to Gram-positive pathogens and support future pursuits of nisin as a complementary therapy to existing antibiotics. Significance and Impact of Study: This research supports further exploration of nisin as a promising therapeutic agent for numerous human, animal, and plant health applications, offering a complementary tool for infection control in the face of multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Charest
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Ethan Reed
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Samantha Bozorgzadeh
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Hernandez
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Natalie V. Getsey
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Liam Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Anastasia Galperina
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Hadley E. Beauregard
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Hailey A. Charest
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
| | - Mathew Mitchell
- Organicin Scientific, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | - Margaret A. Riley
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA; (A.M.C.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (L.H.); (N.V.G.); (L.S.); (A.G.); (H.E.B.); (H.A.C.)
- Organicin Scientific, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
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6
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Bowden LC, Finlinson J, Jones B, Berges BK. Beyond the double helix: the multifaceted landscape of extracellular DNA in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1400648. [PMID: 38903938 PMCID: PMC11188362 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1400648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus forms biofilms consisting of cells embedded in a matrix made of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and extracellular DNA (eDNA). Biofilm-associated infections are difficult to treat and can promote antibiotic resistance, resulting in negative healthcare outcomes. eDNA within the matrix contributes to the stability, growth, and immune-evasive properties of S. aureus biofilms. eDNA is released by autolysis, which is mediated by murein hydrolases that access the cell wall via membrane pores formed by holin-like proteins. The eDNA content of S. aureus biofilms varies among individual strains and is influenced by environmental conditions, including the presence of antibiotics. eDNA plays an important role in biofilm development and structure by acting as an electrostatic net that facilitates protein-cell and cell-cell interactions. Because of eDNA's structural importance in biofilms and its ubiquitous presence among S. aureus isolates, it is a potential target for therapeutics. Treatment of biofilms with DNase can eradicate or drastically reduce them in size. Additionally, antibodies that target DNABII proteins, which bind to and stabilize eDNA, can also disperse biofilms. This review discusses the recent literature on the release, structure, and function of eDNA in S. aureus biofilms, in addition to a discussion of potential avenues for targeting eDNA for biofilm eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bradford K. Berges
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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Arbulu S, Kjos M. Revisiting the Multifaceted Roles of Bacteriocins : The Multifaceted Roles of Bacteriocins. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2024; 87:41. [PMID: 38351266 PMCID: PMC10864542 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-024-02357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Bacteriocins are gene-encoded antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria. These peptides are heterogeneous in terms of structure, antimicrobial activities, biosynthetic clusters, and regulatory mechanisms. Bacteriocins are widespread in nature and may contribute to microbial diversity due to their capacity to target specific bacteria. Primarily studied as food preservatives and therapeutic agents, their function in natural settings is however less known. This review emphasizes the ecological significance of bacteriocins as multifunctional peptides by exploring bacteriocin distribution, mobility, and their impact on bacterial population dynamics and biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Arbulu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Morten Kjos
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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8
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Mgomi FC, Yang YR, Cheng G, Yang ZQ. Lactic acid bacteria biofilms and their antimicrobial potential against pathogenic microorganisms. Biofilm 2023; 5:100118. [PMID: 37125395 PMCID: PMC10139968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous growth of pathogenic microorganisms and associated biofilms poses severe public health challenges, particularly in food and clinical environments. However, these difficulties have enabled scientists to develop novel and safe methods for combating pathogens. The use of biofilms produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) against pathogenic bacteria has recently gained popularity. This review provides an in-depth look at LAB biofilms, their distribution, and mechanisms of action against pathogenic bacteria. More importantly, the bioactive substances produced by LAB-forming biofilm may be active against undesirable microorganisms and their products, which is of great interest in improving human health. Therefore, this review implies that a combination of LAB biofilms and other LAB products like bacteriocins could provide viable alternatives to traditional methods of combating pathogenic microorganisms and their biofilms.
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Lallukka M, Gamna F, Gobbo VA, Prato M, Najmi Z, Cochis A, Rimondini L, Ferraris S, Spriano S. Surface Functionalization of Ti6Al4V-ELI Alloy with Antimicrobial Peptide Nisin. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4332. [PMID: 36500956 PMCID: PMC9737843 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Implant-associated infections are a severe global concern, especially in the case of orthopedic implants intended for long-term or permanent use. The traditional treatment through systemic antibiotic administration is often inefficient due to biofilm formation, and concerns regarding the development of highly resistant bacteria. Therefore, there is an unfulfilled need for antibiotic-free alternatives that could simultaneously support bone regeneration and prevent bacterial infection. This study aimed to perform, optimize, and characterize the surface functionalization of Ti6Al4V-ELI discs by an FDA-approved antimicrobial peptide, nisin, known to hold a broad antibacterial spectrum. Accordingly, nisin bioactivity was also evaluated by in vitro release tests both in physiological and inflammatory pH conditions. Several methods, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Kelvin Probe atomic force microscopy confirmed the presence of a physisorbed nisin layer on the alloy surface. The functionalization performed at pH 6-7 was found to be especially effective due to the nisin configuration exposing its hydrophobic tail outwards, which is also responsible for its antimicrobial action. In addition, the first evidence of gradual nisin release both in physiological and inflammatory conditions was obtained: the static contact angle becomes half of the starting one after 7 days of soaking on the functionalized sample, while it becomes 0° on the control samples. Finally, the evaluation of the antibacterial performance toward the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus after 24 h of inoculation showed the ability of nisin adsorbed at pH 6 to prevent bacterial microfouling into biofilm-like aggregates in comparison with the uncoated specimens: viable bacterial colonies showed a reduction of about 40% with respect to the un-functionalized surface and the formation of (microcolonies (biofilm-like aggregates) is strongly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Lallukka
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Gamna
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Virginia Alessandra Gobbo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Ziba Najmi
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases—CAAD, Università Del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Corso Trieste 15/A, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Cochis
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases—CAAD, Università Del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Corso Trieste 15/A, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Lia Rimondini
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases—CAAD, Università Del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Corso Trieste 15/A, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Sara Ferraris
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Spriano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
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Rubio-Canalejas A, Baelo A, Herbera S, Blanco-Cabra N, Vukomanovic M, Torrents E. 3D spatial organization and improved antibiotic treatment of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Staphylococcus aureus wound biofilm by nanoparticle enzyme delivery. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:959156. [PMID: 36466653 PMCID: PMC9708873 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.959156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are a relevant health problem worldwide because these pathogens grow embedded in a network of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and extracellular DNA, named biofilm, that hinders the transport of antibiotics and increases their antimicrobial tolerance. It is necessary to investigate therapies that improve the penetrability and efficacy of antibiotics. In this context, our main objectives were to study the relationship between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus and how their relationship can affect the antimicrobial treatment and investigate whether functionalized silver nanoparticles can improve the antibiotic therapy. We used an optimized in vitro wound model that mimics an in vivo wound to co-culture P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilm. The in vitro wound biofilm was treated with antimicrobial combinatory therapies composed of antibiotics (gentamycin and ciprofloxacin) and biofilm-dispersing free or silver nanoparticles functionalized with enzymes (α-amylase, cellulase, DNase I, or proteinase K) to study their antibiofilm efficacy. The interaction and colocalization of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in a wound-like biofilm were examined and detailed characterized by confocal and electronic microscopy. We demonstrated that antibiotic monotherapy is inefficient as it differentially affects the two bacterial species in the mixed biofilm, driving P. aeruginosa to overcome S. aureus when using ciprofloxacin and the contrary when using gentamicin. In contrast, dual-antibiotic therapy efficiently reduces both species while maintaining a balanced population. In addition, DNase I nanoparticle treatment had a potent antibiofilm effect, decreasing P. aeruginosa and S. aureus viability to 0.017 and 7.7%, respectively, in combined antibiotics. The results showed that using nanoparticles functionalized with DNase I enhanced the antimicrobial treatment, decreasing the bacterial viability more than using the antibiotics alone. The enzymes α-amylase and cellulase showed some antibiofilm effect but were less effective compared to the DNase I treatment. Proteinase K showed insignificant antibiofilm effect. Finally, we proposed a three-dimensional colocalization model consisting of S. aureus aggregates within the biofilm structure, which could be associated with the low efficacy of antibiofilm treatments on bacteria. Thus, designing a clinical treatment that combines antibiofilm enzymes and antibiotics may be essential to eliminating chronic wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Rubio-Canalejas
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Baelo
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Herbera
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Blanco-Cabra
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marija Vukomanovic
- Advanced Materials Department, Institute Jozef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eduard Torrents
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Breeding of a High-Nisin-Yielding Bacterial Strain and Multiomics Analysis. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8060255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Nisin is a green, safe and natural food preservative. With the expansion of nisin application, the demand for nisin has gradually increased, which equates to increased requirements for nisin production. In this study, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis lxl was used as the original strain, and the compound mutation method was applied to induce mutations. A high-yielding and genetically stable strain (Lactobacillus lactis A32) was identified, with the nisin titre raised by 332.2% up to 5089.29 IU/mL. Genome and transcriptome sequencing was used to analyse A32 and compare it with the original lxl strain. The comparative genomics results show that 107 genes in the A32 genome had mutations and most base mutations were not located in the four well-researched nisin-related operons, nisABTCIPRK, nisI, nisRK and nisFEG: 39 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 34 insertion mutations and 34 deletion mutations. The transcription results show that the expression of 92 genes changed significantly, with 27 of these differentially expressed genes upregulated, while 65 were downregulated. Our findings suggest that the output of nisin increased in L. lactis strain A32, which was accompanied by changes in the DNA replication-related gene dnaG, the ABC-ATPase transport-related genes patM and tcyC, the cysteine thiometabolism-related gene cysS, and the purine metabolism-related gene purL. Our study provides new insights into the traditional genetic mechanisms involved nisin production in L. lactis, which could provide clues for a more efficient metabolic engineering process.
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Jesus C, Soares R, Cunha E, Grilo M, Tavares L, Oliveira M. Influence of Nisin-Biogel at Subinhibitory Concentrations on Virulence Expression in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Diabetic Foot Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121501. [PMID: 34943712 PMCID: PMC8698857 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A new approach to diabetic foot infections (DFIs) has been investigated, using a nisin-biogel combining the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) nisin with the natural polysaccharide guar-gum. Since in in vivo conditions bacteria may be exposed to decreased antimicrobial concentrations, known as subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs), effects of nisin-biogel sub-MIC values corresponding to 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8 of nisin's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on virulence expression by six Staphylococcus aureus DFI isolates was evaluated by determining bacteria growth rate; expression of genes encoding for staphylococcal protein A (spA), coagulase (coa), clumping factor A (clfA), autolysin (atl), intracellular adhesin A (icaA), intracellular adhesin D (icaD), and the accessory gene regulator I (agrI); biofilm formation; Coa production; and SpA release. Nisin-biogel sub-MICs decreased bacterial growth in a strain- and dose-dependent manner, decreased agrI, atl and clfA expression, and increased spA, coa, icaA and icaD expression. Biofilm formation increased in the presence of nisin-biogel at 1/4 and 1/8 MIC, whereas 1/2 MIC had no effect. Finally, nisin-biogel at sub-MICs did not affect coagulase production, but decreased SpA production in a dose-dependent manner. Results highlight the importance of optimizing nisin-biogel doses before proceeding to in vivo trials, to reduce the risk of virulence factor's up-regulation due to the presence of inappropriate antimicrobial concentrations.
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Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Conjugated with Nisin: Improving the Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Nanomaterials. CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial technology offers a green alternative for the synthesis of value-added nanomaterials. In particular, fungal compounds can improve silver nanoparticle production, stabilizing colloidal nanoparticles. Based on a previous study by our group, silver nanoparticles obtained using the extracellular cell-free extracts of Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PchNPs) have shown antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, nisin—a bacteriocin widely used as a natural food preservative—has recently gained much attention due its antimicrobial action against Gram-positive bacteria in biomedical applications. Therefore, the aim of this work was to conjugate biogenic silver nanoparticles (PchNPs) with nisin to obtain nanoconjugates (PchNPs@nis) with enhanced antimicrobial properties. Characterization assays were conducted to determine physicochemical properties of PchNPs@nis, and also their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities were studied. The formation of PchNPs@nis was confirmed by UV-Vis, TEM, and Raman spectroscopy analysis. Different PchNPs@nis nanobioconjugates showed diameter values in the range of 60–130 nm by DLS and surface charge values between −20 and −13 mV. Nisin showed an excellent affinity to PchNPs, with binding efficiencies higher than 75%. Stable synthesized PchNPs@nis nanobioconjugates were not only able to inhibit biofilm formation by S. aureus, but also showed inhibition of the planktonic cell growth of Staphyloccocus aureus and Escherichia coli, broadening the spectrum of action of the unconjugated antimicrobials against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, these results show the promising application of PchNPs@nis, prepared via green technology, as potential antimicrobial nanomaterials.
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Effect of sub-lethal doses of nisin on Staphylococcus aureus toxin production and biofilm formation. Toxicon 2021; 197:1-5. [PMID: 33838179 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the commonest food-borne pathogens that can cause gastroenteritis owing to having several enterotoxins. Also, biofilm formation can complicate infections caused by this microorganism. Nisin is a safe food bio preservative which is usually used as an agent to prevent pathogen growth; however, it is important to identify the exact impact of nisin on the growth of S. aureus and to determine the suitable concentration needed for elimination of this pathogen in food. In this study, after MIC determination of nisin against S. aureus ATCC 29213, this strain was treated with sub-MIC (1/2) of nisin (4 μg/ml) and transcript levels of toxin-encoding (hla, SEA, SEB, and SED) and biofilm-associated (fnb, ebpS, eno, and icaA) genes were determined using Quantitative Real-time PCR at 2, 8, and 24 h post exposure. All toxin genes were down-regulated following exposure to sub-MIC of nisin, whereas biofilm-associated genes were up-regulated. The expression levels of fnb and icaA in S. aureus were highest after 8 h (4.5-fold and 6.8-fold increase, respectively), while the expression levels of eno and ebpS genes were highest after 2 h (3.3 and 4.5-fold increase, respectively). According to these results, although transcriptional levels of toxin genes were reduced, sub-MIC concentrations of nisin could trigger the expression of biofilm-associated genes in S. aureus. This can further lead to bacteriocin tolerance such that even its higher concentrations cannot kill bacterial cells after exposure to sub-lethal doses. Therefore, it is pivotal to add appropriate concentrations of nisin to food products for preservation purposes.
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Bacteriocins from Lactic Acid Bacteria. A Powerful Alternative as Antimicrobials, Probiotics, and Immunomodulators in Veterinary Medicine. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11040979. [PMID: 33915717 PMCID: PMC8067144 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for an alternative treatment to reduce antimicrobial resistance, bacteriocins shine a light on reducing this problem in public and animal health. Bacteriocins are peptides synthesized by bacteria that can inhibit the growth of other bacteria and fungi, parasites, and viruses. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a group of bacteria that produce bacteriocins; their mechanism of action can replace antibiotics and prevent bacterial resistance. In veterinary medicine, LAB and bacteriocins have been used as antimicrobials and probiotics. However, another critical role of bacteriocins is their immunomodulatory effect. This review shows the advances in applying bacteriocins in animal production and veterinary medicine, highlighting their biological roles.
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Virulence alterations in staphylococcus aureus upon treatment with the sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. J Adv Res 2021; 31:165-175. [PMID: 34194840 PMCID: PMC8240104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The treatment of patients with Staphylococcus aureus infections mainly relies on antistaphylococcal regimens that are established with effective antibiotics. In antibiotic therapy or while living in nature, pathogens often face the sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of antibiotics due to drug pharmacokinetics, diffusion barriers, waste emission, resistant organism formation, and farming application. Different categories of antibiotics at sub-MICs have diverse effects on the physiological and chemical properties of microorganisms. These effects can result in virulence alterations. However, the mechanisms underlying the actions of antibiotics at sub-MICs on S. aureus virulence are obscure. Aim of review In this review, we focus on the effects of sub-MICs of antibiotics on S. aureus virulence from the aspects of cell morphological change, virulence factor expression, bacterial adherence and invasion, staphylococcal biofilm formation, and small-colony variant (SCV) production. The possible mechanisms of antibiotic-induced S. aureus virulence alterations are also addressed. Key scientific concepts of review Five main aspects of bacterial virulence can be changed in S. aureus exposure to the sub-MIC levels of antibiotics, resulting in deformed bacterial cells to stimulate abnormal host immune responses, abnormally expressed virulence factors to alter disease development, changed bacterial adhesion and invasion abilities to affect colonization and diffusion, altered biofilm formation to potentate material-related infections, and increased SCV formation to achieve persistent infection and recurrence. These advanced findings expand our knowledge to rethink the molecular signaling roles of antibiotics beyond their actions as antimicrobial agents.
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