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De Souza TPP, Cantão LXS, Rodrigues MQRB, Gonçalves DB, Nagem RAP, Rocha REO, Godoi RR, Lima WJN, Galdino AS, Minardi RCDM, Lima LHFD. Glycosylation and charge distribution orchestrates the conformational ensembles of a biotechnologically promissory phytase in different pHs - a computational study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:5030-5041. [PMID: 37325852 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2223685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytases [myo-inositol(1,2,3,4,5,6) hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolases] are phytate-specific phosphatases not present in monogastric animals. Nevertheless, they are an essential supplement to feeding such animals and for human special diets. It is crucial, hence, the biotechnological use of phytases with intrinsic stability and activity at the acid pHs from gastric environments. Here we use Metadynamics (METADY) simulations to probe the conformational space of the Aspergillus nidulans phytase and the differential effects of pH and glycosylation in this same space. The results suggest that strategic combinations of pH and glycosylation affect the stability of native-like conformations and alternate these structures from a metastable to a stable profile. Furthermore, the protein segments previously reported as more thermosensitive in phytases from this family present a pivotal role in the conformational changes at different conditions, especially H2, H5-7, L8, L10, L12, and L17. Also, the glycosylations and the pH-dependent charge balance modulate the mobility and interactions at these same regions, with consequences for the surface solvation and active site exposition. Finally, although the glycosylations have stabilized the native structure and improved the substrate docking at all the studied pHs, the data suggest a higher phytate receptivity at catalytic poses for the unglycosylated structure at pH 6.5 and the glycosylated one at pH 4.5. This behavior agrees with the exact change in optimum pH reported for this enzyme, expressed on low or high glycosylating systems. We hope the results and insights presented here will be helpful in future approaches for rational engineering of technologically promising phytases and intelligent planning of their heterologous expression systems and conditions for use.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís P P De Souza
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Letícia Xavier Silva Cantão
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems (LBS), Department Of Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Bonoto Gonçalves
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, São João Del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Alves Pinto Nagem
- Institute of Biological Sciences Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Eduardo Oliveira Rocha
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems (LBS), Department Of Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory Of Molecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Department of Exacts and Biological Sciences (DECEB), Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renato Ramos Godoi
- Institute of Biological Sciences Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - William James Nogueira Lima
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Regional de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel Cardoso de Melo Minardi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems (LBS), Department Of Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Henrique França de Lima
- Laboratory Of Molecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Department of Exacts and Biological Sciences (DECEB), Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Singh B, Pragya, Tiwari SK, Singh D, Kumar S, Malik V. Production of fungal phytases in solid state fermentation and potential biotechnological applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:22. [PMID: 38008864 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Phytases are important enzymes used for eliminating the anti-nutritional properties of phytic acid in food and feed ingredients. Phytic acid is major form of organic phosphorus stored during seed setting. Monogastric animals cannot utilize this phytate-phosphorus due to lack of necessary enzymes. Therefore, phytic acid excretion is responsible for mineral deficiency and phosphorus pollution. Phytases have been reported from diverse microorganisms, however, fungal phytases are preferred due to their unique properties. Aspergillus species are the predominant producers of phytases and have been explored widely as compared to other fungi. Solid-state fermentation has been studied as an economical process for the production of phytases to utilize various agro-industrial residues. Mixed substrate fermentation has also been reported for the production of phytases. Physical and chemical parameters including pH, temperature, and concentrations of media components have significantly affected the production of phytases in solid state fermentation. Fungi produced high levels of phytases in solid state fermentation utilizing economical substrates. Optimization of culture conditions using different approaches has significantly improved the production of phytases. Fungal phytases are histidine acid phosphatases exhibiting broad substrate specificity, are relatively thermostable and protease-resistant. These phytases have been found effective in dephytinization of food and feed samples with concomitant liberation of minerals, sugars and soluble proteins. Additionally, they have improved the growth of plants by increasing the availability of phosphorus and other minerals. Furthermore, phytases from fungi have played an important roles in bread making, semi-synthesis of peroxidase, biofuel production, production of myo-inositol phosphates and management of environmental pollution. This review article describes the production of fungal phytases in solid state fermentation and their biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Singh
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India.
| | - Pragya
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Davender Singh
- Department of Physics, RPS Degree College, Mahendergarh, 123029, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Shobhit Institute of Engineering and Technology (Deemed to Be University), Modipurum, Meerut, 250110, UP, India
| | - Vinay Malik
- Department of Zoology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
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Maulana H, Widyastuti Y, Herlina N, Hasbuna A, Al-Islahi ASH, Triratna L, Mayasari N. Bioinformatics study of phytase from Aspergillus niger for use as feed additive in livestock feed. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:142. [PMID: 38008870 PMCID: PMC10678861 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytase supplementation in rations can reduce their phytic acid composition in order to enhance their nutritional value. Aspergillus niger is a fungus that can encode phytase. This study aims to determine the characteristics of its DNA sequences and amino acid composition that encode the phytase enzyme, as well as to determine the primer designs. METHOD This study used gene sequence data and protein-encoding phytase from Aspergillus niger that was collected manually from NCBI and PDB. The data was analyzed using SPDBV and then be aligned using the ClustalW Multiple Alignment features. The phylogenetic tree was built by Mega11 software. Primers were designed from selected candidate sequences that were analyzed. The designed primers were then simulated for PCR using FastPCR and SnapGene software. RESULTS There are 18 Aspergillus niger phytases in NCBI which is 14.87% of the total Aspergillus. There are 14 Aspergillus niger phytases that have identity above 95%. Aspergillus niger 110. M94550.1 is the closest strain to the PDB template. Candidate sources of phytase genes are Aspergillus niger 110.M94550.1, 48.2.BCMY01000003.1, and 92.JQ654450.1. The primer design has 2 possibilities of self-annealing and high melting temperature on the reverse primer. PCR simulation shows that the primer design can attach completely but still has the possibility of mispriming. CONCLUSION This study suggests promising results for the future development of phytase enzyme production from Aspergillus niger as a feed additive using genetic engineering to enhance the quality of livestock feed in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdan Maulana
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Yantyati Widyastuti
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Research Center for Applied Microbiology, 16911, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nina Herlina
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Research Center for Applied Microbiology, 16911, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Abun Hasbuna
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Lita Triratna
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Research Center for Applied Microbiology, 16911, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Novi Mayasari
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia.
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Joudaki H, Aria N, Moravej R, Rezaei Yazdi M, Emami-Karvani Z, Hamblin MR. Microbial Phytases: Properties and Applications in the Food Industry. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:374. [PMID: 37847302 PMCID: PMC10581959 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial phytases are enzymes that break down phytic acid, an anti-nutritional compound found in plant-based foods. These enzymes which are derived from bacteria and fungi have diverse properties and can function under different pH and temperature conditions. Their ability to convert phytic acid into inositol and inorganic phosphate makes them valuable in food processing. The application of microbial phytases in the food industry has several advantages. Firstly, adding them to animal feedstuff improves phosphorus availability, leading to improved nutrient utilization and growth in animals. This also reduces environmental pollution by phosphorus from animal waste. Secondly, microbial phytases enhance mineral bioavailability and nutrient assimilation in plant-based food products, counteracting the negative effects of phytic acid on human health. They can also improve the taste and functional properties of food and release bioactive compounds that have beneficial health effects. To effectively use microbial phytases in the food industry, factors like enzyme production, purification, and immobilization techniques are important. Genetic engineering and protein engineering have enabled the development of phytases with improved properties such as enhanced stability, substrate specificity, and resistance to degradation. This review provides an overview of the properties and function of phytases, the microbial strains that produce them, and their industrial applications, focusing on new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Joudaki
- Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Negar Aria
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, Collect of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Moravej
- Department of Biology, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | | | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Isakova EP, Gessler NN, Deryabina YI. Comparative Assay of Phytase Activity in Yarrowia lipolytica Strains Transformed with the Neutrophilic Phytase Genome from Obesumbacterium proteus in Batch Cultivation. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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Nuge T, Hayyan A, A. M. Elgharbawy A, Mohd. Salleh H, Jun Yong Y, Kamarudin AF, Hizaddin HF, Zuhanis Has-Yun Hashim Y, Liu X, Saleh J, Ibrahim Daoud J, S.M. Aljohani A, Alhumaydhi FA, Zulkifli M, Roslan Mohd Nor M, Al Abdulmonem W. Enhanced large-scale production of recombinant phytase in E. coli DH5 α: Medium components optimization and thermodynamic studies. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Dotsenko A, Rozhkova A, Zorov I, Korotkova O, Sinitsyn A. Enhancement of activity and thermostability of Aspergillus niger ATCC 10864 phytase A through rational design. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 634:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Dautt-Castro M, Jijón-Moreno S, Gómez-Hernández N, del Carmen González-López M, Hernández-Hernández EJ, Rosendo-Vargas MM, Rebolledo-Prudencio OG, Casas-Flores S. New Insights on the Duality of Trichoderma as a Phytopathogen Killer and a Plant Protector Based on an Integrated Multi-omics Perspective. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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El-Gendi H, Saleh AK, Badierah R, Redwan EM, El-Maradny YA, El-Fakharany EM. A Comprehensive Insight into Fungal Enzymes: Structure, Classification, and Their Role in Mankind's Challenges. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:23. [PMID: 35049963 PMCID: PMC8778853 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes have played a crucial role in mankind's challenges to use different types of biological systems for a diversity of applications. They are proteins that break down and convert complicated compounds to produce simple products. Fungal enzymes are compatible, efficient, and proper products for many uses in medicinal requests, industrial processing, bioremediation purposes, and agricultural applications. Fungal enzymes have appropriate stability to give manufactured products suitable shelf life, affordable cost, and approved demands. Fungal enzymes have been used from ancient times to today in many industries, including baking, brewing, cheese making, antibiotics production, and commodities manufacturing, such as linen and leather. Furthermore, they also are used in other fields such as paper production, detergent, the textile industry, and in drinks and food technology in products manufacturing ranging from tea and coffee to fruit juice and wine. Recently, fungi have been used for the production of more than 50% of the needed enzymes. Fungi can produce different types of enzymes extracellularly, which gives a great chance for producing in large amounts with low cost and easy viability in purified forms using simple purification methods. In the present review, a comprehensive trial has been advanced to elaborate on the different types and structures of fungal enzymes as well as the current status of the uses of fungal enzymes in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada El-Gendi
- Bioprocess Development Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Universities and Research Institutes Zone, New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed K. Saleh
- Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, El-Tahrir St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Raied Badierah
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (E.M.R.)
- Medical Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (E.M.R.)
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Yousra A. El-Maradny
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Esmail M. El-Fakharany
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
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Zhou D, Zhao Y, Li J, Ravichandran V, Wang L, Huang Q, Chen C, Ni H, Yin J. Effects of Phytic Acid-Degrading Bacteria on Mineral Element Content in Mice. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:753195. [PMID: 34880838 PMCID: PMC8645864 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.753195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace minerals are extremely important for balanced nutrition, growth, and development in animals and humans. Phytic acid chelation promotes the use of probiotics in nutrition. The phytic acid-degrading strain Lactococcus lactis psm16 was obtained from swine milk by enrichment culture and direct plate methods. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the strain psm16 on mineral element content in a mouse model. Mice were divided into four groups: basal diet, 1% phytic acid, 1% phytic acid + psm16, 1% phytic acid + 500 U/kg commercial phytase. Concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids were significantly increased in the strain psm16 group compared to the phytic acid group. The concentrations of copper (p = 0.021) and zinc (p = 0.017) in liver, calcium (p = 0.000), manganese (p = 0.000), and zinc (p = 0.000) in plasma and manganese (p = 0.010) and zinc (p = 0.022) in kidney were significantly increased in psm16 group, while copper (p = 0.007) and magnesium (p = 0.001) were significantly reduced. In conclusion, the addition of phytic acid-degrading bacteria psm16 into a diet including phytic acid can affect the content of trace elements in the liver, kidney, and plasma of mice, counteracting the harmful effects of phytic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Vinothkannan Ravichandran
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Leli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuyun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Cang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Hengjia Ni
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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González-López MDC, Jijón-Moreno S, Dautt-Castro M, Ovando-Vázquez C, Ziv T, Horwitz BA, Casas-Flores S. Secretome Analysis of Arabidopsis- Trichoderma atroviride Interaction Unveils New Roles for the Plant Glutamate:Glyoxylate Aminotransferase GGAT1 in Plant Growth Induced by the Fungus and Resistance against Botrytis cinerea. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6804. [PMID: 34202732 PMCID: PMC8268252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of plant-fungus mutualistic interaction requires bidirectional molecular crosstalk. Therefore, the analysis of the interacting organisms secretomes would help to understand how such relationships are established. Here, a gel-free shotgun proteomics approach was used to identify the secreted proteins of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the mutualistic fungus Trichoderma atroviride during their interaction. A total of 126 proteins of Arabidopsis and 1027 of T. atroviride were identified. Among them, 118 and 780 were differentially modulated, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis unveiled that both organisms' secretomes were enriched with enzymes. In T. atroviride, glycosidases, aspartic endopeptidases, and dehydrogenases increased in response to Arabidopsis. Additionally, amidases, protein-serine/threonine kinases, and hydro-lyases showed decreased levels. Furthermore, peroxidases, cysteine endopeptidases, and enzymes related to the catabolism of secondary metabolites increased in the plant secretome. In contrast, pathogenesis-related proteins and protease inhibitors decreased in response to the fungus. Notably, the glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase GGAT1 was secreted by Arabidopsis during its interaction with T. atroviride. Our study showed that GGAT1 is partially required for plant growth stimulation and on the induction of the plant systemic resistance by T. atroviride. Additionally, GGAT1 seems to participate in the negative regulation of the plant systemic resistance against B. cinerea through a mechanism involving H2O2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Carmen González-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico; (M.d.C.G.-L.); (S.J.-M.); (M.D.-C.); (C.O.-V.)
| | - Saúl Jijón-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico; (M.d.C.G.-L.); (S.J.-M.); (M.D.-C.); (C.O.-V.)
| | - Mitzuko Dautt-Castro
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico; (M.d.C.G.-L.); (S.J.-M.); (M.D.-C.); (C.O.-V.)
| | - Cesaré Ovando-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico; (M.d.C.G.-L.); (S.J.-M.); (M.D.-C.); (C.O.-V.)
- Centro Nacional de Supercómputo, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Smoler Protein Center, Faculty of Biology, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel;
| | - Benjamin A. Horwitz
- Faculty of Biology, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel;
| | - Sergio Casas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055. Col. Lomas 4ª. Section, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78216, Mexico; (M.d.C.G.-L.); (S.J.-M.); (M.D.-C.); (C.O.-V.)
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