1
|
Diouf FS, Tidjani Alou M, Bassene H, Cortaredona S, Diatta G, Raoult D, Sokhna C, Lagier JC. Seasonal variation of asymptomatic viral and bacterial nasopharyngeal carriage in rural Senegal. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:922-928. [PMID: 38579539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The surveillance of respiratory pathogens in rural areas of West Africa has, to date, largely been focussed on symptoms. In this prospective study conducted prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, we aimed to assess the asymptomatic prevalence of respiratory pathogen carriage in a group of individuals living in a rural area of Senegalese. METHODS Longitudinal follow up was performed through monthly nasopharyngeal swabbing during the dry season and weekly swabbing during the rainy season. We enrolled 15 individuals from the village of Ndiop. A total of 368 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected over a one-year period. We investigated the prevalence of 18 respiratory viruses and eight respiratory bacteria in different age groups using singleplex and multiplex PCR. RESULTS In total, 19.56% of the samples (72/368) were positive for respiratory viruses and 13.60% of the samples (50/368) were positive for respiratory bacteria. Coronaviruses (19/72, 26.39%), adenoviruses (17/72, 23.61%), rhinoviruses (14/72, 19.44%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (17/50, 34%), and Moraxella catarrhalis (15/50, 30%) were the most frequently detected viruses. Interestingly, the carriage of respiratory pathogens was shown to be more frequent during the rainy season, as pluviometry was shown to be positively associated with the occurrence of respiratory viruses such as influenza (P = .0078, r2 =.523) and RSV (P = .0055, r2 =.554). CONCLUSIONS Our results show a non-negligible circulation of respiratory pathogens in a rural area in Senegal (West Africa) with an underestimated proportion of asymptomatic individuals. This study highlights the fact that the circulation of viruses and bacteria in the community has been overlooked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatou Samba Diouf
- VITROME IRD, Campus International de Recherche IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Senegal; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Maryam Tidjani Alou
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Bassene
- VITROME IRD, Campus International de Recherche IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Sebastien Cortaredona
- VITROME IRD, Campus International de Recherche IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Senegal; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Georges Diatta
- VITROME IRD, Campus International de Recherche IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Didier Raoult
- VITROME IRD, Campus International de Recherche IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Senegal; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- VITROME IRD, Campus International de Recherche IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Senegal; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Diouf FS, Tidjani Alou M, Million M, Diatta G, Goumballa N, Ndiaye D, Bassene H, Dubourg G, Raoult D, Sokhna C, Lagier JC. Influence of Microbiota on Clinical Expressions of Respiratory Viral Infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:391-398. [PMID: 38109763 PMCID: PMC10859809 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections, mainly due to viruses, are among the leading causes of worldwide morbidity and mortality. We investigated the prevalence of viruses and bacteria in a cross-sectional survey conducted in Dielmo, a village in rural Senegal with a population of 481 inhabitants. Nasopharyngeal sampling was performed in 50 symptomatic subjects and 101 asymptomatic subjects. Symptomatic subjects were defined as individuals presenting with clinical signs of respiratory infection, whereas asymptomatic subjects were recruited in the same households. The identification of pathogens was performed by polymerase chain reaction for 18 respiratory viruses and eight respiratory bacteria. The prevalence results for respiratory viruses detected in each study group demonstrated that 83.6% of symptomatic samples were positive for at least one respiratory virus, and 21.8% were detected in asymptomatic samples. Influenza A (P = 0.0001), metapneumovirus (P = 0.04), and enterovirus (P = 0.001) were significantly more prevalent in symptomatic patients. Overall, 82.0% of symptomatic subjects and 26.9% of asymptomatic subjects were positive for at least one respiratory bacterium. The most frequent pathogenic bacteria detected were Moraxella catarrhalis (56%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (48.0%) among symptomatic individuals, whereas in asymptomatic subjects Corynebacterium propinquum was more prevalent (18%). A principal component analysis showed that parainfluenzas 2 and 4 were associated with asymptomatic subjects, whereas influenza A was associated with the presence of symptoms. Considering these results, a large epidemiological surveillance of the circulation of these respiratory pathogens in the general population should be conducted to provide a better understanding of their carriage and to potentially prevent epidemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatou Samba Diouf
- VITROME IRD, Campus International de Recherche IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Senegal
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Microbes, Évolution, Phylogénie et Infection, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Maryam Tidjani Alou
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Microbes, Évolution, Phylogénie et Infection, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Million
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Microbes, Évolution, Phylogénie et Infection, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Georges Diatta
- VITROME IRD, Campus International de Recherche IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ndiaw Goumballa
- VITROME IRD, Campus International de Recherche IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Senegal
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de santé des armées, Vecteurs – Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Dame Ndiaye
- VITROME IRD, Campus International de Recherche IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Hubert Bassene
- VITROME IRD, Campus International de Recherche IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Gregory Dubourg
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Microbes, Évolution, Phylogénie et Infection, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Microbes, Évolution, Phylogénie et Infection, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- VITROME IRD, Campus International de Recherche IRD-UCAD Hann, Dakar, Senegal
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Microbes, Évolution, Phylogénie et Infection, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Microbes, Évolution, Phylogénie et Infection, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Viana E, França Y, de Azevedo LS, Medeiros RS, Guiducci R, Guadagnucci S, Luchs A. Genotypic diversity and long-term impact of human bocavirus on diarrheal disease: Insights from historical fecal samples in Brazil. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29429. [PMID: 38258346 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the frequency and genotypic diversity of human bocavirus (HBoV) in historical fecal samples collected before 2005 in Brazil and understand its natural history in patients with diarrhea. Between 1998 and 2005, 3347 samples were tested for HBoV by RT-PCR, with a detection rate of 5.8% (195/3347). Coinfection with norovirus (NoV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) was found in 34.9% (68/195), indicating HBoV's potential role as a causative agent of diarrheal disease. The detection rate varied over the years (p < 0.05), suggesting natural oscillatory fluctuations. HBoV was more prevalent in fall and winter, with higher positivity in children ≤5 years (p < 0.05), reinforcing that HBoV is an important pathogen in childhood diarrhea. Genotyping (32.8%; 64/195) revealed the circulation of HBoV-1 (79.7%, 51/64), HBoV-3 (12.5%, 8/64), HBoV-2 (6.2%, 4/64), and the rare HBoV-4 (1.6%, 1/64). Difference in HBoV-1 and HBoV-2/-3 mono-infections prevalence (p < 0.05), suggests a potential role of HBoV-1 in the pathogenicity of diarrheal disease. The study highlights HBoV's lasting impact on viral gastroenteritis in Brazil and emphasizes its genotypic diversity. Recommending screening for HBoV in public health laboratories is crucial for understanding its role in gastrointestinal diseases. The data also contribute to understanding the molecular characterization of enteric viruses in historical fecal samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Viana
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yasmin França
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lais S de Azevedo
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta S Medeiros
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Guiducci
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Guadagnucci
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Luchs
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ogunbayo AE, Mogotsi MT, Sondlane H, Nkwadipo KR, Sabiu S, Nyaga MM. Metagenomic Analysis of Respiratory RNA Virome of Children with and without Severe Acute Respiratory Infection from the Free State, South Africa during COVID-19 Pandemic Reveals Higher Diversity and Abundance in Summer Compared with Winter Period. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112516. [PMID: 36423125 PMCID: PMC9692838 DOI: 10.3390/v14112516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections contribute to significant morbidity and mortality in children. Currently, there are limited reports on the composition and abundance of the normal commensal respiratory virome in comparison to those in severe acute respiratory infections (SARIs) state. This study characterised the respiratory RNA virome in children ≤ 5 years with (n = 149) and without (n = 139) SARI during the summer and winter of 2020/2021 seasons in South Africa. Nasopharyngeal swabs were, collected, pooled, enriched for viral RNA detection, sequenced using Illumina MiSeq, and analysed using the Genome Detective bioinformatic tool. Overall, Picornaviridae, Paramoxyviridae, Pneumoviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Totiviridae, and Retroviridae families were the most abundant viral population in both groups across both seasons. Human rhinovirus and endogenous retrovirus K113 were detected in most pools, with exclusive detection of Pneumoviridae in SARI pools. Generally, higher viral diversity/abundance was seen in children with SARI and in the summer pools. Several plant/animal viruses, eukaryotic viruses with unclear pathogenicity including a distinct rhinovirus A type, were detected. This study provides remarkable data on the respiratory RNA virome in children with and without SARI with a degree of heterogeneity of known viruses colonizing their respiratory tract. The implication of the detected viruses in the dynamics/progression of SARI requires further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji E. Ogunbayo
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Milton T. Mogotsi
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Hlengiwe Sondlane
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Kelebogile R. Nkwadipo
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Martin M. Nyaga
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-51-401-9158
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Campelo FS, de Aguiar Cordeiro R, Moura FEA. The role of human bocavirus as an agent of community-acquired pneumonia in children under 5 years of age in Fortaleza, Ceará (Northeast Brazil). Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1915-1924. [PMID: 35933553 PMCID: PMC9679084 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The human bocavirus (HBoV) is an agent of upper and lower respiratory infections, affecting mainly children under 5 years of age. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an important public health problem in developing countries, representing one of the main causes of hospitalizations and deaths in children. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of HBoV and the clinical and epidemiological characteristics in children diagnosed with CAP. For this purpose, nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from 545 children aged 0 to 60 months diagnosed with CAP between January 2013 and December 2014 in a reference pediatric hospital in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. The samples were subjected to PCR for detection of HBoV and parainfluenza 4 (PIV4) and indirect immunofluorescence for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (AdV), influenza A and B (FLU A and FLU B), and parainfluenza 1, 2, and 3 (PIV1, PIV2, PIV3). Clinically, most CAP were non-complicated (487/545; 89.3%); however, 10.7% (58/545) of children were treated in the ICU/resuscitation sector. Among the total samples analyzed, 359 (65.8%) were positive for at least one virus surveyed and 105 (19.2%) samples had two or more viruses. HBoV was detected in 87 samples (15.9%), being the second most prevalent virus. RSV, AdV, FLU A, FLU B, and PIV 1-3 were detected in 150 (27.5%), 45 (8.2%), 30 (5.5%), 3 (0.5%), and 131 (24%) samples, respectively. The age average was 12.1 months in children infected with HBoV, and the most frequent symptoms were dyspnea and cough. In addition, 90.6% of HboV-positive children received antibiotics as empirical treatment. HBoV did not show any circulation pattern; however, it seemed to be more frequent in the first half of the year, totaling 68.9% of the cases. HBoV is a frequent agent of pneumonia in the child population studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Serra Campelo
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil ,Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ljubin-Sternak S, Meštrović T, Lukšić I, Mijač M, Vraneš J. Seasonal Coronaviruses and Other Neglected Respiratory Viruses: A Global Perspective and a Local Snapshot. Front Public Health 2021; 9:691163. [PMID: 34291031 PMCID: PMC8287126 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.691163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world; however, there are several groups of viruses that are insufficiently routinely sought for, and can thus be considered neglected from a diagnostic and clinical standpoint. Timely detection of seasonality of certain respiratory viruses (e.g., enveloped viruses such as seasonal coronaviruses) in the local context can aid substantially in targeted and cost-effective utilization of viral diagnostic approaches. For the other, non-enveloped and year-round viruses (i.e., rhinovirus, adenovirus, and bocavirus), a continuous virological diagnosis needs to be implemented in clinical laboratories to more effectively address the aetiology of respiratory infections, and assess the overall impact of these viruses on disease burden. While the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still actively unfolding, we aimed to emphasize the persistent role of seasonal coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, adenoviruses and bocaviruses in the aetiology of respiratory infections. Consequently, this paper concentrates on the burden and epidemiological trends of aforementioned viral groups on a global level, but also provides a snapshot of their prevalence patterns in Croatia in order to underscore the potential implications of viral seasonality. An overall global prevalence in respiratory tract infections was found to be between 0.5 and 18.4% for seasonal coronaviruses, between 13 and 59% for rhinoviruses, between 1 and 36% for human adenoviruses, and between 1 and 56.8% for human bocaviruses. A Croatian dataset on patients with respiratory tract infection and younger than 18 years of age has revealed a fairly high prevalence of rhinoviruses (33.4%), with much lower prevalence of adenoviruses (15.6%), seasonal coronaviruses (7.1%), and bocaviruses (5.3%). These insights represent a relevant discussion point in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic where the testing of non-SARS-CoV-2 viruses has been limited in many settings, making the monitoring of disease burden associated with other respiratory viruses rather difficult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia.,Medical Microbiology Department, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Meštrović
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Zora Profozić Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia.,University Centre Varaždin, University North, Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Ivana Lukšić
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Mijač
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia.,Medical Microbiology Department, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Vraneš
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia.,Medical Microbiology Department, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Carvalho GC, de Oliveira RAP, Araujo VHS, Sábio RM, de Carvalho LR, Bauab TM, Corrêa I, Chorilli M. Prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis in Brazil: a systematic review. Med Mycol 2021; 59:946-957. [PMID: 34137857 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (CVV) is a condition whose signs and symptoms are related to inflammation caused by Candida spp infection. It is the second leading cause of vaginitis in the world, representing a public health problem. The present systematic review comes with the proposal of analyze and identify the available evidence on CVV prevalence in Brazil, pointing out its variability by regions. For this, a systematic literature review was carried out with meta-analysis of cross-sectional and cohort studies, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) guide recommendations, and was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020181695). The databases used for survey were LILACS, Scielo, Scopus, PUBMED, Web of Science and CINAHL. Fifteen studies were selected to estimate CVV prevalence in the Brazilian territory. South and Southeast regions have higher prevalences than the North and Northeast regions, no data were found for the Midwest region. The estimated prevalence for Brazil is 18%, however, it is suggested that this number is higher due to underreporting and the presence of asymptomatic cases. Therefore, new epidemiological studies are recommended throughout Brazil, to elucidate the profile of this disease in the country, in addition to assisting in the elaboration of an appropriate prevention plan by state. LAY ABSTRACT Data found in the literature regarding the epidemiological profile of VVC in Brazil are obsolete and incomplete, so the present systematic review has the proposal to analyze and identify the evidence on VVC prevalence in Brazil. The estimated prevalence is 18%, however, this number can be higher.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Corrêa Carvalho
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Victor Hugo Sousa Araujo
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Rafael Miguel Sábio
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Lídia Raquel de Carvalho
- Biostatistics department, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 18618687 Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Taís Maria Bauab
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ione Corrêa
- Nursing department, Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 18618687 Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|