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Gonçalves DLDR, Chang MR, Nobrega GD, Venancio FA, Higa Júnior MG, Fava WS. Hospital sewage in Brazil: a reservoir of multidrug-resistant carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e277750. [PMID: 38985067 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.277750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The One Health concept recognizes that human health is clearly linked to the health of animals and the environment. Infections caused by bacteria resistant to carbapenem antibiotics have become a major challenge in hospitals due to limited therapeutic options and consequent increase in mortality. In this study, we investigated the presence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in 84 effluent samples (42 from hospital and 42 from non-hospital) from Campo Grande, midwest Brazil. First, sewage samples were inoculated in a selective culture medium. Bacteria with reduced susceptibility to meropenem and ertapenem were then identified and their antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Vitek-2 system. The blaKPC genes were detected using PCR and further confirmed by sequencing. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) were identified in both hospital (n=32) and non-hospital effluent (n=16), with the most common being Klebsiella pneumoniae and of the Enterobacter cloacae complex species. This is the first study to indicate the presence of the blaKPC-2 gene in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, classified as a critical priority by the WHO, in hospital sewage in this region. The dissemination of carbapenem antibiotic-resistant genes may be associated with clinical pathogens. Under favorable conditions and microbial loads, resistant bacteria and antimicrobial-resistance genes found in hospital sewage can disseminate into the environment, causing health problems. Therefore, sewage treatment regulations should be implemented to minimize the transfer of antimicrobial resistance from hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L D R Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Programa em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro Oeste, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - M R Chang
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Laboratório de Pesquisas Microbiológicas, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - G D Nobrega
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Laboratório de Pesquisas Microbiológicas, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - F A Venancio
- Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul - UEMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - M G Higa Júnior
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossian - EBSERH, Comissão de Controle e Infecção Hospitalar, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - W S Fava
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
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Monteagudo de Barros V, da Rocha BS, Rhoden J, Stein JF, Picoli SU, Rigotto C. Detection of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing genes blaSPM and blaNDM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wastewater in Southern Brazil. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:689-700. [PMID: 38678422 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly associated with the ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance. The surveillance of resistance genes in various environmental matrices has gained prominence in recent years, being seen as a potential threat to public health. The objective of this study was to investigate genes encoding metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs), which confer resistance to carbapenems, in wastewater. Fifteen isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected for five months from samples obtained from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Rio Grande do Sul. These isolates were subjected to disk diffusion testing using 10 different antimicrobials. Phenotypic enzymatic tests for MBLs were conducted, and positive isolates underwent DNA extraction and gene detection using the polymerase chain reaction. The resistance rate to ceftazidime was 100%, cefepime 73.3%, piperacillin-tazobactam 66.67%, imipenem 53.30%, levofloxacin 46.67%, tobramycin 40%, and ciprofloxacin and amikacin 13.33%. Both meropenem and aztreonam resistances were rare accounting for 6.60% of the tested isolates. Among these isolates, 20% were classified as multidrug-resistant and were found to carry the blaNDM and blaSPM genes. The results suggest that evaluating resistance genes in bacteria from urban raw sewage can provide data that assist in surveillance, as this environment can stimulate increased bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Monteagudo de Barros
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Red Building 2nd Floor, Room 205, RS 239, No. 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Bruna Seixas da Rocha
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Red Building 2nd Floor, Room 205, RS 239, No. 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Rhoden
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Red Building 2nd Floor, Room 205, RS 239, No. 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Janaína Franciele Stein
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Red Building 2nd Floor, Room 205, RS 239, No. 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Simone Ulrich Picoli
- Integrated Health Specialties Center - CIES Feevale, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, R. Rubem Berta, 200 - Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93525-080, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rigotto
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Red Building 2nd Floor, Room 205, RS 239, No. 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez CE, Ramírez-Morales D, Masis-Mora M, Montiel-Mora JR, Soto-Garita C, Araya-Valverde E, Cambronero-Heinrichs JC, Sànchez-Melsió A, Briceño-Guevara S, Mendez-Rivera M, Balcázar JL. Occurrence and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater in Costa Rica. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139746. [PMID: 37549747 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to determine the occurrence, hazard and prioritization of pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater in Costa Rica through the monitoring of 70 compounds and assessing their environmental risk through a hazard quotient approach (HQ). Moreover, the quantification of selected antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was conducted for the first time in this matrix in this geographical location. Thirty-four pharmaceuticals were detected, being caffeine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, ciprofloxacin and ketoprofen the most frequent (>50% of the samples). Eighteen pharmaceuticals exhibited high hazard (HQ ≥ 1), while five more showed medium hazard (1 > HQ ≥ 0.1). Prioritization, which also included frequency parameters, revealed caffeine, lovastatin, diphenhydramine, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ciprofloxacin, and sildenafil as the compounds of major concern. Similarly, cumulative hazard per sample (ΣHQ) estimated high hazard towards aquatic organisms in every sample. All selected ARGs, except mcr-1 (polymyxin resistance), were detected. Among genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams, blaCTX-M and blaKPC were the most abundant, related to resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems. Ecotoxicological evaluation showed mostly low toxicity towards Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri, contrary to the marked effect observed towards Lactuca sativa. These findings provide relevant and novel information on the risk posed by hospital wastewater and their pharmaceutical content in the Latin American environmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Didier Ramírez-Morales
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mario Masis-Mora
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José R Montiel-Mora
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Claudio Soto-Garita
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Emanuel Araya-Valverde
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, 1174-1200, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Juan Carlos Cambronero-Heinrichs
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica; Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alexandre Sànchez-Melsió
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, 17004, Girona, Spain
| | - Susana Briceño-Guevara
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Michael Mendez-Rivera
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José L Balcázar
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, 17004, Girona, Spain
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