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Miralles-Amorós L, Asencio-Mas N, Martínez-Olcina M, Vicente-Martínez M, Frutos JMGD, Peñaranda-Moraga M, Gonzálvez-Alvarado L, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Cortés-Roco G, Martínez-Rodríguez A. Study the Effect of Relative Energy Deficiency on Physiological and Physical Variables in Professional Women Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020168. [PMID: 36837787 PMCID: PMC9962361 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy deficits are often observed in athletes, especially in female athletes, due to the high expenditure of sport and strict diets. Low energy availability can cause serious health problems and affect sport performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different personalized dietary plans on physiological and physical factors related to energy deficit syndrome in female professional handball players. Twenty-one professional female handball players, aged 22 ± 4 years, 172.0 ± 5.4 cm and 68.4 ± 6.7 kg, divided into three groups (FD: free diet; MD: Mediterranean diet; and AD: high antioxidant diet), participated in this 12-week randomized controlled trial. Energy expenditure through indirect calorimetry, energy availability, 7 day dietary intake analysis, blood pressure, cholesterol, menstrual function, body composition by both anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance, and strength performance were assessed. All participants showed low energy availability (<30 kcal/lean mass per day); despite this, all had eumenorrhea. Significant improvements were found after the intervention in all components of body composition (p < 0.05). In the remaining variables, despite slight improvements, none were significant neither over time nor between the different groups. Low energy availability has been observed in all professional female handball players, which may lead to serious consequences. A longer period of intervention is required to assess the differences between diets and improvements in other parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Miralles-Amorós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Nuria Asencio-Mas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - María Martínez-Olcina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | | | - José Manuel García-De Frutos
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marcelo Peñaranda-Moraga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Lucía Gonzálvez-Alvarado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Guillermo Cortés-Roco
- Escuela de Educación, Pedagogía en Educación Física, Entrenador Deportivo, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Benardot D. Nutritional Concerns for the Artistic Athlete. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2020; 32:51-64. [PMID: 33198898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Performing artists are similar to sports athletes, with repeated patterns of training and performing. This requires that artistic athletes manage the dynamic interaction between energy/nutrient/fluid utilization and provision to assure long, healthful, and successful careers. Although sports athletes have an abundance of science-based nutritional guidance available, there are few nutrition-focused resources available to artistic athletes, which can result in failure to optimally satisfy the artistic athlete's individual nutritional needs. The purpose of this article is to review common nutritional issues faced by artistic athletes and to present science-based nutrition strategies that can aid in lowering nutrition-associated health and performance risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Benardot
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Candler Library, Emory University, Suite 107, Atlanta, GA 30323, USA; Emeritus, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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