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Bruyninckx S, Metsemakers WJ, Depypere M, Henckaerts L, van den Hout E, Onsea J, Ghijselings S, Vles GF. Local antibiotic delivery via intra-articular catheter infusion for the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection: a systematic review. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2024:10.1007/s00402-024-05341-2. [PMID: 38691147 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-024-05341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an increasing interest in the use of intra-articular (IA) antibiotic infusion as a stand-alone or adjuvant therapy to standard revision surgery for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the evidence with respect to this up-and-coming treatment modality. METHODS A systematic review of studies published until April 2023 was conducted using PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE and Cochrane databases. Quality assessment was performed with the National Institute of Health quality assessment tool. Inclusion criteria were adult patients (≥ 18 years) with a mean follow-up of ≥ 11 months and a score ≥ 6 on the National Institute of Health quality assessment tool. Primary outcome was eradication of infection. RESULTS 15 articles, encompassing 631 PJIs in 626 patients, were included in the final analysis, all level IV case series. The majority was treated with single-stage revision with adjuvant IA antibiotic infusion (79.1%). The remaining PJIs were treated with stand-alone IA antibiotic infusion (12.2%), DAIR (debridement, antibiotics and implant retention) with adjuvant IA antibiotic infusion (5.7%) or two-stage revision with adjuvant IA antibiotic infusion (3.0%). Mean duration of IA antibiotic infusion was 19 days (range 3-50). An overall failure rate of approximately 11% was found. In total 117 complications occurred, 71 were non-catheter-related and 46 were catheter-related. The most common catheter-related complications were premature loss of the catheter (18/46) and elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels (12/46). CONCLUSIONS Due to the lack of comparative studies the (added) benefit of IA antibiotic infusion in the treatment of PJI remains uncertain. Based on the current evidence, we would advise against using it as a stand-alone treatment. A prospective randomized controlled trial using a well-described infusion protocol is needed to see if the potential benefits justify the increased costs and potential complications of this treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bruyninckx
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - W J Metsemakers
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 805, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Depypere
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Henckaerts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E van den Hout
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Onsea
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 805, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Ghijselings
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G F Vles
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Van Engen MG, Carender CN, Glass NA, Noiseux NO. Outcomes After Successful Debridement, Antibiotic, and Implant Retention Therapy for Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2024; 39:483-489. [PMID: 37572722 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2023.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversy surrounds debridement, antibiotic and implant retention (DAIR) for treatment of acute periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Data regarding DAIR's rate of infection resolution is variable with little investigation of functional outcomes. METHODS We identified 191 DAIR cases at a single institution from 2008 to 2020. Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement (KOOS-JR) and Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System-10 (PROMIS) scores were collected. Patient Reported Outcome Scores were obtained from 60 cases. Median follow-up (IQR) was 4.5 (2.1 to 7.6) versus 3.0 (1.2 to 5.3) years for the control group. Mean scores were compared to a cohort of uncomplicated total knee arthroplasties matched by age, body mass index, and sex using generalized linear models adjusted for follow-up duration. Kaplan-Meier survivorship curves for PJI were constructed. RESULTS Mean Patient Reported Outcome Scores for the DAIR cohort were 57.2 ± 19.7 for KOOS-JR, 41.6 ± 7.1 for PROMIS physical health (PH), and 46.6 ± 8.7 for PROMIS mental health (MH). Mean control group values were 65.8 ± 21.0 for KOOS-JR, 44.6 ± 8.4 for PROMIS PH, and 49.2 ± 9.2 for PROMIS MH. No difference was observed in KOOS-JR (P = .83) or PROMIS MH (P = .11). PROMIS PH was lower in the DAIR cohort compared to the control group (P = .048). Median follow-up (years) for all 191 cases was 5.9 (range, 0.5 to 13.1). Survivorship (years) without subsequent operation for infection was 84% at 1, 82% at 2, and 79% at 5. CONCLUSION Knee and MH outcomes in successful DAIR procedures were similar to uncomplicated total knee arthroplasty. DAIR's success rate was 79% in treating acute PJI at 5 years. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Van Engen
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Christopher N Carender
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Natalie A Glass
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Nicolas O Noiseux
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
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Tseng J, Oladipo V, Dandamudi S, Jones CM, Levine BR. Validation of a Classification System for Optimal Application of Debridement, Antibiotics, and Implant Retention in Prosthetic Joint Infections following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:48. [PMID: 38247607 PMCID: PMC10812511 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains a serious complication after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). While debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) are considered for acute PJI, success rates vary. This study aims to assess a new scoring system's accuracy in predicting DAIR success. METHODS 119 TKA patients (2008-2019) diagnosed with PJI who underwent DAIR were included for analysis. Data were collected on demographics, laboratory values, and clinical outcomes. This was used for validation of the novel classification system consisting of PJI acuteness, microorganism classification, and host health for DAIR indication. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS programming. RESULTS Mean follow-up was 2.5 years with an average age of 65.5 ± 9.1 years, BMI of 31.9 ± 6.2 kg/m2, and CCI of 3.04 ± 1.8. Successful infection eradication occurred in 75.6% of patients. The classification system demonstrated 61.1% sensitivity, 72.4% specificity, and 87.3% positive predictive value (PPV) when the DAIR cutoff was a score less than 6. For a cutoff of less than 8, sensitivity was 100%, specificity was 37.9%, and PPV was 83.3%. CONCLUSIONS To date, no consensus exists on a classification system predicting DAIR success. This novel scoring system, with high PPV, shows promise. Further refinement is essential for enhanced predictive accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brett R. Levine
- Rush University Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (J.T.); (V.O.); (S.D.); (C.M.J.)
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Engen MV, Hartog TD, Feuchtenberger B, Glass N, Noiseux N. Utility of Debridement, Antibiotics, and Implant Retention for Acute Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty. THE IOWA ORTHOPAEDIC JOURNAL 2024; 44:79-84. [PMID: 38919369 PMCID: PMC11195893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Background Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in revision arthroplasty presents as a challenging complication that is difficult to manage. Debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) is a recognized treatment option, although few studies have investigated success rates in addition to eventual amputation rates for failed cases. Methods A retrospective review of 365 DAIR cases was performed at a single institution from 2008-2020. Patient records were thoroughly reviewed for inclusion and exclusion criteria by multiple members of the research team, discovering 45 cases met criteria for the study cohort. Demographic information, medical history, culture data, and surgical history, were recorded. DAIR's overall survivorship was evaluated with a Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival curve. Additional KM curves were constructed to compare acute postoperative versus acute hematogenous infections as well as DAIR survivorship relative to infecting organism. Results DAIR's success rate in revision TKA was 77% at 0.5 years, 56% at 2 years and 46% at 5 years. No significant difference was noted in survivorship when comparing acute postoperative and acute hematogenous cases at 5 years (29 vs 51%, P=0.64). No significance differences in survivorship were noted according to infecting organism (P =0.30). Median follow up duration was significantly lower in the failed DAIR cohort with a median time of 0.5 years in comparison to 1.7 years for the successful DAIR group (P =0.012). There were 20 DAIR cases that failed, 10 of which resulted in eventual amputation. Conclusion DAIR's success rate for managing acute PJI in revision arthroplasty cases was 46% at 5 years. Of the 20 failed DAIR cases, 10 resulted in eventual amputation. DAIRs utility in managing these complicated PJI cases in the setting of revision arthroplasty is concerning with low success rates and high rates of amputation in failed cases. Level of Evidence: III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Van Engen
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Taylor Den Hartog
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Bennett Feuchtenberger
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Natalie Glass
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Nicolas Noiseux
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Rodriguez-Merchan EC, Delgado-Martinez AD. Risk Factors for Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6128. [PMID: 36294449 PMCID: PMC9605414 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a major adverse event of primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) from the patient's perspective, and it is also costly for health care systems. In 2010, the reported incidence of PJI in the first 2 years after TKA was 1.55%, with an incidence of 0.46% between the second and tenth year. In 2022, it has been published that 1.41% of individuals require revision TKA for PJI. The following risk factors have been related to an increased risk of PJI: male sex, younger age, type II diabetes, obesity class II, hypertension, hypoalbuminemia, preoperative nutritional status as indicated by prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and body mass index, rheumatoid arthritis, post-traumatic osteoarthritis, intra-articular injections prior to TKA, previous multi-ligament knee surgery, previous steroid therapy, current tobacco use, procedure type (bilateral), length of stay over 35 days, patellar resurfacing, prolonged operative time, use of blood transfusions, higher glucose variability in the postoperative phase, and discharge to convalescent care. Other reported independent risk factors for PJI (in diminishing order of importance) are congestive heart failure, chronic pulmonary illness, preoperative anemia, depression, renal illness, pulmonary circulation disorders, psychoses, metastatic tumor, peripheral vascular illness, and valvular illness. Preoperative intravenous tranexamic acid has been reported to diminish the risk of delayed PJI. Knowing the risk factors for PJI after TKA, especially those that are avoidable or controllable, is critical to minimizing (ideally preventing) this complication. These risk factors are outlined in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerito Carlos Rodriguez-Merchan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research—IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital—Autonomous University of Madrid), 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto D. Delgado-Martinez
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Universitario de Jaen, 23007 Jaen, Spain
- Department of Surgery, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain
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