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Bungala LDC, Park SU, Nguyen BV, Lim J, Kim K, Kim JK, Park CH, Le AT, Chung YS, Yeo HJ. Effect of LED Lights on Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activities in Red Pakchoi Baby Leaves. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23420-23430. [PMID: 38854528 PMCID: PMC11154946 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Pakchoi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) is one of the most widely consumed vegetables in Asian countries, and it is high in secondary metabolites. The availability, quantity, and quality of light play a critical role in the growth and development of plants. In this study, we investigated the effect of LEDs (light-emitting diodes; white, blue, red, and red + blue) on anthocyanin, glucosinolates, and phenolic levels in red pakchoi baby leaves. On the 24th day after sowing (DAS), red baby pakchoi leaves were harvested, and shoot length, root length, and fresh weight were measured. Among the different LED treatments, there was no significant difference in shoot length, whereas the highest root length was achieved in the red + blue LED treatment (23.8 cm). The fresh weight also showed a significant difference among the different LED treatments. In total, 12 phenolic and 7 glucosinolate individual compounds were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The highest total glucosinolate (2937 μg/g dry wt) and phenolic (1589 μg/g dry wt) contents were achieved in baby leaves exposed to red + blue light. Similarly, the highest contents of total anthocyanins (1726 μg/g dry wt), flavonoids (4920 μg/g dry wt), and phenolics (5900 μg/g dry wt) were achieved in the red + blue treatment. Plants exposed to red + blue LED light showed the highest accumulation of anthocyanin, glucosinolates, and phenolic compounds. For antioxidant activity, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylradical) free radical scavenging, ABTS (2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging, and reducing power assays were performed, and the antioxidant activity of red pakchoi baby leaves grown under red + blue LED light was found to be the best. The metabolic profiling of the identified metabolites revealed distinct separation based on the secondary metabolites. This research will be helpful for farmers to choose the best LED light combination to increase the secondary metabolic content in pakchoi plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel
Tarcisio da Cristina Bungala
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Mozambique
Agricultural Research Institute, Central Regional Center, Highway N° 6, P.O. Box 42, Chimoio 0606-01, Mozambique
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National
University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Bao Van Nguyen
- Department
of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National
University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsu Lim
- Department
of Bio-AI Convergence, Chungnam National
University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division
of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro,
Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Convergence
Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon
National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ha Park
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Anh Tuan Le
- Department
of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju
National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Suk Chung
- Department
of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju
National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Yeo
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Frąszczak B, Kula-Maximenko M, Podsędek A, Sosnowska D, Unegbu KC, Spiżewski T. Morphological and Photosynthetic Parameters of Green and Red Kale Microgreens Cultivated under Different Light Spectra. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3800. [PMID: 38005697 PMCID: PMC10674929 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Microgreens are plants eaten at a very early stage of development, having a very high nutritional value. Among a large group of species, those from the Brassicaceae family, including kale, are very popularly grown as microgreens. Typically, microgreens are grown under controlled conditions under light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, the effect of light on the quality of grown microgreens varies. The present study aimed to determine the effect of artificial white light with varying proportions of red (R) and blue (B) light on the morphological and photosynthetic parameters of kale microgreens with green and red leaves. The R:B ratios were for white light (W) 0.63, for red-enhanced white light (W + R) 0.75, and for white and blue light (W + B) 0.38 at 230 µmol m-2 s-1 PPFD. The addition of both blue and red light had a positive effect on the content of active compounds in the plants, including flavonoids and carotenoids. Red light had a stronger effect on the seedling area and the dry mass and relative chlorophyll content of red-leaved kale microgreens. Blue light, in turn, had a stronger effect on green kale, including dry mass. The W + B light combination negatively affected the chlorophyll content of both cultivars although the leaves were significantly thicker compared to cultivation under W + R light. In general, the cultivar with red leaves had less sensitivity to the photosynthetic apparatus to the spectrum used. The changes in PSII were much smaller in red kale compared to green kale. Too much red light caused a deterioration in the PSII vitality index in green kale. Red and green kale require an individual spectrum with different proportions of blue and red light at different growth stages to achieve plants with a large leaf area and high nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Frąszczak
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznań, Poland; (K.C.U.); (T.S.)
| | - Monika Kula-Maximenko
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Anna Podsędek
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Łódź, Poland; (A.P.); (D.S.)
| | - Dorota Sosnowska
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Łódź, Poland; (A.P.); (D.S.)
| | - Kingsley Chinazor Unegbu
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznań, Poland; (K.C.U.); (T.S.)
| | - Tomasz Spiżewski
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznań, Poland; (K.C.U.); (T.S.)
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Zhou Q, Li R, Fernie AR, Che Y, Ding Z, Yao Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Hu X, Guo J. Integrated Analysis of Morphological, Physiological, Anatomical and Molecular Responses of Cassava Seedlings to Different Light Qualities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14224. [PMID: 37762526 PMCID: PMC10531943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Light quality is highly important for growth control of in vitro plant cultures. Here, we investigated the effect of blue light (BL), red light (RL) and combined red and blue light (RBL) on in vitro cassava growth. Our results indicate that RL facilitated radial elongation of cassava and increased stomatal conductance as well as glucose, sucrose, fructose and starch content in leaves and cellulose content in the stem. It also enhanced SOD and POD activities but decreased the stomatal density and chlorophyll and carotenoid content in leaves. In addition, RL leads to shorter palisade cells, denser chloroplasts and more starch granules. These phenotypic changes were inverted following BL treatment. The expression levels of photosynthesis-related genes MeLHCA1, MeLHCA3, MePSB27-2, MePSBY, MePETE1 and MePNSL2 in leaves were at their lowest following RL treatment, while the expression levels of MePSB27-2, MePSBY, MePETE1 and MePNSL2 were at their highest after BL treatment. The phenotypic changes after RBL treatment were between the values observed for the RL and BL treatments alone. Moreover, the responses of SC8 and SC9 cassava varieties to light quality were largely conserved. As such, we believe that the results of this study lay the foundation for controlling the in vitro growth of cassava seedlings by light quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Q.Z.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (Z.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ruimei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Q.Z.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (Z.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muhlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muhlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
| | - Yannian Che
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Q.Z.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (Z.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhongping Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Q.Z.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (Z.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xinwen Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Q.Z.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (Z.D.)
| | - Jianchun Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Q.Z.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (Z.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
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Harbart V, Frede K, Fitzner M, Baldermann S. Regulation of carotenoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways in Lactuca sativa var capitate L. in protected cultivation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1124750. [PMID: 36866364 PMCID: PMC9971571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1124750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the face of a growing world population and limited land, there is an urgent demand for higher productivity of food crops, and cultivation systems must be adapted to future needs. Sustainable crop production should aim for not only high yields, but also high nutritional values. In particular, the consumption of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids and flavonoids is associated with a reduced incidence of non-transmissible diseases. Modulating environmental conditions by improving cultivation systems can lead to the adaption of plant metabolisms and the accumulation of bioactive compounds. The present study investigates the regulation of carotenoid and flavonoid metabolisms in lettuce (Lactuca sativa var capitate L.) grown in a protected environment (polytunnels) compared to plants grown without polytunnels. Carotenoid, flavonoid and phytohormone (ABA) contents were determined using HPLC-MS and transcript levels of key metabolic genes were analyzed by RT-qPCR. In this study, we observed inverse contents of flavonoids and carotenoids in lettuce grown without or under polytunnels. Flavonoid contents on a total and individual level were significantly lower, while total carotenoid content was higher in lettuce plants grown under polytunnels compared to without. However, the adaptation was specific to the level of individual carotenoids. For instance, the accumulation of the main carotenoids lutein and neoxanthin was induced while the β-carotene content remained unchanged. In addition, our findings suggest that the flavonoid content of lettuce depends on transcript levels of the key biosynthetic enzyme, which is modulated by UV light. A regulatory influence can be assumed based on the relation between the concentration of the phytohormone ABA and the flavonoid content in lettuce. In contrast, the carotenoid content is not reflected in transcript levels of the key enzyme of either the biosynthetic or the degradation pathway. Nevertheless, the carotenoid metabolic flux determined using norflurazon was higher in lettuce grown under polytunnels, suggesting posttranscriptional regulation of carotenoid accumulation, which should be an integral part of future studies. Therefore, a balance needs to be found between the individual environmental factors, including light and temperature, in order to optimize the carotenoid or flavonoid contents and to obtain nutritionally highly valuable crops in protected cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Harbart
- Department Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
- Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Katja Frede
- Department Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Maria Fitzner
- Department Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
- Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Susanne Baldermann
- Department Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition and Health, Food Metabolome, University of Bayreuth, Kulmbach, Germany
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Fitzner M, Schreiner M, Baldermann S. The interaction of salinity and light regime modulates photosynthetic pigment content in edible halophytes in greenhouse and indoor farming. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1105162. [PMID: 37082347 PMCID: PMC10110887 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1105162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Given its limited land and water use and the changing climate conditions, indoor farming of halophytes has a high potential to contribute significantly to global agriculture in the future. Notably, indoor farming and classical greenhouse cultivation differ in their light regime between artificial and solar lighting, which can influence plant metabolism, but how this affects the cultivation of halophytes has not yet been investigated. To address this question, we studied the yield and content of abscisic acid, carotenoids, and chlorophylls as well as chloride of three halophyte species (Cochlearia officinalis, Atriplex hortensis, and Salicornia europaea) differing in their salt tolerance mechanisms and following four salt treatments (no salt to 600 mM of NaCl) in two light regimes (greenhouse/indoor farming). In particular, salt treatment had a strong influence on chloride accumulation which is only slightly modified by the light regime. Moreover, fresh and dry mass was influenced by the light regime and salinity. Pigments exhibited different responses to salt treatment and light regime, reflecting their differing functions in the photosynthetic apparatus. We conclude that the interaction of light regime and salt treatment modulates the content of photosynthetic pigments. Our study highlights the potential applications of the cultivation of halophytes for indoor farming and underlines that it is a promising production system, which provides food alternatives for future diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fitzner
- Department Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Grossbeeren, Germany
- Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
- Food4Future (F4F), c/o Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Department Plant Quality and Food Security, Grossbeeren, Germany
- *Correspondence: Maria Fitzner,
| | - Monika Schreiner
- Department Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Grossbeeren, Germany
- Food4Future (F4F), c/o Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Department Plant Quality and Food Security, Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Susanne Baldermann
- Department Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Grossbeeren, Germany
- Food4Future (F4F), c/o Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Department Plant Quality and Food Security, Grossbeeren, Germany
- Food Metabolome, Faculty of Life Science: Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Bayreuth, Kulmbach, Germany
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Cammarisano L, Graefe J, Körner O. Using leaf spectroscopy and pigment estimation to monitor indoor grown lettuce dynamic response to spectral light intensity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1044976. [PMID: 36479514 PMCID: PMC9720111 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1044976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rising urban food demand is being addressed by plant factories, which aim at producing quality food in closed environment with optimised use of resources. The efficiency of these new plant production systems could be further increased by automated control of plant health and nutritious composition during cultivation, allowing for increased produce value and closer match between plant needs and treatment application with potential energy savings. We hypothesise that certain leaf pigments, including chlorophylls, carotenoids and anthocyanins, which are responsive to light, may be good indicator of plant performance and related healthy compounds composition and, that the combination of leaf spectroscopy and mathematical modelling will allow monitoring of plant cultivation through noninvasive estimation of leaf pigments. Plants of two lettuce cultivars (a green- and a red-leaf) were cultivated in hydroponic conditions for 18 days under white light spectrum in climate controlled growth chamber. After that period, plant responses to white light spectrum ('W') with differing blue wavelengths ('B', 420 - 450 nm) percentage (15% 'B15', and 40% 'B40') were investigated for a 14 days period. The two light spectral treatments were applied at photon flux densities (PFDs) of 160 and 240 µmol m-2 s-1, resulting in a total of four light treatments (160WB15, 160WB40, 240WB15, 240WB40). Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements and assessment of foliar pigments, through destructive (in vitro) and non-destructive (in vivo) spectrophotometry, were performed at 1, 7 and 14 days after treatment initiation. Increase in measured and estimated pigments in response to WB40 and decrease in chlorophyll:carotenoid ratio in response to higher PFD were found in both cultivars. Cultivar specific behavior in terms of specific pigment content stimulation in response to time was observed. Content ranges of modelled and measured pigments were comparable, though the correlation between both needs to be improved. In conclusion, leaf pigment estimation may represent a potential noninvasive and real-time technique to monitor, and control, plant growth and nutritious quality in controlled environment agriculture.
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