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Applefeld WN, Jentzer JC. Initial Triage and Management of Patients with Acute Aortic Syndromes. Cardiol Clin 2024; 42:195-213. [PMID: 38631790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The acute aortic syndromes (AAS) are life-threatening vascular compromises within the aortic wall. These include aortic dissection (AD), intramural hematoma (IMH), penetrating aortic ulcer (PAU), and blunt traumatic thoracic aortic injury (BTTAI). While patients classically present with chest pain, the presentation may be highly variable. Timely diagnosis is critical to initiate definitive treatment and maximize chances of survival. In high-risk patients, treatment should begin immediately, even while diagnostic evaluation proceeds. The mainstay of medical therapy is acute reduction of heart rate and blood pressure. Surgical intervention is often required but is informed by patient anatomy and extent of vascular compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willard N Applefeld
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jacob C Jentzer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Lancellotti P, Pibarot P, Chambers J, La Canna G, Pepi M, Dulgheru R, Dweck M, Delgado V, Garbi M, Vannan MA, Montaigne D, Badano L, Maurovich-Horvat P, Pontone G, Vahanian A, Donal E, Cosyns B. Multi-modality imaging assessment of native valvular regurgitation: an EACVI and ESC council of valvular heart disease position paper. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2022; 23:e171-e232. [PMID: 35292799 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeab253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Valvular regurgitation represents an important cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Imaging is pivotal in the evaluation of native valve regurgitation and echocardiography is the primary imaging modality for this purpose. The imaging assessment of valvular regurgitation should integrate quantification of the regurgitation, assessment of the valve anatomy and function, and the consequences of valvular disease on cardiac chambers. In clinical practice, the management of patients with valvular regurgitation largely relies on the results of imaging. It is crucial to provide standards that aim at establishing a baseline list of measurements to be performed when assessing native valve regurgitation. The present document aims to present clinical guidance for the multi-modality imaging assessment of native valvular regurgitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizio Lancellotti
- Department of Cardiology, Valvular Disease Clinic, University of Liège Hospital, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.,Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy.,Anthea Hospital, Via Camillo Rosalba, 35, Bari, Italy
| | - Philippe Pibarot
- Department of Medicine, Québec Heart & Lung Institute, Laval University, 2725, chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | - John Chambers
- Emeritus Professor of Clinical Cardiology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Giovanni La Canna
- Cardiovascular Department, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Applied Diagnostic Echocardiography, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Pepi
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Raluca Dulgheru
- Department of Cardiology, Valvular Disease Clinic, University of Liège Hospital, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Mark Dweck
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Victoria Delgado
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Madalina Garbi
- Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge University Health Partner, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0AY Cambridge, UK
| | - Mani A Vannan
- Marcus Heart Valve Center, Piedmont Heart Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Montaigne
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Luigi Badano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20089 Milan, Italy.,Department of Cardiac, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Pal Maurovich-Horvat
- MTA-SE Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group, Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Alec Vahanian
- UFR Medecine, Université de Paris, Site Bichat, 16 rue Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.,LVTS INSERM U1148, GH Bichat, 46, rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Erwan Donal
- University of Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI-UMR 1099, Rennes, France
| | - Bernard Cosyns
- Department of Cardiology, CHVZ (Centrum voor Hart en Vaatziekten), ICMI (In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging) Laboratory, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 101 Laarbeeklaan, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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CMR in Evaluating Valvular Heart Disease: Diagnosis, Severity, and Outcomes. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 14:2020-2032. [PMID: 33248967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is a versatile imaging tool that brings much to the assessment of valvular heart disease. Although it is best known for myocardial imaging (even in valve disease), it provides excellent assessment of all 4 heart valves, with some distinct advantages, including a free choice of image planes and accurate flow and volumetric quantification. These allow the severity of each valve lesion to be characterized, in addition to optimal visualization of the surrounding outflow tracts and vessels, to deliver a comprehensive package. It can assess each valve lesion separately (in multiple valve disease) and is not affected by hemodynamic status. The accurate quantitation of regurgitant lesions and the ability to characterize myocardial changes also provides an ability to predict future clinical outcomes in asymptomatic patients. This review outlines how CMR can be used in cardiac valve disease to compliment echocardiography and enhance the patient assessment. It covers the main CMR methods used, their strengths and limitations, and the optimal way to apply them to evaluate valve disease.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article will review the current techniques in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) for diagnosing and assessing primary valvular heart disease. RECENT FINDINGS The recent advancements in CMR have led to an increased role of this modality for qualifying and quantifying various native valve diseases. Phase-contrast velocity encoded imaging is a well-established technique that can be used to quantify aortic and pulmonic flow. This technique, combined with the improved ability for CMR to obtain accurate left and right ventricular volumetrics, has allowed for increased accuracy and reproducibility in assessing valvular dysfunction. Advancements in CMR technology also allows for improved spatial and temporal resolution imaging of various valves and their regurgitant or stenotic jets. Therefore, CMR can be a powerful tool in evaluation of native valvular heart disease. The role of CMR in assessing valvular heart disease is growing and being recognized in recent guidelines. CMR has the ability to assess valve morphology along with qualifying and quantifying valvular disease. In addition, the ability to obtain accurate volumetric measurements may improve more precise management strategies and may lead to improvements in mortality and morbidity.
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Hegde VA, Biederman RWW, Mikolich JR. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Incremental Value in a Series of 361 Patients Demonstrating Cost Savings and Clinical Benefits: An Outcome-Based Study. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2017; 11:1179546817710026. [PMID: 28579858 PMCID: PMC5439571 DOI: 10.1177/1179546817710026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to assess the clinical impact and cost-benefit of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). In the face of current health care cost concerns, cardiac imaging modalities have come under focused review. Data related to CMR clinical impact and cost-benefit are lacking. METHODS AND RESULTS Retrospective review of 361 consecutive patients (pts) who underwent CMR exams was conducted. Indications for CMR were tabulated for appropriateness criteria. Components of the CMR exam were identified along with evidence of clinical impact. The cost of each CMR exam was ascertained along with cost savings attributable to the CMR exam for calculation of an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. A total of 354 of 361 pts (98%) had diagnostic quality studies. Of the 361 pts, 350 (97%) had at least 1 published Appropriateness Criterion for CMR. A significant clinical impact attributable to CMR exam results was observed in 256 of 361 pts (71%). The CMR exam resulted in a new diagnosis in 69 of 361 (27%) pts. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging results avoided invasive procedures in 38 (11%) pts and prevented additional diagnostic testing in 26 (7%) pts. Comparison of health care savings using CMR as opposed to current standards of care showed a net cost savings of $833 037, ie, per patient cost savings of $2308. CONCLUSIONS Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging provides diagnostic image quality in >98% of cases. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging findings have documentable clinical impact on patient management in 71% of pts undergoing the exam, in a cost beneficial manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak A Hegde
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Robert WW Biederman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Ronald Mikolich
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sharon Regional Health System, Sharon, PA, USA
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Mavrogeni S, Markousis-Mavrogenis G, Koutsogeorgopoulou L, Kolovou G. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: clinical implications in the evaluation of connective tissue diseases. J Inflamm Res 2017; 10:55-61. [PMID: 28546762 PMCID: PMC5436790 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s115508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging is a recently developed noninvasive, nonradiating, operator-independent technique that has been successfully used for the evaluation of congenital heart disease, valvular and pericardial diseases, iron overload, cardiomyopathies, great and coronary vessel diseases, cardiac inflammation, stress–rest myocardial perfusion, and fibrosis. Rheumatoid arthritis and other spondyloarthropathies, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory myopathies, mixed connective tissue diseases (CTDs), systemic sclerosis, vasculitis, and sarcoidosis are among CTDs with serious cardiovascular involvement; this is due to multiple causative factors such as myopericarditis, micro/macrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, myocardial fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, and finally heart failure. The complicated pathophysiology and the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of CTDs demand a versatile, noninvasive, nonradiative diagnostic tool for early cardiovascular diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment follow-up. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging can detect early silent cardiovascular lesions, assess disease acuteness, and reliably evaluate the effect of both cardiac and rheumatic medication in the cardiovascular system, due to its capability to perform tissue characterization and its high spatial resolution. However, until now, high cost; lack of interaction between cardiologists, radiologists, and rheumatologists; lack of availability; and lack of experts in the field have limited its wider adoption in the clinical practice.
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Mavrogeni SI, Schwitter J, Gargani L, Pepe A, Monti L, Allanore Y, Matucci-Cerinic M. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in systemic sclerosis: "Pearls and pitfalls". Semin Arthritis Rheum 2017; 47:79-85. [PMID: 28522072 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by vascular dysfunction and excessive fibrosis, involving internal organs including the heart. The estimated prevalence of cardiac involvement in SSc is high and remains subclinical until the late stages. It is either primary, related to myocardial inflammation and fibrosis, or secondary, due to pulmonary arterial hypertension (SSc-PAH) or systemic hypertension, in those patients with renal involvement. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is a useful tool for the early assessment of cardiac involvement in SSc. It is the gold standard technique to assess ventricular volumes,ejection fraction, and in particular is very useful to reliably and non-invasively detect myocardial inflammation, early perfusion defects, and myocardial fibrosis. However, the CMR evaluation in SSc may be problematic, because of cardiac and respiratory artefacts, commonly found in these patients. Therefore, a high level of expertise is necessary for both acquisition and interpretation of CMR images in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie I Mavrogeni
- Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 50 Esperou St, 175-61, P. Faliro, Athens, Greece.
| | - Juerg Schwitter
- Cardiovascular Department, Cardiac MR Center of the CHUV, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois-CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luna Gargani
- National Research Council, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessia Pepe
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit, Fondazione G. Monasterio C.N.R., Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Monti
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Yannick Allanore
- Rheumatology A Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Department of Geriatric Medicine, AOUC, Florence, Italy
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Quantification of tricuspid regurgitation using two-dimensional velocity encoding cine: optimal plane and reproducibility. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10554-015-0715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Erbel R, Aboyans V, Boileau C, Bossone E, Bartolomeo RD, Eggebrecht H, Evangelista A, Falk V, Frank H, Gaemperli O, Grabenwöger M, Haverich A, Iung B, Manolis AJ, Meijboom F, Nienaber CA, Roffi M, Rousseau H, Sechtem U, Sirnes PA, Allmen RSV, Vrints CJM. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases: Document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adult. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2014; 35:2873-926. [PMID: 25173340 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2827] [Impact Index Per Article: 282.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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10
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Exploratory Use of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Liver Transplantation. Transplantation 2013; 96:827-33. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182a078e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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11
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Ordovas KG, Muzzarelli S, Hope MD, Naeger DM, Karl T, Reddy GP, Marchiori E, Higgins CB. Cardiovascular MR Imaging after Surgical Correction of Tetralogy of Fallot: Approach Based on Understanding of Surgical Procedures. Radiographics 2013; 33:1037-52. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.334115084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Mitral regurgitation recovery and atrial reverse remodeling following pulmonary vein isolation procedure in patients with atrial fibrillation: a clinical observation proof-of-concept cardiac MRI study. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2013; 37:307-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10840-013-9784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Thavendiranathan P, Phelan D, Thomas JD, Flamm SD, Marwick TH. Quantitative Assessment of Mitral Regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:1470-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Biglands JD, Radjenovic A, Ridgway JP. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance physics for clinicians: Part II. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012; 14:66. [PMID: 22995744 PMCID: PMC3533879 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-14-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the second of two reviews that is intended to cover the essential aspects of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) physics in a way that is understandable and relevant to clinicians using CMR in their daily practice. Starting with the basic pulse sequences and contrast mechanisms described in part I, it briefly discusses further approaches to accelerate image acquisition. It then continues by showing in detail how the contrast behaviour of black blood fast spin echo and bright blood cine gradient echo techniques can be modified by adding rf preparation pulses to derive a number of more specialised pulse sequences. The simplest examples described include T2-weighted oedema imaging, fat suppression and myocardial tagging cine pulse sequences. Two further important derivatives of the gradient echo pulse sequence, obtained by adding preparation pulses, are used in combination with the administration of a gadolinium-based contrast agent for myocardial perfusion imaging and the assessment of myocardial tissue viability using a late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) technique. These two imaging techniques are discussed in more detail, outlining the basic principles of each pulse sequence, the practical steps required to achieve the best results in a clinical setting and, in the case of perfusion, explaining some of the factors that influence current approaches to perfusion image analysis. The key principles of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) are also explained in detail, especially focusing on timing of the acquisition following contrast agent bolus administration, and current approaches to achieving time resolved MRA. Alternative MRA techniques that do not require the use of an endogenous contrast agent are summarised, and the specialised pulse sequence used to image the coronary arteries, using respiratory navigator gating, is described in detail. The article concludes by explaining the principle behind phase contrast imaging techniques which create images that represent the phase of the MR signal rather than the magnitude. It is shown how this principle can be used to generate velocity maps by designing gradient waveforms that give rise to a relative phase change that is proportional to velocity. Choice of velocity encoding range and key pitfalls in the use of this technique are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Biglands
- Division of Medical Physics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, 1st Floor, Bexley Wing, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Aleksandra Radjenovic
- NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit and Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John P Ridgway
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, 1st Floor, Bexley Wing, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Sommer G, Bremerich J, Lund G. Magnetic resonance imaging in valvular heart disease: Clinical application and current role for patient management. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 35:1241-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Myerson SG. Heart valve disease: investigation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012; 14:7. [PMID: 22260363 PMCID: PMC3305609 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-14-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has become a valuable investigative tool in many areas of cardiac medicine. Its value in heart valve disease is less well appreciated however, particularly as echocardiography is a powerful and widely available technique in valve disease. This review highlights the added value that CMR can bring in valve disease, complementing echocardiography in many areas, but it has also become the first-line investigation in some, such as pulmonary valve disease and assessing the right ventricle. CMR has many advantages, including the ability to image in any plane, which allows full visualisation of valves and their inflow/outflow tracts, direct measurement of valve area (particularly for stenotic valves), and characterisation of the associated great vessel anatomy (e.g. the aortic root and arch in aortic valve disease). A particular strength is the ability to quantify flow, which allows accurate measurement of regurgitation, cardiac shunt volumes/ratios and differential flow volumes (e.g. left and right pulmonary arteries). Quantification of ventricular volumes and mass is vital for determining the impact of valve disease on the heart, and CMR is the 'Gold standard' for this. Limitations of the technique include partial volume effects due to image slice thickness, and a low ability to identify small, highly mobile objects (such as vegetations) due to the need to acquire images over several cardiac cycles. The review examines the advantages and disadvantages of each imaging aspect in detail, and considers how CMR can be used optimally for each valve lesion.
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Czum JM, Ho VB. MR of the Thoracic Aorta: A Pulse Sequence Approach to Discrete Feature Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/10408379991249176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Is There a Place for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Cardiovascular Involvement in Rheumatic Diseases? Semin Arthritis Rheum 2011; 41:488-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Assessment of Valvular Heart Disease by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Review. Heart Lung Circ 2011; 20:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
MRI has acquired over the years a role in the evaluation of cardiovascular pathology especially with regards to its ability to assess right and left ventricular function and delayed postcontrast "viability" sequences. Current class I clinical indications include: viability for patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and acute coronary syndrome, etiology and prognostic evaluation of non-ischemic cardiomyopathies including myocarditis and arrhytmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, chronic pericarditis and cardiac masses, non-urgent aortic aneurysm and dissection, congenital cardiopathies: vascular malformations and follow-up after curative or palliative surgery. MRI provides a complete non operator dependent evaluation, and is particularly useful for follow-up since it may be repeated due to its absence of ionizing radiation
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Indications cliniques appropriées de l’IRM en pathologie cardio-vasculaire. ARCHIVES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES SUPPLEMENTS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1878-6480(09)70353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Ozdogan O, Yuksel A, Gurgun C, Kayikcioglu M, Yavuzgil O, Cinar CS. Evaluation of the Severity of Mitral Regurgitation by the Use of Signal Void in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Echocardiography 2009; 26:1127-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2009.00968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Turkbey EB, Dombroski DA. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Techniques and Clinical Applications. Semin Roentgenol 2009; 44:67-83. [PMID: 19233083 DOI: 10.1053/j.ro.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Garcia MJ. Evaluation of Valvular Heart Disease by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomography. VALVULAR HEART DISEASE: A COMPANION TO BRAUNWALD'S HEART DISEASE 2009:101-112. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5892-2.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Wittlinger T, Dzemali O, Bakhtiary F, Moritz A, Kleine P. Hemodynamic evaluation of aortic regurgitation by magnetic resonance imaging. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2008; 16:278-83. [PMID: 18670018 DOI: 10.1177/021849230801600404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging was compared with echocardiography and angiography in determining the regurgitant volume in patients with aortic regurgitation. Forty patients were examined at 1.5 T. The regurgitant jet was located using a gradient-echo sequence. Cine measurements were performed to calculate left ventricular function. For flow evaluation, a velocity-encoded breath-hold phase-difference magnetic resonance sequence was used. The degree of aortic regurgitation assessed by magnetic resonance imaging agreed with that of angiography in 28 of 40 (70%) patients, and with the echocardiography result in 80%. Correlation between calculated stroke volume by magnetic resonance cine and flow measurements was very good (r > 0.9). Magnetic resonance imaging enables quick and reliable quantitative assessment of aortic regurgitant volume, and it might be the optimal technique for multiple follow-up studies and assessment of left ventricular function, leading to better evaluation of disease severity and optimization of the timing of valve surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wittlinger
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Masci PG, Dymarkowski S, Bogaert J. Valvular heart disease: what does cardiovascular MRI add? Eur Radiol 2007; 18:197-208. [PMID: 17762934 PMCID: PMC3252017 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-007-0731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although ischemic heart disease remains the leading cause of cardiac-related morbidity and mortality in the industrialized countries, a growing number of mainly elderly patients will experience a problem of valvular heart disease (VHD), often requiring surgical intervention at some stage. Doppler-echocardiography is the most popular imaging modality used in the evaluation of this disease entity. It encompasses, however, some non-negligible constraints which may hamper the quality and thus the interpretation of the exam. Cardiac catheterization has been considered for a long time the reference technique in this field, however, this technique is invasive and considered far from optimal. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is already considered an established diagnostic method for studying ventricular dimensions, function and mass. With improvement of MRI soft- and hardware, the assessment of cardiac valve function has also turned out to be fast, accurate and reproducible. This review focuses on the usefulness of MRI in the diagnosis and management of VHD, pointing out its added value in comparison with more conventional diagnostic means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giorgio Masci
- Department of Radiology, Gasthuisberg University Hospital, 49 Herestraat, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
| | - Steven Dymarkowski
- Department of Radiology, Gasthuisberg University Hospital, 49 Herestraat, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
| | - Jan Bogaert
- Department of Radiology, Gasthuisberg University Hospital, 49 Herestraat, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
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27
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Vogel-Claussen J, Pannu H, Spevak PJ, Fishman EK, Bluemke DA. Cardiac Valve Assessment with MR Imaging and 64-Section Multi–Detector Row CT. Radiographics 2006; 26:1769-84. [PMID: 17102049 DOI: 10.1148/rg.266065035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A variety of noninvasive techniques are available to assess cardiac valve morphologic features and function, with echocardiography currently being the most widely used modality for this purpose. Technical advances in electrocardiographically gated multi-detector row computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging allow the noninvasive visualization of the cardiac valves. At present, 64-section multi-detector row CT and MR imaging are commonly being used for comprehensive examination of the heart. Information about the cardiac valves is routinely provided by MR imaging of cardiac function or coronary CT angiography. Thus, the interpreting physician may have additional information available that can aid in making the diagnosis. Supplemental movie clips are available at http://radiographics.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/26/6/1769/DC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Vogel-Claussen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, MRI, Room 143, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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28
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Abstract
Color Doppler echocardiography has limitations, particularly in the assessment of valvular regurgitation and pericardial diseases. MRI, with the help of three dimensional morphologic data, dynamic acquisitions with cine techniques and functional evaluation with flow sensitive techniques can be envisioned as a complementary noninvasive procedure able to provide the complete information required for planning therapeutic options. Qualitative as well as accurate and reproducible quantitative information (volume measurements, cardiac function and flow velocity profiles) are unique for the evaluation of the severity of valve or pericardial diseases. Multislice CT is unique in precisely demonstrating valvular and pericardial calcifications. This article reviews both imaging techniques used in assessing valvular and pericardial disease and discusses the advantages and limitations of these techniques in current clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Didier
- Département de Radiologie, Hôpital Cantonal Universitaire de Genève, 24 rue Micheli du Crest, 1211 Genève 14 Suisse.
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29
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Albers J, Nitsche T, Boese J, De Simone R, Wolf I, Schroeder A, Vahl CF. Regurgitant jet evaluation using three-dimensional echocardiography and magnetic resonance. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 78:96-102. [PMID: 15223411 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2003.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional assessment of regurgitant jet volume is the prerequisite for stratifying valve insufficiency. However, systematic comparison of three-dimensional methods is lacking. Therefore, we evaluated magnetic resonance imaging and three-dimensional echocardiography experimentally. METHODS An insufficiency chamber (22 x 18.5 x 27 cm; ostia 10, 16, and 20 mm; regurgitant volumes 2.3 to 25 mL) within experimental circulation (BioMedicus pump, tubes, pulsatile flow 0.2 to 1.9 L/min) was used for three-dimensional echocardiography (HP Sonos 2500) and magnetic resonance imaging (Siemens Magnetom Vision). Doppler flowmeter served as a gold standard. Segmentation used thresholding and surface integration of velocity vectors. Jet volume was evaluated qualitatively by polynom fitting. RESULTS Jet volume calculated by magnetic resonance (r = 0.99, p < 0.0001) and by echocardiography (r = 0.99, p < 0.0001) correlated identically to the gold standard. Jet volume derived from imaging correlated with each other by r = 0.98 (p < 0.0001). Polynom fits indicated a more paraboloid shape of magnetic resonance jet volume. CONCLUSIONS Experimentally, three-dimensional echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging possess identical accuracy for determining regurgitant jet volume. Magnetic resonance imaging seems to provide qualitatively better image data for three-dimensional reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Albers
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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30
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Abstract
This article reviews common cardiovascular pathologies that can be noted first on plain film when previously unsuspected, and then illustrates how cross-sectional imaging can provide the follow-up information needed to make a diagnosis. First reviewed are the normal cardiac structures and contours as seen on the plain film of the chest, followed by specific types of pathologies as seen in older adults; patients with lung cancer invading the heart, pericardium, or large vessels; and postsurgical and posttraumatic findings. Also provided is a review of non-cardiac-related areas of plain film and cross-sectional imaging correlation. It is hoped that the reader gains a better understanding and appreciation for the great value of cross-sectional imaging, and the power of the plain film in helping detect and recognize thoracic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- André J Duerinckx
- Radiology Service, Veterans Affairs North Texas Healthcare System, Dallas, TX 75126, USA.
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31
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Poustchi-Amin M, Gutierrez FR, Brown JJ, Mirowitz SA, Narra VR, Takahashi N, McNeal GR, Woodard PK. How to plan and perform a cardiac MR imaging examination. Radiol Clin North Am 2004; 42:497-514, v. [PMID: 15193927 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Because of the enormous economic and social impact of cardiovascular disease in the United States there is a need for improved noninvasive diagnosis. Cardiac MR imaging isa versatile, comprehensive technique for assessing cardiac morphology and function. With an understanding of cardiac anatomy and physiology and MR imaging physical principles,cardiac MR imaging can be performed and can play an important role in patient management. This article provides the reader with a basic understanding of cardiac MR imaging and the practical applications required to perform cardiac MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Poustchi-Amin
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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32
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Keegan J, Gatehouse PD, John AS, Mohiaddin RH, Firmin DN. Breath-hold signal-loss sequence for the qualitative assessment of flow disturbances in cardiovascular MR. J Magn Reson Imaging 2004; 18:496-501. [PMID: 14508787 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.10373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a breath-hold segmented sequence which generates similar patterns of signal loss to a non-breath-hold, relatively long echo time, conventional gradient echo sequence for the qualitative assessment of valvular heart disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Both velocity-sensitized and acceleration-sensitized segmented sequences were developed. The sensitivities were empirically adjusted to give similar degrees of signal loss to a conventional sequence. These sequences were compared with a conventional sequence in eight patients with flow disturbances and in four healthy subjects. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the extent of signal loss observed when using the breath-hold velocity- and acceleration-sensitized sequences developed and the conventional sequence (1862 mm(2), 1831 mm(2), and 1782 mm(2), respectively; P = ns). However, the image quality obtained was significantly better with the breath-hold sequences (both P < 0.01). Furthermore, the image quality achieved with the acceleration-sensitized sequence was significantly better than that achieved with the velocity-sensitized sequence (P < 0.01) where artifacts from beat-to-beat variations in blood-flow velocities were a frequent problem. CONCLUSION Signal loss in complex flow is best demonstrated using the breath-hold acceleration-sensitized sequence where the signal from both stationary and constant velocity material is rephased at the echo time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Keegan
- Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Hospital Trust, London, UK.
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33
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Bremerich J, Pater S, Buser PT. Magnetic resonance imaging of acquired heart disease: evaluation of structure. Semin Roentgenol 2003; 38:314-9. [PMID: 14621373 DOI: 10.1016/s0037-198x(03)00056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bremerich
- Departments of Radiology, and Cardiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald M Pohost
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicne, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1355 San Pablo St, Suite 117, Los Angeles, Calif 90089, USA.
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35
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Poustchi-Amin M, Gutierrez FR, Brown JJ, Mirowitz SA, Narra VR, Takahashi N, Woodard PK. Performing cardiac MR imaging: an overview. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2003; 11:1-18. [PMID: 12797507 DOI: 10.1016/s1064-9689(02)00071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Because of the enormous economic and social impact of cardiovascular disease in the United States, there is a need for improved noninvasive diagnosis. Cardiac MR imaging is a versatile, comprehensive technique for assessing cardiac morphology and function. With an understanding of cardiac anatomy and physiology as well as MR physical principles, cardiac MR imaging can be performed and play an important role in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Poustchi-Amin
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Evaluation of valve disease has changed significantly with the development of color Doppler echocardiography. Nevertheless, this technique has limitations, particularly in the assessment of valvular regurgitation. MR imaging, with its ability to provide three-dimensional morphologic data, dynamic cine information, and functional evaluation with flow-sensitive techniques, can be envisioned as a complementary noninvasive modality, able to provide the complete information required for planning therapeutic options. With MR imaging, qualitative as well as accurate and reproducible quantitative information such as volume measurements, cardiac function, and flow velocity profiles are unique for the evaluation of the severity of valve disease. This article reviews the different MR imaging techniques used in assessing valvular heart disease and discusses the advantages and limitations of these techniques in current clinical applications in comparison with classical imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Didier
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Cantonal Universitaire de Genève, 24 rue Micheli du Crest, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
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37
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Kittleson MD, Brown WA. Regurgitant Fraction Measured by Using the Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area Method in Dogs with Chronic Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb01327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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38
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Didier D, Ratib O, Lerch R, Friedli B. Detection and quantification of valvular heart disease with dynamic cardiac MR imaging. Radiographics 2000; 20:1279-99; discussion 1299-301. [PMID: 10992018 DOI: 10.1148/radiographics.20.5.g00jl111279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is rapidly gaining acceptance as an accurate, reproducible, noninvasive method for optimal assessment of structural and functional parameters in patients with valvular heart disease. The severity of valvular regurgitation can be evaluated with cine gradient-echo MR imaging, which allows measurement of the area of the signal void corresponding to the abnormal flow jet. Alternatively, this modality can be used to obtain ventricular volumetric measurements and calculate the regurgitant fraction, or velocity-encoded cine (VEC) MR imaging can be used to quantify regurgitant blood flow. The severity of valvular stenosis can be determined by evaluating the flow jet and associated findings with either modality or by using VEC MR imaging to calculate the transvalvular pressure gradient and valve area. Dynamic MR imaging allows accurate assessment of ventricular function and comprehensive evaluation of pathophysiologic changes. In addition, good interstudy reproducibility suggests a role for VEC MR imaging in assessing the effects of therapeutic intervention and monitoring regurgitant fraction, thereby helping in surgical planning and the prevention of ventricular dysfunction. With greater cost-effectiveness and the increasing availability of new hardware and more advanced techniques, MR imaging will become a routine procedure in valvular heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Didier
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Cantonal Universitaire de Genève, 24 rue Micheli du Crest, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- GP Reddy
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco
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40
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41
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Doiguchi O, Takahashi T. Examination of quantitative analysis and measurement of the regurgitation rate in mitral valve regurgitation by the "proximal isovelocity surface area" method. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:109-12. [PMID: 10676901 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 33 dogs with mitral valve insufficiency (MR), assessed as severe by semi-quantitative color flow Doppler echocardiography, regurgitation volumes were measured by the "Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area" (PISA) method. Good correlation (p<0.01, r=0.97) between the regurgitation volumes determined by the "PISA" and pulsed Doppler methods was confirmed. As evaluated by the "PISA" method, regurgitation rates in the 32 dogs with measurable regurgitation volumes ranged from 23 to 73%, with a mean of 51.6 +/- 11.8%. Regurgitation volumes ranged from 3.3 to 32 ml, with a mean of 8.4 +/- 6.4 ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Doiguchi
- Kumamoto Animal Hospital, Kumamoto-city, Japan
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42
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Lladó (coordinador) GP, Costa FC, Beiras AC, Domínguez JF, Romo AI, Jiménez Borreguero LJ, Gálvez y Rafaela Soler Fernández CP. Guías de práctica clínica de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología en resonancia magnética. Rev Esp Cardiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-8932(00)75125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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43
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Kozerke S, Scheidegger MB, Pedersen EM, Boesiger P. Heart motion adapted cine phase-contrast flow measurements through the aortic valve. Magn Reson Med 1999; 42:970-8. [PMID: 10542357 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(199911)42:5<970::aid-mrm18>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A method for magnetic resonance cine velocity mapping through heart valves with adaptation of both slice offset and angulation according to the motion of the valvular plane of the heart is presented. By means of a subtractive labeling technique, basal myocardial markers are obtained and automatically extracted for quantification of heart motion at the valvular level. The captured excursion of the basal plane is used to calculate the slice offset and angulation of each required time frame for cine velocity mapping. Through-plane velocity offsets are corrected by subtracting velocities introduced by basal plane motion from the measured velocities. For evaluation of the method, flow measurements downstream from the aortic valve were performed both with and without slice adaptation in 11 healthy volunteers and in four patients with aortic regurgitation. Maximum through-plane motion at the aortic root level as calculated from the labeled markers averaged 8.9 mm in the volunteers and 6.5 mm in the patients. The left coronary root was visible in 2-4 (mean: 2.2) time frames during early diastole when imaging with a spatially fixed slice. Time frames obtained with slice adaptation did not contain the coronary roots. Motion correction increased the apparent regurgitant volume by 5.7 +/- 0.4 ml for patients with clinical aortic regurgitation, for an increase of approximately 50%. The proposed method provides flow measurements with correction for through-plane motion perpendicular to the aortic root between the valvular annulus and the coronary ostia throughout the cardiac cycle. Magn Reson Med 42:970-978, 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kozerke
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Informatics, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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44
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Abstract
The optimum management of patients with valvular heart diseases requires accurate and reproducible assessment of the valvular lesion and its hemodynamic consequences. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, such as volume measurements, signal-void phenomena, and velocity mapping, can be used in an integrated approach to gain qualitative and quantitative information on valvular heart disease as well as ventricular dimensions and functions. Thus, MRI may be advantageous to the established diagnostic tools in assessing the severity of valvular heart disease as well as monitoring the lesion and predicting the optimal timing for valvular surgery. This paper reviews the validation of these MRI techniques in assessing valvular heart disease and discusses some typical pitfalls of the techniques, including suggestions for solutions.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;10:627-638.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Søndergaard
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, Hvidovre Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
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45
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Abstract
Cine MRI and VEC MRI can be used to quantitate the physiology of the heart and great vessels in patients with CHD. This information can be a valuable adjunct to anatomical imaging for preoperative planning as well as postoperative monitoring. Some important clinical applications of quantitative cardiovascular functional MRI include measurement of ventricular masses, stroke volumes, and ejection fractions; estimation of shunts and valvular regurgitation; assessment of collateral blood flow and pressure gradients in aortic coarctation; and postsurgical evaluation of conduit blood flow and pressure gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Reddy
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0628, USA
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46
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Abstract
TTE with color flow imaging remains the most appropriate initial method for imaging CHD in adults. In many patients with minor abnormalities, this will be the only imaging required. For complicated intracardiac anomalies not well shown by TTE, TEE or MRI are usually adequate with the choice of technique being dependent on the availability of appropriate equipment and expertise. For great vessel abnormalities, further evaluation with MRI and MRA is most appropriate. In patients suspected of having significant systemic or pulmonary venous abnormalities or abnormalities of the aortic arch, MRI and MRA should be regarded as the definitive imaging technique. MRI and MRA are robust methods for evaluating intracardiac disease and can provide accurate information on cardiac chamber anatomy relationships, valvar lesions, and shunts. However, in most patients, this information is provided more rapidly and cost effectively by color Doppler echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Hartnell
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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47
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Yang GZ. Exploring in vivo blood flow dynamics. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY MAGAZINE : THE QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF THE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY SOCIETY 1998; 17:64-72, 104. [PMID: 9604703 DOI: 10.1109/51.677171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Z Yang
- Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London.
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48
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Chatzimavroudis GP, Oshinski JN, Pettigrew RI, Walker PG, Franch RH, Yoganathan AP. Quantification of mitral regurgitation with MR phase-velocity mapping using a control volume method. J Magn Reson Imaging 1998; 8:577-82. [PMID: 9626871 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.1880080310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable diagnosis and quantification of mitral regurgitation are important for patient management and for optimizing the time for surgery. Previous methods have often provided suboptimal results. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate MR phase-velocity mapping in quantifying the mitral regurgitant volume (MRV) using a control volume (CV) method. A number of contiguous slices were acquired with all three velocity components measured. A CV was then selected, encompassing the regurgitant orifice. Mass conservation dictates that the net inflow into the CV should be equal to the regurgitant flow. Results showed that a CV, the boundary voxels of which excluded the region of flow acceleration and aliasing at the orifice, provided accurate measurements of the regurgitant flow. A smaller CV provided erroneous results because of flow acceleration and velocity aliasing close to the orifice. A large CV generally provided inaccurate results because of reduced velocity sensitivity far from the orifice. Aortic outflow, orifice shape, and valve geometry did not affect the accuracy of the CV measurements. The CV method is a promising approach to the problem of quantification of the MRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Chatzimavroudis
- Cardiovascular Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332-0100, USA
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49
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Abstract
With development of cine and velocity encoded magnetic resonance imaging, it is now feasible to detect and quantify aortic and mitral stenosis and regurgitation accurately. In addition, magnetic resonance imaging has the capabilities to assess simultaneously left and right ventricular mass, volumes, and function precisely. The high accuracy and reproducibility of magnetic resonance imaging in quantification of regurgitation and ventricular function has the potential to provide improved monitoring of therapy and optimal timing of surgery in patients with valvular dysfunction. In comparison to echocardiography and angiography, some current limitations of magnetic resonance imaging to an integrated approach of valvular heart disease exist, which may be removed with future refinement of magnetic resonance imaging technology for cardiovascular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wyttenbach
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Section, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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50
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Chatzimavroudis GP, Walker PG, Oshinski JN, Franch RH, Pettigrew RI, Yoganathan AP. The importance of slice location on the accuracy of aortic regurgitation measurements with magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping. Ann Biomed Eng 1997; 25:644-52. [PMID: 9236977 DOI: 10.1007/bf02684842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although several methods have been used clinically to evaluate the severity of aortic regurgitation, there is no purely quantitative approach for aortic regurgitant volume (ARV) measurements. Magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping can be used to quantify the ARV, with a single imaging slice in the ascending aorta, from through-slice velocity measurements. To investigate the accuracy of this technique, in vitro experiments were performed with a compliant model of the ascending aorta. Our goals were to study the effects of slice location on the reliability of the ARV measurements and to determine the location that provides the most accurate results. It was found that when the slice was placed between the aortic valve and the coronary ostia, the measurements were most accurate. Beyond the coronary ostia, aortic compliance and coronary flow negatively affected the accuracy of the measurements, introducing significant errors. This study shows that slice location is important in quantifying the ARV accurately. The higher accuracy achieved with the slice placed between the aortic valve and the coronary ostia suggests that this slice location should be considered and thoroughly examined as the preferred measurement site clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Chatzimavroudis
- Cardiovascular Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332-0100, USA
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