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Zamani HA, Ganjali MR, Norouzi P, Tadjarodi A, Shahsavani E. Determination of terbium(III) ions in phosphate rock samples by a Tb3+–PVC membrane sensor based on N, N-Dimethyl-N′, N″-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphoramidate. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Elmosallamy M, Fathy A, Ghoneim A. Lead(II) Potentiometric Sensor Based on 1,4,8,11-Tetrathiacyclotetradecane Neutral Carrier and Lipophilic Additives. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zamani H, Abedini-Torghabeh J, Ganjali M. A Highly Selective and Sensitive Barium(II)-Selective PVC Membrane Based on Dimethyl 1-Acetyl-8-oxo-2,8-dihydro- 1H-pyra-zolo[5,1-a]isoindole-2,3-dicarboxylate. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200503472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zamani H, Rajabzadeh G, Ganjali M, Khatami S. Highly Selective and Sensitive Copper(II) Membrane Sensors Based on 6-Methyl-4-(1-phenylmethylidene)amino-3-thioxo-1,2,4-triazin-5-one as a New Neutral Ionophore. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200503356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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A New Cone Shaped Asymmetrically Substituted Calix[4]arene as an ExcellentIonophore in Construction of Ag(I) ion-Selective Membrane Electrode. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2004. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2004.25.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ganjali MR, Naji L, Poursaberi T, Shamsipur M, Haghgoo S. Ytterbium(III)-selective membrane electrode based on cefixime. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Magalhães JMCS, Machado AASC. Array of potentiometric sensors for the analysis of creatinine in urine samples. Analyst 2002; 127:1069-75. [PMID: 12195948 DOI: 10.1039/b201173e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of potentiometric biosensors for creatinine based on creatinine iminohydrolase (E.C. 3.5.4.21) immobilized on chitosan membranes coupled to a nonactin based ammonium ion selective electrode is described. The response characteristics of three types of biosensors with the enzyme immobilized by three different procedures were evaluated. The biosensors with better response characteristics were obtained by coupling the ammonium ion selective electrodes to chitosan membranes with the enzyme immobilized by adsorption. The linear response range of these biosensors to creatinine was 10(-4) to 10(-2) M, the response time was between 30 and 60 s, they showed an operational lifetime of 44 days and the slope of the response to creatinine in the first day varied between 50 and 52 mV decade-1. An array of six potentiometric sensors, constituted by two creatinine biosensors and four ion selective electrodes for potassium, sodium, ammonium and calcium was calibrated and a multivariate model based on PLS1 for the response to creatinine was obtained and validated. The array was used for the analysis of creatinine in urine samples and the results were compared with the results of a clinical analysis laboratory, based on the Jaffé reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia M C S Magalhães
- LAQUIPAI, Chemistry Department, Faculdade de Ciências do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre no, 687-4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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Poursaberi T, Hosseini M, Taghizadeh M, Pirelahi H, Shamsipur M, Ganjali MR. A selective membrane electrode for iodide ion based on a thiopyrilium ion derivative as a new ionophore. Microchem J 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0026-265x(01)00159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ganjali MR, Poursaberi T, Hosseini M, Salavati-Niasary M, Yousefi M, Shamsipur M. Highly selective iodide membrane electrode based on a cerium salen. ANAL SCI 2002; 18:289-92. [PMID: 11918187 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A highly selective PVC membrane electrode based on a cerium-salen complex was prepared. The sensor displays an anti-Hofmeister selectivity sequence with a preference for iodide ion over many common organic and inorganic anions. The proposed electrode exhibits a near-Nernstian behavior over a wide concentration range (5.0 x 10(-2) - 8.0 x 10(-6) M) with a slope of 57.5 mV per decade, and a detection limit of 6.0 x 10(-6) M. The electrode has a very fast response time and can be used in the pH range of 3.0 - 1 1.0. It was applied, as an indicator electrode, in potentiometric titration of Ag+ ions.
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Xiao D, Choi MMF. Aspartame optical biosensor with bienzyme-immobilized eggshell membrane and oxygen-sensitive optode membrane. Anal Chem 2002; 74:863-70. [PMID: 11871376 DOI: 10.1021/ac001097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An aspartame optical biosensor has been fabricated by employing a bienzyme system composed of alpha-chymotrypsin and alcohol oxidase immobilized onto an eggshell membrane and an oxygen-sensitive optode membrane as the transducer. The detection schemes involve the enzymatic reactions of aspartame leading to the depletion of the oxygen level of the medium with a concomitant enhancement of the fluorescence intensity of the oxygen-sensitive membrane. The scanning electron and transmission electron micrographs show the microstructure of the eggshell membrane which is successfully immobilized with bienzyme. Using this novel immobilization technique, the aspartame biosensor shows extremely good stability with a shelf life of at least 8 months. The rate change of the fluorescence intensity in 4 min is found to be linearly related to the concentration of aspartame. The useful analytical working range of the biosensor is from 0.056 to 3.07 mM aspartame. The effects of temperature, pH, and ionic strength on the response of the aspartame biosensor are investigated in detail. Citric acid, cyclamic acid, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-glucose, hydrogen peroxide, DL-malic acid, L-phenylalanine, saccharin, sodium benzoate, and sucrose show no interferences but ethanol interferes strongly. The aspartame biosensor has been applied to determine aspartame contents in some commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
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Poursaberi T, Salavati-Niassari M, Khodabakhsh S, Hajiagha-Babaei L, Shamsipur M, Yousefi M, Rouhani S, Ganjali MR. A SELECTIVE MEMBRANE ELECTRODE FOR THIOCYANATE ION BASED ON A COPPER-1,8-DIMETHYL-1,3,6,8,10,13-AZACYCLOTETRADECANE COMPLEX AS IONOPHORE. ANAL LETT 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/al-100108409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Poursaberi T, Hajiagha-Babaei L, Yousefi M, Rouhani S, Shamsipur M, Kargar-Razi M, Moghimi A, Aghabozorg H, Ganjali MR. The Synthesis of a New Thiophene-Derivative Schiff's Base and Its Use in Preparation of Copper-Ion Selective Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200112)13:18<1513::aid-elan1513>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Shamsipur M, Ganjali MR, Rouhollahi A. Lead-selective membrane potentiometric sensor based on an 18-membered thiacrown derivative. ANAL SCI 2001; 17:935-8. [PMID: 11708096 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A PVC-based membrane electrode for lead ions based on hexathia-18-crown-6-tetraone as membrane carrier was prepared. The influence of membrane composition, pH of test solution and foreign ions on the electrode performance were investigated. The electrode showed a Nernstian response over a lead concentration range from 1.0 x 10(-6) to 8.0 x 10(-3) M at 25 degrees C, and was found to be very selective, precise and usable within the pH range 3.0-6.0. The electrode was successfully used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of lead ions and in direct determination of lead in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shamsipur
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Shamsipur M, Ganjali MR, Rouhollahi A, Moghimi A. Beryllium-selective membrane sensor based on 3,4-di[2-(2-tetrahydro-2H-pyranoxy)]ethoxy styrene–styrene copolymer. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)00802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
The paper gives a review on the recent development of bioprocess engineering. It includes monitoring of product formation processes by flow injection analysis, various types of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods as well as by biosensors. The evaluation of mycelial morphology and physiology by digital image analysis is discussed also. It deals with advanced control of indirectly evaluated process variables by means of state estimation/observer, with the use of structured and hybrid models, expert systems and pattern recognition for process optimization and gives a short report on the state of the art of metabolic flux analysis and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schügerl
- Institut für Technische Chemie der Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3, D-30167, Hannover, Germany.
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Ganjali MR, Fathi MR, Rahmani H, Pirelahi H. Nickel(II) Ion-Selective Electrode Based on 2-Methyl-4-(4-methoxy phenyl)-2,6-diphenyl-2H-thiopyran. ELECTROANAL 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200010)12:14<1138::aid-elan1138>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Fathi M, Darviche F, Ganjali M. Lead-Selective Membrane Potentiometric Sensor Based On A Recently Synthesized Dimethyl Benzo Tetrathia Fulvalene. ANAL LETT 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710008543106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ganjali MR, Moghimi A, Shamsipur M. Beryllium-Selective Membrane Electrode Based on Benzo-9-crown-3. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ac980340r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Departments of Chemistry, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran, and Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Moghimi
- Departments of Chemistry, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran, and Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Shamsipur
- Departments of Chemistry, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran, and Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Rouhollahi A, Reza Ganjali M, Shamsipur M. Lead ion selective PVC membrane electrode based on 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Talanta 1998; 46:1341-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s0039-9140(97)00421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/1997] [Revised: 12/01/1997] [Accepted: 12/02/1997] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Mirsky VM, Riepl M, Wolfbeis OS. Capacitive monitoring of protein immobilization and antigen-antibody reactions on monomolecular alkylthiol films on gold electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 1998; 12:977-89. [PMID: 9451789 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(97)00053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers of omega-mercaptohexadecanoic acid and omega-mercaptohexadecylamine on gold electrodes are stable at neutral pH and display pure capacitive behavior at frequencies around 20 Hz. Different methods of covalent immobilization of proteins on these monolayers are compared. Various reagents including succinimides, thionylchloride, p-nitrophenol and carbodiimides were used to activate the carboxy groups of the adsorbed monolayer of omega-mercaptohexadecanoic acid. Glutaraldehyde, cyanuric chloride and phenylene diisocyanate were used to activate the amino groups of the monolayer of omega-mercaptohexadecylamine. The immobilization of albumin on the activated surface was studied by capacitive measurements. The N-hydroxysuccinimide and carbodiimide methods were identified as most suitable for protein immobilization in that they did not compromise the insulating properties of the alkylthiol layer and led to maximal increase of its dielectric thickness. These approaches were used for a layer-by-layer preparation of a capacitive immunosensor. Specifically, antibodies to human serum albumin were immobilized on the alkylthiol mono-layer. Binding of the antigen led to a decrease of the electrode capacitance. The detection limit of the immunosensor is as low as 15 nM (1 mg/l).
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Mirsky
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, Regensburg, Germany.
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An Analysis of Analyte–Receptor Binding Kinetics for Biosensor Applications: Influence of the Fractal Dimension on the Binding Rate Coefficient. J Colloid Interface Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1997.5274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Fakhari AR, Ganjali MR, Shamsipur M. PVC-Based Hexathia-18-crown-6-tetraone Sensor for Mercury(II) Ions. Anal Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ac970133b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Fakhari
- Departments of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran, and Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Departments of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran, and Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Shamsipur
- Departments of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran, and Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Sadana A, Sutaria M. Influence of diffusion to fractal surfaces on the binding kinetics for antibody-antigen, analyte-receptor, and analyte-receptorless (protein) systems. Biophys Chem 1997; 65:29-44. [PMID: 9130375 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(96)02253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The diffusion-limited binding kinetics of antigen-antibody, ligand-receptor, analyte-receptorless systems for biosensor applications is analyzed within a fractal framework. The analysis presented applies equally well to these types of systems. For example, for the binding of 2-(p-toluidiny)-naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (2,6-TNS) to beta-cyclodextrin (ligand-receptor system) immobilized on a fiber-optic base inclusate biosensor, an increase in temperature from 4 to 30 degrees C leads to an increase in the fractal dimension, D1 and to a decrease in the binding rate coefficient, k1. For the binding of TRITC-labeled low-density proteins (LDL) directly to an optical fiber-based sensor (analyte-receptorless system), an increase in the LDL concentration from 5 to 50 micrograms ml-1 in solution leads to a decrease in the fractal dimension, D1 and to an increase in the binding rate coefficient, k1. Also, during the binding of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to anti-hCG antibody immobilized on a HPLC column (antigen-antibody system), an increase in temperature from 4 to 50 degrees C leads to an increase in the fractal dimension, D1 and in the binding rate coefficient. k1. The different examples analyzed and presented together for the three different types of systems provide one means of a 'unified analysis,' and a method by which the forward binding rate coefficient, k1 may be controlled, that is, by changing the fractal dimension or 'disorder' on the surface. The analysis should assist in improving the stability, sensitivity, and response time of biosensors wherein different types of binding systems are utilized in the analysis method. More-or-less all of the treatment presented should be applicable to the above types of binding systems occurring in non-biosensor applications also. However, the single-fractal analysis is unable to describe the data over the full time course of some of the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sadana
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Mississippi, University 88677-9740, USA
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26
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Steinke JHG, Dunkin IR, Sherrington DC. Molecularly Imprinted Anisotropic Polymer Monoliths. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9505033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. H. G. Steinke
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland
| | - I. R. Dunkin
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland
| | - D. C. Sherrington
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland
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Mulchandani A, Bassi AS. Principles and applications of biosensors for bioprocess monitoring and control. Crit Rev Biotechnol 1995; 15:105-24. [PMID: 7641291 DOI: 10.3109/07388559509147402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are useful analytical devices that can be integrated with on-line process monitoring schemes. In this article, the principles and applications of these devices for bioprocess monitoring are considered. Several different types of biosensors are described, and the applications and limitations of flow injection analysis (FIA) for these applications are discussed. It is hoped that the background provided here can be useful to researchers in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mulchandani
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside 92507, USA
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Robards K, McKelvie ID, Benson RL, Worsfold PJ, Blundell NJ, Casey H. Determination of carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen and silicon species in waters. Anal Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)e0542-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Nikolelis DP, Tzanelis MG, Krull UJ. Direct electrochemical transduction of an immunological reaction by bilayer lipid membranes. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)80116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Rosatzin T, Bakker E, Suzuki K, Simon W. Lipophilic and immobilized anionic additives in solvent polymeric membranes of cation-selective chemical sensors. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)85122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Yim HS, Kibbey CE, Ma SC, Kliza DM, Liu D, Park SB, Espadas Torre C, Meyerhoff ME. Polymer membrane-based ion-, gas- and bio-selective potentiometric sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 1993; 8:1-38. [PMID: 8499085 DOI: 10.1016/0956-5663(93)80041-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the design of new polymer membrane-based potentiometric ion-, gas- and bio-selective electrodes in chemistry laboratories at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor) is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on describing the performance of devices for measuring anions (e.g., salicylate, thiocyanate, chloride and heparin) and gases (e.g., ammonia, carbon dioxide and oxygen) in biological samples, both in vitro and in vivo. Beyond direct measurement of key ions and gases in complex matrices, some of the new membrane electrode systems reported can serve as base transducers for the development of biosensors containing integrated biological reagents, including enzymes and antibodies. New approaches for mass fabricating solid-state ion and biosensor devices as well as future directions for research in the entire field of polymer membrane sensors are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Yim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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Wolfbeis OS, Li H. Fluorescence optical urea biosensor with an ammonium optrode as transducer. Biosens Bioelectron 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-5663(93)85028-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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