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Nithianandam P, Tzu-li L, Chen S, Yizhen J, Dong Y, Saul M, Tedeschi A, Wenjing S, Jinghua L. Flexible, Miniaturized Sensing Probes Inspired by Biofuel Cells for Monitoring Synaptically Released Glutamate in the Mouse Brain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310245. [PMID: 37632702 PMCID: PMC10592105 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemical biomarkers in the central nervous system can provide valuable quantitative measures to gain insight into the etiology and pathogenesis of neurological diseases. Glutamate, one of the most important excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain, has been found to be upregulated in various neurological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, epilepsy, chronic pain, and migraines. However, quantitatively monitoring glutamate release in situ has been challenging. This work presents a novel class of flexible, miniaturized probes inspired by biofuel cells for monitoring synaptically released glutamate in the nervous system. The resulting sensors, with dimensions as low as 50 by 50 μm, can detect real-time changes in glutamate within the biologically relevant concentration range. Experiments exploiting the hippocampal circuit in mice models demonstrate the capability of the sensors in monitoring glutamate release via electrical stimulation using acute brain slices. These advances could aid in basic neuroscience studies and translational engineering, as the sensors provide a diagnostic tool for neurological disorders. Additionally, adapting the biofuel cell design to other neurotransmitters can potentially enable the detailed study of the effect of neurotransmitter dysregulation on neuronal cell signaling pathways and revolutionize neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Nithianandam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Liu Tzu-li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shulin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jia Yizhen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Morgan Saul
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrea Tedeschi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sun Wenjing
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Li Jinghua
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Kucherenko DY. APPLICATION OF GLUTAMATE-SENSITIVE BIOSENSOR FOR ANALYSIS OF FOODSTUFF. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2018. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech11.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Soldatkina OV, Soldatkin OO, Kasap BO, Kucherenko DY, Kucherenko IS, Kurc BA, Dzyadevych SV. A Novel Amperometric Glutamate Biosensor Based on Glutamate Oxidase Adsorbed on Silicalite. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 12:260. [PMID: 28395478 PMCID: PMC5383914 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a new amperometric biosensor for glutamate detection using a typical method of glutamate oxidase (GlOx) immobilization via adsorption on silicalite particles. The disc platinum electrode (d = 0.4 mm) was used as the amperometric sensor. The procedure of biosensor preparation was optimized. The main parameters of modifying amperometric transducers with a silicalite layer were determined along with the procedure of GlOx adsorption on this layer. The biosensors based on GlOx adsorbed on silicalite demonstrated high sensitivity to glutamate. The linear range of detection was from 2.5 to 450 μM, and the limit of glutamate detection was 1 μM. It was shown that the proposed biosensors were characterized by good response reproducibility during hours of continuous work and operational stability for several days. The developed biosensors could be applied for determination of glutamate in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. V. Soldatkina
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 64, Kyiv, 01003 Ukraine
| | - O. O. Soldatkin
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 64, Kyiv, 01003 Ukraine
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo Street 150, Kyiv, 03143 Ukraine
| | - B. Ozansoy Kasap
- Micro and Nanotechnology Department, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
| | - D. Yu. Kucherenko
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 64, Kyiv, 01003 Ukraine
| | - I. S. Kucherenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo Street 150, Kyiv, 03143 Ukraine
| | - B. Akata Kurc
- Micro and Nanotechnology Department, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
- Central Laboratory, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
| | - S. V. Dzyadevych
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 64, Kyiv, 01003 Ukraine
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo Street 150, Kyiv, 03143 Ukraine
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Dalkıran B, Erden PE, Kılıç E. Graphene and tricobalt tetraoxide nanoparticles based biosensor for electrochemical glutamate sensing. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:340-348. [PMID: 26939621 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2016.1153482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An amperometric biosensor based on tricobalt tetraoxide nanoparticles (Co3O4), graphene (GR), and chitosan (CS) nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for sensitive determination of glutamate was fabricated. Scanning electron microscopy was implemented to characterize morphology of the nanocomposite. The biosensor showed optimum response within 25 s at pH 7.5 and 37 °C, at +0.70 V. The linear working range of biosensor for glutamate was from 4.0 × 10-6 to 6.0 × 10-4 M with a detection limit of 2.0 × 10-6 M and sensitivity of 0.73 μA/mM or 7.37 μA/mMcm2. The relatively low Michaelis-Menten constant (1.09 mM) suggested enhanced enzyme affinity to glutamate. The glutamate biosensor lost 45% of its initial activity after three weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Dalkıran
- a Department of Chemistry , Ankara University, Faculty of Science , Tandoğan , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Pınar Esra Erden
- a Department of Chemistry , Ankara University, Faculty of Science , Tandoğan , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Esma Kılıç
- a Department of Chemistry , Ankara University, Faculty of Science , Tandoğan , Ankara , Turkey
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Soldatkin O, Nazarova A, Krisanova N, Borуsov A, Kucherenko D, Kucherenko I, Pozdnyakova N, Soldatkin A, Borisova T. Monitoring of the velocity of high-affinity glutamate uptake by isolated brain nerve terminals using amperometric glutamate biosensor. Talanta 2014; 135:67-74. [PMID: 25640127 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, which is involved in the main aspects of normal brain functioning. High-affinity Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporters is key proteins, which transport extracellular glutamate to the cytoplasm of nerve cells, thereby preventing continuous activation of glutamate receptors, and thus the development of neurotoxicity. Disturbance in glutamate uptake is involved in the pathogenesis of major neurological disorders. Amperometric biosensors are the most promising and successful among electrochemical biosensors. In this study, we developed (1) amperometric glutamate biosensor, (2) methodological approach for the analysis of glutamate uptake in liquid samples of isolated rat brain nerve terminals (synaptosomes). The basal level of glutamate, the initial velocity of glutamate uptake and time-dependent accumulation of glutamate by synaptosomes were determined using developed glutamate biosensor. Comparative analysis of the data with those obtained by radioactive analysis, spectrofluorimetry and ion exchange chromatography was performed. Therefore, the methodological approach for monitoring of the velocity of glutamate uptake, which takes into consideration the definite level of endogenous glutamate in nerve terminals, was developed using glutamate biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Soldatkin
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Electronics, Department of Translation Mechanisms of Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo Str., Kyiv 03680, Ukraine.
| | - A Nazarova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - N Krisanova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - A Borуsov
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - D Kucherenko
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv 01003, Ukraine
| | - I Kucherenko
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Electronics, Department of Translation Mechanisms of Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo Str., Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - N Pozdnyakova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - A Soldatkin
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Electronics, Department of Translation Mechanisms of Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo Str., Kyiv 03680, Ukraine; Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv 01003, Ukraine
| | - T Borisova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
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Selective enzyme immobilization on arrayed microelectrodes for the application of sensing neurotransmitters. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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References. Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b11478-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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A Mediated Glucose Biosensor Incorporated with Reverse Iontophoresis Function for Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 38:1548-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-9918-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chapter 13 Application of electrochemical enzyme biosensors for food quality control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(06)49013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Hamdi N, Wang J, Monbouquette HG. Polymer films as permselective coatings for H2O2-sensing electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Joshi K, Tang J, Haddon R, Wang J, Chen W, Mulchandani A. A Disposable Biosensor for Organophosphorus Nerve Agents Based on Carbon Nanotubes Modified Thick Film Strip Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mehrvar M, Abdi M. Recent developments, characteristics, and potential applications of electrochemical biosensors. ANAL SCI 2004; 20:1113-26. [PMID: 15352497 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to analyze the technical importance, performance, techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of the biosensors in general and of the electrochemical biosensors in particular. A product of reaction diffuses to the transducer in the first generation biosensors (based on Clark biosensors). The mediated biosensors or second generation biosensors use specific mediators between the reaction and the transducer to improve sensitivity. The second generation biosensors involve two steps: first, there is a redox reaction between enzyme and substrate that is reoxidized by the mediator, and eventually the mediator is oxidized by the electrode. No normal product or mediator diffusion is directly involved in the third generation biosensors, direct biosensors. Based on the type of transducer, current biosensors are divided into optical, mass, thermal, and electrochemical sensors. They are used in medical diagnostics, food quality controls, environmental monitoring, and other applications. These biosensors are also grouped under two broad categories of sensors: direct and indirect detection systems. Moreover, these systems could be further grouped into continuous or batch operation. Therefore, amperometric biosensors and their current applications are focused on more in detail since they are the most commonly used biosensors in monitoring and diagnosing tests in clinical analysis. Problems related to the commercialization of medical, environmental, and industrial biosensors as well as their performance characteristics, their competitiveness in comparison to the conventional analytical tools, and their costs determine the future development of these biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrab Mehrvar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada.
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Alaejos MS, García Montelongo FJ. Application of amperometric biosensors to the determination of vitamins and alpha-amino acids. Chem Rev 2004; 104:3239-66. [PMID: 15250741 DOI: 10.1021/cr0304471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maite Sanz Alaejos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition & Food Science, University of La Laguna, 38204-La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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Oliveira MIP, Pimentel MC, Montenegro MCB, Araújo AN, Pimentel MF, Silva VLD. l-Glutamate determination in food samples by flow-injection analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Vidal JC, Méndez S, Castillo JR. Electropolymerization of pyrrole and phenylenediamine over an organic conducting salt based amperometric sensor of increased selectivity for glucose determination. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li QS, Ye BC, Liu BX, Zhong JJ. Improvement of the performance of H2O2 oxidation at low working potential by incorporating TTF-TCNQ into a platinum wire electrode for glucose determination. Biosens Bioelectron 1999; 14:327-34. [PMID: 10230033 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(98)00122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A micro-biosensor was constructed by incorporating the organic conducting salt tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ) into a platinized platinum (Pt) wire and further covering with the electrochemical polymerical heteropolypyrrole film, in which glucose oxidase (GOx) was entrapped. The enzyme electrode can sensitively determine glucose at a low working potential, mainly based on the oxidation of H2O2. The incorporated TTF-TCNQ can significantly improve the oxidation of H2O2 on the electrode, although a part of the TTF-TCNQ functions as a mediator. Compared with the same electrode prepared without TTF-TCNQ incorporated, the TTF-TCNQ modified electrode had better performance characteristics at a working potential of 200 mV (versus SCE). The response time to 90% of the steady value was shortened from about 40 s to less than 10 s, the lower limit of the linear response was greatly extended from about 1.6 mM to 10 microM, the linear range was shifted from 1.6-10.0 to 0.01-5 mM and the sensitivity was increased from about 1 to 1.5 microA/mM. The electrode was quite stable. For continuous operation, the electrode could work for about 5 weeks and only lost 60% of its original sensitivity. Stored at 4 degrees C for intermittent determinations, the electrode kept 80% sensitivity for over 6 months. Due to covering the electrode with a non-conductive heteropolypyrrole film, ascorbate, urate and 4-acetamidophenol caused only negligible current response at an applied potential of 200 mV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q S Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Bassi AS, McGrath C. Carbon paste biosensor based on crude soybean seed hull extracts for phenol detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 1999; 47:322-6. [PMID: 10563893 DOI: 10.1021/jf980814n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel biosensor based on enzyme extracts from soybean seed hulls has been prepared, which demonstrated promising results in the detection of hydrogen peroxide and phenol. The biosensor preparation is straightforward and inexpensive, and the response time is 50 s. The optimum conditions of pH and temperature are a pH of 7.4 and a temperature of 20 degrees C. Contrary to expectations, the biosensor showed narrow pH and temperature optimums. The effects of enzyme loading and type of mediator were also investigated. The biosensor showed a linear response up to 500 microM phenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Bassi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9.
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Compagnone D, Schweicher P, Kauffman JM, Guilbault GG. Sub-Micromolar Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide at a Peroxidase/Tetramethylbenzidine Solid Carbon Paste Electrode. ANAL LETT 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719808002850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Voltammetric characterisation of an insoluble tetrathiafulvalene derivative by means of modified carbon paste electrode. Anal Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(96)00330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mulchandani A, Wang CL. Bienzyme sensors based on poly(anilinomethylferrocene)-modified electrodes. ELECTROANAL 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140080503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Liu H, Deng J. An amperometric glucose sensor based on Eastman-AQ-tetrathiafulvalene modified electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-5663(96)83717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Mulchandani A, Bassi AS. Determination of glutamine and glutamic acid in mammalian cell cultures using tetrathiafulvalene modified enzyme electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 1996; 11:271-80. [PMID: 8562008 DOI: 10.1016/0956-5663(96)88414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) mediated amperometric enzyme electrodes have been developed for the monitoring of L-glutamine and L-glutamic acid in growing mammalian cell cultures. The detection of glutamine was accomplished by a coupled enzyme system comprised of glutaminase plus glutamate oxidase, while the detection of glutamic acid was carried out by a single enzyme, glutamate oxidase. The appropriate enzyme(s) were immoblized on the Triton-X treated surface of tetrathiafulvalene modified carbon paste electrodes by adsorption, in conjunction with entrapment by an electrochemically deposited copolymer film of 1,3-phenylenediamine and resorcinol. Operating conditions for the glutamine enzyme electrode were optimized with respect to the amount of enzymes immoblized, pH, temperature and mobile phase flow rate for operation in a flow injection (FIA) system. When applied to glutamine and glutamic acid measurements in mammalian cell culture in FIA, the results obtained with enzyme electrodes were in excellent agreement with those determined by enzymatic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mulchandani
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
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Murthy A, Anita. Tetrathiafulvalene as a mediator for the electrocatalytic oxidation of L-ascorbic acid. Biosens Bioelectron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-5663(96)83727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li Q, Zhang S, Yu J. 1,1′-Dimethylferrocene Mediated L-Glutamate Electrodes Modified With Electropolymerized 1,3-Diaminobenzene Film. ANAL LETT 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719508000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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MULCHANDANI ASHOK, BASSI AMARJEETS, NGUYEN ANDREW. Tetrathiafulvalene-mediated Biosensor for L-lactate in Dairy Products. J Food Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1995.tb05610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mulchandani A, Bassi AS. Principles and applications of biosensors for bioprocess monitoring and control. Crit Rev Biotechnol 1995; 15:105-24. [PMID: 7641291 DOI: 10.3109/07388559509147402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are useful analytical devices that can be integrated with on-line process monitoring schemes. In this article, the principles and applications of these devices for bioprocess monitoring are considered. Several different types of biosensors are described, and the applications and limitations of flow injection analysis (FIA) for these applications are discussed. It is hoped that the background provided here can be useful to researchers in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mulchandani
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside 92507, USA
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Lötzbeyer T, Schuhmann W, Katz E, Falter J, Schmidt HL. Direct electron transfer between the covalently immobilized enzyme microperoxidase MP-11 and a cystamine-modified gold electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(94)03646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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