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Gutierrez MG, Yoder-Himes DR, Warawa JM. Comprehensive identification of virulence factors required for respiratory melioidosis using Tn-seq mutagenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:78. [PMID: 26583079 PMCID: PMC4631991 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory melioidosis is a disease presentation of the biodefense pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei, which is frequently associated with a lethal septicemic spread of the bacteria. We have recently developed an improved respiratory melioidosis model to study the pathogenesis of Burkholderia pseudomallei in the lung (intubation-mediated intratracheal [IMIT] inoculation), which more closely models descriptions of human melioidosis, including prominent septicemic spread from the lung and reduced involvement of the upper respiratory tract. We previously demonstrated that the Type 3 Secretion System cluster 3 (T3SS3) is a critical virulence determinant for B. pseudomallei when delivered directly into the lung. We decided to comprehensively identify all virulence determinants required for respiratory melioidosis using the Tn-seq phenotypic screen, as well as to investigate which virulence determinants are required for dissemination to the liver and spleen. While previous studies have used Tn-seq to identify essential genes for in vitro cultured B. pseudomallei, this represents the first study to use Tn-seq to identify genes required for in vivo fitness. Consistent with our previous findings, we identified T3SS3 as the largest genetic cluster required for fitness in the lung. Furthermore, we identified capsular polysaccharide and Type 6 Secretion System cluster 5 (T6SS5) as the two additional major genetic clusters facilitating respiratory melioidosis. Importantly, Tn-seq did not identify additional, novel large genetic systems supporting respiratory melioidosis, although these studies identified additional small gene clusters that may also play crucial roles in lung fitness. Interestingly, other previously identified virulence determinants do not appear to be required for lung fitness, such as lipopolysaccharide. The role of T3SS3, capsule, and T6SS5 in lung fitness was validated by competition studies, but only T3SS3 was found to be important for respiratory melioidosis when delivered as a single strain challenge, suggesting that competition studies may provide a higher resolution analysis of fitness factors in the lung. The use of Tn-seq phenotypic screening also provided key insights into the selective pressure encountered in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Gutierrez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Jonathan M Warawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA ; Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
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Boden R, Thomas E, Savani P, Kelly DP, Wood AP. Novel methylotrophic bacteria isolated from the River Thames (London, UK). Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:3225-36. [PMID: 18681896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enrichment and elective culture for methylotrophs from sediment of the River Thames in central London yielded a diversity of pure cultures representing several genera of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, which were mainly of organisms not generally regarded as typically methylotrophic. Substrates leading to successful isolations included methanol, monomethylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, methanesulfonate and dimethylsulfone. Several isolates were studied in detail and shown by their biochemical and morphological properties and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to be Sphingomonas melonis strain ET35, Mycobacterium fluoranthenivorans strain DSQ3, Rhodococcus erythropolis strain DSQ4, Brevibacterium casei strain MSQ5, Klebsiella oxytoca strains MMA/F and MMA/1, Pseudomonas mendocina strain TSQ4, and Flavobacterium sp. strains MSA/1 and MMA/2. The results show that facultative methylotrophy is present across a wide range of Bacteria, suggesting that turnover of diverse C(1)-compounds is of much greater microbiological and environmental significance than is generally thought. The origins of the genes encoding the enzymes of methylotrophy in diverse heterotrophs need further study, and could further our understanding of the phylogeny and antiquity of methylotrophic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rich Boden
- Department of Life Sciences, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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3
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Yu IS, Yeom SJ, Kim HJ, Lee JK, Kim YH, Oh DK. Substrate specificity of Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens in the hydroxylation of unsaturated fatty acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:157-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1280-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Baïda N, Yazourh A, Singer E, Izard D. Pseudomonas brenneri sp. nov., a new species isolated from natural mineral waters. Res Microbiol 2001; 152:493-502. [PMID: 11446518 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(01)01223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The vernacular name 'fluorescent Pseudomonas group 97-391' was coined for a group of 11 strains isolated from two French natural mineral waters. All these strains were Gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile by means of a single polar flagellum. They produced fluorescent pigment (pyoverdin) on King B medium, catalase and cytochrome oxidase. They were not able to accumulate poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. They were capable of respiratory but not fermentative metabolism. DNA-DNA hybridization results and DNA base composition analysis revealed that strains of the 'fluorescent Pseudomonas group 97-391' were members of a new species, for which the name Pseudomonas brenneri sp. nov. (type strain CIP 106646T) is proposed. The levels of DNA-DNA relatedness within this group ranged from 70 to 100% with DeltaTm below 1 degree C. The G+C content of the DNA of the type strain was 58 mol%. DNA relatedness with 72 strains representing well-known or partially characterized species of the genus Pseudomonas (sensu stricto) was below 48%. The complete 16S rRNA sequence of the type strain CIP 106646T was determined and compared with those of the type strains of Pseudomonas species. Finally, a phylogenetic tree was inferred from sequence analysis and demonstrated that the new species fell into the 'Pseudomonas fluorescens intrageneric cluster'. The clinical significance of P. brenneri is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Baïda
- Laboratoire de bactériologie-hygiène, Faculté de médecine Henri Warembourg. Lille, France
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Casaz P, Happel A, Keithan J, Read DL, Strain SR, Levy SB. The Pseudomonas fluorescens transcription activator AdnA is required for adhesion and motility. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:355-361. [PMID: 11158352 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-2-355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The locations of two mutations that prevent adhesion of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1 to sand columns and seeds (adn, adhesion) were identified. Both lie in a single gene showing homology to the NtrC/NifA family of transcription activators. The predicted 55 kDa protein encoded by adnA is most closely related to activators involved in expression of flagellar proteins, consistent with the lack of flagella in adnA strains. Constitutive adnA expression restored motility and adhesion to an adnA strain, demonstrating that the observed phenotypes are due to lack of AdnA and not a consequence of other mutations or polar effects of mutations in adnA on other genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Casaz
- Center for Adaptation Genetics and Drug Resistance, and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA1
| | - Anne Happel
- Center for Adaptation Genetics and Drug Resistance, and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA1
| | - Joann Keithan
- Center for Adaptation Genetics and Drug Resistance, and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA1
| | - Dorothy L Read
- Center for Adaptation Genetics and Drug Resistance, and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA1
| | - Steven R Strain
- Center for Adaptation Genetics and Drug Resistance, and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA1
| | - Stuart B Levy
- Center for Adaptation Genetics and Drug Resistance, and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA1
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Gössner AS, Devereux R, Ohnemüller N, Acker G, Stackebrandt E, Drake HL. Thermicanus aegyptius gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from oxic soil, a fermentative microaerophile that grows commensally with the thermophilic acetogen Moorella thermoacetica. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:5124-33. [PMID: 10543831 PMCID: PMC91689 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.11.5124-5133.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A thermophilic, fermentative microaerophile (ET-5b) and a thermophilic acetogen (ET-5a) were coisolated from oxic soil obtained from Egypt. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of ET-5a was 99.8% similar to that of the classic acetogen Moorella thermoacetica. Further analyses confirmed that ET-5a was a new strain of M. thermoacetica. For ET-5b, the nearest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value to known genera was approximately 88%. ET-5b was found to be a motile rod with a genomic G+C content of 50.3 mol%. Cells were weakly gram positive and lacked spores. Growth was optimal at 55 to 60 degrees C and pH 6.5 to 7.0. ET-5b grew under both oxic and anoxic conditions, but growth was erratic under atmospheric concentrations of O(2). Utilizable substrates included oligosaccharides and monosaccharides. Acetate, formate, and succinate supported growth only under oxic conditions. Saccharides yielded succinate, lactate, ethanol, acetate, formate, and H(2) under anoxic conditions; fermentation products were also formed under oxic conditions. A new genus is proposed, the type strain being Thermicanus aegyptius ET-5b gen. nov., sp. nov. (DSMZ 12793). M. thermoacetica ET-5a (DSMZ 12797) grew commensally with T. aegyptius ET-5b on oligosaccharides via the interspecies transfer of H(2) formate, and lactate. In support of this interaction, uptake hydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase specific activities were fundamentally greater in M. thermoacetica ET-5a than in T. aegyptius ET-5b. These results demonstrate that (i) soils subject to high temperatures harbor uncharacterized thermophilic microaerophiles, (ii) the classic acetogen M. thermoacetica resides in such soils, and (iii) trophic links between such soil bacteria might contribute to their in situ activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Gössner
- Department of Ecological Microbiology, BITOEK, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Dabboussi F, Hamze M, Elomari M, Verhille S, Baida N, Izard D, Leclerc H. Taxonomic study of bacteria isolated from Lebanese spring waters: proposal for Pseudomonas cedrella sp. nov. and P. orientalis sp. nov. Res Microbiol 1999; 150:303-16. [PMID: 10422691 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(99)80056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness studies (S1 nuclease method) have shown that 15 strains isolated from three Lebanese spring waters, belonging to the genus Pseudomonas, formed two homogeneous DNA groups, with a within-group DNA relatedness ranging from 70 to 100%. These groups are referred to as Pseudomonas cedrella sp. nov. and Pseudomonas orientalis sp.nov. These strains were previously grouped on the basis of a numerical analysis in phenons Ve, Vd, Vg, and VI. DNA relatedness with 65 strains representing 24 species of the genus Pseudomonas sensu stricto was below 50%. The highest DNA binding value (50%) was found with P. marginalis species. A comparison of the complete 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strains representing the two new deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization groups, i.e., strains CFML 96-198T and CFML 96-170T, and the sequence of other strains of the genus Pseudomonas revealed that these strains (CFML 96-198T and CFML 96-170T) fell within the 'Pseudomonas fluorescens intrageneric cluster'. The G+C contents of the DNA of P. cedrella CIP 105541T and P. orientalis CIP 105540T were 59 and 60 mol%, respectively. The two species can be differentiated from each other by the fact that P. cedrella strains hydrolyze erythritol and D-lyxose. P. cedrella grouped together a total of nine strains from phenotypic groups Ve, Vg, and VI. P. orientalis grouped together six strains from both phenotypic groups Vd and Ve.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dabboussi
- Laboratoire de bactériologie-hygiène, Faculté de médecine Henri-Warembourg, Lille, France
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Rocheleau, Greer, Lawrence, Cantin, Laramee, Guiot. Differentiation of methanosaeta concilii and methanosarcina barkeri in anaerobic mesophilic granular sludge by fluorescent In situ hybridization and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:2222-9. [PMID: 10224023 PMCID: PMC91320 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.5.2222-2229.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/1998] [Accepted: 02/17/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide probes, designed from genes coding for 16S rRNA, were developed to differentiate Methanosaeta concilii, Methanosarcina barkeri, and mesophilic methanogens. All M. concilii oligonucleotide probes (designated MS1, MS2, and MS5) hybridized specifically with the target DNA, but MS5 was the most specific M. concilii oligonucleotide probe. Methanosarcina barkeri oligonucleotide probes (designated MB1, MB3, and MB4) hybridized with different Methanosarcina species. The MB4 probe specifically detected Methanosarcina barkeri, and the MB3 probe detected the presence of all mesophilic Methanosarcina species. These new oligonucleotide probes facilitated the identification, localization, and quantification of the specific relative abundance of M. concilii and Methanosarcina barkeri, which play important roles in methanogenesis. The combined use of fluorescent in situ hybridization with confocal scanning laser microscopy demonstrated that anaerobic granule topography depends on granule origin and feeding. Protein-fed granules showed no layered structure with a random distribution of M. concilii. In contrast, a layered structure developed in methanol-enriched granules, where M. barkeri growth was induced in an outer layer. This outer layer was followed by a layer composed of M. concilii, with an inner core of M. concilii and other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocheleau
- Environmental Bioengineering Group, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2
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Verhille S, Baida N, Dabboussi F, Izard D, Leclerc H. Taxonomic study of bacteria isolated from natural mineral waters: proposal of Pseudomonas jessenii sp. nov. and Pseudomonas mandelii sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 1999; 22:45-58. [PMID: 10188278 DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(99)80027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The taxonomic position of 23 strains isolated from mineral waters and previously grouped in the authentic pseudomonads on the basis of a phenotypic analysis (cluster IX, subclusters XIIIa and XIIIc of VERHILLE, S., ELOMARI, M., COROLER, L., IZARD, D., LECLERC, H. (Syst. Appl. Microbiol, 20, 137-149, 1997) has been genotypically further studied in the present work. On the basis of hybridization results, these strains were gathered into two new genomic groups for which we propose the names of Pseudomonas jessenii sp. nov. (Type strain CIP 105274) and Pseudomonas mandelii sp. nov. (Type strain CIP 105273). Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness levels showed homologies ranging from 78 to 100% for Pseudomonas jessenii and from 77 to 100% for Pseudomonas mandelii. Furthermore, hybrization rates with 66 representative well characterized species or only partially characterized species of the genus Pseudomonas were below 53%, with delta Tm values of 7 degrees C and more. The mol% G + C content ranged from 57 to 58. The two new species presented basic morphological characteristics common to all pseudomonads. Various phenotypic features, such as denitrification, growth at 4 degrees C or 41 degrees C, trigonelline assimilation, alpha-L-glutamyl-L-histidine arylarmidase activity, growth on benzoate and meso-tartrate were found to differentiate Pseudomonas jessenii from Pseudomonas mandelii and from other Pseudomonas species. Pseudomonas jessenii encompassed a total of 9 strains from both phenotypic groups IX and XIIIa. Pseudomonas mandelii clustered a total of 13 strains from both phenotypic groups IX and XIIIc. Their clinical significance is unknown. The 16S rDNA of each type strain was sequenced and compared with the known sequences of the representative strains of the genus Pseudomonas. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to determine the intrageneric relationships within the genus Pseudomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Verhille
- Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Faculté de Médecine Henri Warembourg (pôle recherche), Lille, France
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A Study of the Fate of the Autochtonous Bacterial Flora of Still Mineral Waters by Analysis of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism of Genes Coding For rRNA. Syst Appl Microbiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(97)80018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Coroler L, Elomari M, Hoste B, Gillis M, Izard D, Leclerc H. Pseudomonas rhodesiae sp. nov., a New Species Isolated from Natural Mineral Waters. Syst Appl Microbiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(96)80032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Maneewannakul K, Levy SB. Identification for mar mutants among quinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:1695-8. [PMID: 8807064 PMCID: PMC163397 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.7.1695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinolone-resistant clinical Escherichia coli isolates were examined for mutations in the marRAB operon of the multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) locus. Among 23 strains evaluated, 8 were chosen for further study: 3 that showed relatively high levels of uninduced, i.e., constitutive, expression of the operon and 5 with variable responses to induction by salicylate or tetracyclines. The marR genes, specifying the repressor of the operon, cloned from the three strains constitutively expressing the operon did not reduce the level of expression of beta-galactosidase from a marO::lacZ transcriptional fusion and were therefore mutant; however, marR genes cloned from the five other clinical strains repressed LacZ expression and were wild type. All three mutant marR genes contained more than one mutation: a deletion and a point mutation. Inactivation of the mar locus in the three known marR mutant strains with a kanamycin resistance cassette introduced by homologous recombination reduced resistance to quinolones and multiple antibiotics. These findings indicate that mar operon mutations exist in quinolone-resistant clinical E. coli isolates and contribute to quinolone and multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Maneewannakul
- Center for Adaptation Genetics and Drug Resistance, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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13
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Seoane AS, Levy SB. Characterization of MarR, the repressor of the multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) operon in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:3414-9. [PMID: 7768850 PMCID: PMC177043 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.12.3414-3419.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The marRAB operon is one of two operons in the mar locus of Escherichia coli that are divergently transcribed from a central regulatory region, marO. The marRAB operon, transcribed from marOII, controls intrinsic resistance or susceptibility to multiple antibiotics and is inducible by structurally unrelated compounds such as tetracycline and chloramphenicol (S. P. Cohen, H. Hachler, and S. B. Levy, J. Bacteriol. 175:1484-1492, 1993). To clarify the role of the operon in response to environmental signals, its transcription was studied under different conditions, using a marOII-lacZ transcriptional fusion introduced into the chromosome of wild-type or mar-deleted cells. In wild-type cells, uncoupling agents (such as carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone) and different redox-cycling compounds (e.g., menadione and plumbagin) induced expression from the marOII-lacZ fusion two- to sevenfold. In the mar-deleted strain, LacZ expression from the fusion was 10-fold higher than in wild-type cells. This activity was temperature sensitive (3-fold lower at 42 than at 30 degrees C) and decreased 20-fold with the introduction of the gene for MarR. Structurally different compounds which induce the mar operon in wild-type cells reversed the MarR repression of marOII-lacZ expression. To determine the size of MarR, it was fused to MalE as a MarR fusion protein of 144 amino acids [MarR(144)] or of 125 amino acids (deleted of 19 amino acids at the N terminus) [MarR(125)]. Only the MarR(144) fusion showed repressor ability. The purified MarR(144) fusion, but not the MarR(125) fusion, bound specifically to marO in vitro, as revealed by gel retardation, with an apparent dissociation constant of 5 x 10(-9) M. MarR, therefore, controls expression of the marRAB operon presumably by binding to marO. MarR repression in cells can be reversed by different compounds, facilitating the response of bacteria to multiple environmental stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Seoane
- Center for Adaptation Genetics and Drug Resistance, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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14
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Iordan SL, Kraczkiewicz-Dowjat AJ, Kelly DP, Wood AP. Novel eubacteria able to grow on carbon disulfide. Arch Microbiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00381787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Random TnphoA and TnlacZ translational fusions were introduced into an Escherichia coli strain with a deletion of the multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) locus, complemented in trans by a temperature-sensitive plasmid bearing the mar locus with a constitutively expressed mar operon. Five gene fusions (two with lacZ and three with phoA) regulated by the mar operon were identified by increased or decreased marker enzyme activity following loss of the complementary plasmid at the restrictive temperature. Expression of LacZ from both lacZ fusions increased in the presence of the mar operon; expression from the three phoA fusions was represented by the mar operon. The lacZ fusions were mapped at 31.5 and 14 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome. One of the phoA fusions was located at 51.6 min while the two others mapped at 77 min. Cloning and sequencing of a portion of the fused genes showed all of them to be different. The phoA fusions at 77 min were located in a recently identified gene, slp, a lipoprotein of unknown function (D.M. Alexander and A. C. St. John, Mol. Microb. 11:1059-1071, 1994). The others showed no homology with any known genes of E. coli. The insertions caused small but reproducible changes in the antibiotic susceptibility profile. This approach has enabled the identification of new genes in E. coli which are regulated by the marRAB operon and involved in the Mar phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Seoane
- Center for Adaptation Genetics and Drug Resistance, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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16
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Vincent P, Pignet P, Talmont F, Bozzi L, Fournet B, Guezennec J, Jeanthon C, Prieur D. Production and Characterization of an Exopolysaccharide Excreted by a Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Bacterium Isolated from the Polychaete Annelid
Alvinella pompejana. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:4134-41. [PMID: 16349441 PMCID: PMC201947 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.11.4134-4141.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterotrophic and mesophilic marine bacterium HYD-1545 was isolated on a metal-amended medium from the dorsal integument of the hydrothermal vent polychaete
Alvinella pompejana
. This strain, which can be assigned to the genus
Alteromonas
on the basis of its G+C content and phenotypical features, produced large amounts of an acidic polysaccharide in batch cultures. The polysaccharide was excreted during the stationary phase of growth and contained glucose, galactose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, and 4,6-O-(1-carboxyethilidene)-galactose as major components. This polysaccharide was a polyelectrolyte, and the viscosity of its solutions depended on the ionic strength. The decrease in viscosity with increasing NaCl concentrations and the effect of Ca
2+
in decreasing the viscosity at low Ca
2+
concentrations support a model in which the polysaccharide carries anionic groups. However, an unusual behavior was observed at higher concentrations and could be related to intermolecular interactions involving Ca
2+
ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vincent
- LP 4601, Station Biologique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 29682 Roscoff Codex, France
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17
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Guillot E, Leclerc H. Bacterial Flora in Natural Mineral Waters: Characterization by Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Gene Restriction Patterns. Syst Appl Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(11)80284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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18
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Guillot E, Leclerc H. Biological specificity of bottled natural mineral waters: characterization by ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene restriction patterns. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1993; 75:292-8. [PMID: 7503977 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb02779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The organisms from heterotrophic plate counts of four brands of bottled non-carbonated mineral waters were analysed by ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene restriction patterns in addition to identification by customary techniques. Five commercialized bottles of each brand were examined once in the year 1989-90. The total bacterial flora was divided into two main groups: the pseudomonads and the unidentified strains. Whereas phenotypic results did not reveal any significant differences between the four brands, rRNA gene restriction patterns were discriminatory. Among the 73 strains studied, 45 distinct patterns were observed, with only three common to several springs. These results reveal, at one determined time, a remarkable biological specificity of each brand of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Guillot
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Faculté de Médecine, Lille, France
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19
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Lajoie CA, Zylstra GJ, DeFlaun MF, Strom PF. Development of field application vectors for bioremediation of soils contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:1735-41. [PMID: 8328798 PMCID: PMC182153 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.6.1735-1741.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Field application vectors (FAVs), which are a combination of a selective substrate, a host, and a cloning vector, have been developed for the purpose of expressing foreign genes in nonsterile, competitive environments in which the gene products provide no advantage to the host. Such gene products are exemplified by the enzymes for the cometabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) through the biphenyl degradation pathway. Attempts to use highly competent PCB-cometabolizing strains in the environment in the absence of biphenyl have not been successful, while the addition of biphenyl is limited by its human toxicity and low water solubility. Broad-substrate-specificity PCB-degradative genes (bphABC) were cloned from a naturally occurring isolate. Pseudomonas sp. strain ENV307, into broad-host-range plasmid pRK293. The resulting PCB-degrading plasmids were transferred to the FAV host Pseudomonas paucimobilis 1IGP4, which utilizes the nontoxic, water-soluble, nonionic surfactant Igepal CO-720 as a selective growth substrate. Plasmid stability in the recombinant strains was determined in the absence of antibiotic selection. PCB-degrading activity was determined by resting cell assays. Treatment of contaminated soil (10, 100, or 1,000 ppm of Aroclor 1242) by surfactant amendment (1.0% [wt/wt]Igepal CO-720 in wet soil) and inoculation with recombinant isolates of strain 1IGP4 (approximately 4 x 10(6) cells per g of soil) resulted in degradation of many of the individual PCB congeners in the absence of biphenyl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Lajoie
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37932
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20
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Seoane A, Sabbaj A, McMurry LM, Levy SB. Multiple antibiotic susceptibility associated with inactivation of the prc gene. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:7844-7. [PMID: 1447154 PMCID: PMC207504 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.23.7844-7847.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A Tn5 insertion which led to increased susceptibility to multiple drugs, including tetracycline, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, erythromycin, spectinomycin, norfloxacin, and novobiocin, was identified in Escherichia coli. Cloning and sequence studies showed that the insertion was in the previously identified prc gene at min 40.4. The prc product is known to function as a protease linked to processing of penicillin-binding protein 3 and lambda repressor and when absent to allow some leakage of periplasmic constituents. Complementation studies with the prc gene on plasmids showed complete recovery of parental levels of susceptibility to all drugs except chloramphenicol, with which only partial reversion to wild-type levels was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seoane
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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21
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Kamagata Y, Kitagawa N, Tasaki M, Nakamura K, Mikami E. Degradation of benzoate by an anaerobic consortium and some properties of a hydrogenotrophic methanogen and sulfate-reducing bacterium in the consortium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(92)90163-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Wood AP, Kelly DP. Isolation and characterisation of Thiobacillus halophilus sp. nov., a sulphur-oxidising autotrophic eubacterium from a Western Australian hypersaline lake. Arch Microbiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00262998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Wahlund TM, Woese CR, Castenholz RW, Madigan MT. A thermophilic green sulfur bacterium from New Zealand hot springs, Chlorobium tepidum sp. nov. Arch Microbiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00290978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Vincent P, Gottrand F, Pernes P, Husson MA, Beju A, Leclerc H, Farriaux JP. Helicobacter pylori infection in cohabiting children. Lancet 1991; 337:848. [PMID: 1672930 DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)92550-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Genomic and phenotypic characterizations ofPseudomonas alcaligenes andComamonas species with a special reference toC. testosteroni. Curr Microbiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02092091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Kamagata Y, Mikami E. Some characteristics of two morphotypes of Methanothrix soehngenii from mesophilic anaerobic digesters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(90)90062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Deflaun MF, Tanzer AS, McAteer AL, Marshall B, Levy SB. Development of an Adhesion Assay and Characterization of an Adhesion-Deficient Mutant of
Pseudomonas fluorescens. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:112-9. [PMID: 16348082 PMCID: PMC183258 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.1.112-119.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A sand column adhesion assay was developed which distinguishes the adhesion abilities of a number of pseudomonads isolated from fine sandy loam.
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Pf0-1 which adhered at >90% of the total cells added was subjected to transposon Tn
5
insertion mutagenesis. From 2,500 Pf0-1::Tn
5
mutants examined in the sand column assay, two adhesion-deficient Pf0-1 mutants showing <50% attachment were isolated. Marker exchange analysis of one of these mutants, Pf0-5, confirmed that the decreased adhesion was linked to the Tn
5
insertion in the chromosome. The growth rate of Pf0-5 in enriched media and sterile soil was similar to that of the wild type; in minimal medium, however, Pf0-5 grew faster. In a soil column assay, less Pf0-5 than wild-type bacteria were recovered, suggesting a decreased ability to persist in soil. A 34-kilodalton major outer membrane protein present in the wild type was missing in Pf0-5. Transmission electron microscopy of the cell surface revealed that the wild-type possessed polar flagella which were absent in the mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Deflaun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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28
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Beji A, Vincent P, Darchis I, Husson MO, Cortot A, Leclerc H. Evidence of gastritis with several Helicobacter pylori strains. Lancet 1989; 2:1402-3. [PMID: 2574351 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)92020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Isolation and physiological characterisation of Thiobacillus thyasiris sp. nov., a novel marine facultative autotroph and the putative symbiont of Thyasira flexuosa. Arch Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00456095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Derikx P, Jong G, Op den Camp H, Drift C, Griensven L, Vogels G. Isolation and characterization of thermophilic methanogenic bacteria from mushroom compost. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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31
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Pitcher D, Saunders N, Owen R. Rapid extraction of bacterial genomic DNA with guanidium thiocyanate. Lett Appl Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1989.tb00262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1532] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Shivaji S, Rao NS, Saisree L, Sheth V, Reddy GS, Bhargava PM. Isolation and identification of Pseudomonas spp. from Schirmacher Oasis, Antarctica. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:767-70. [PMID: 2930174 PMCID: PMC184196 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.3.767-770.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten cultures of Pseudomonas spp. were established from soil samples collected in and around a lake in Antarctica. Based on their morphology, biochemical and physiological characteristics, and moles percent G + C of their DNA, they were identified as P. fluorescens, P. putida, and P. syringae. This is the first report on the identification of Pseudomonas spp. from continental Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shivaji
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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33
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Van Huynh N, De Backer O, Decleire M, Colson C. A procedure for the preparation of bacterial DNA that employs dimethyl sulfoxide to induce the lysis of cells. Anal Biochem 1989; 176:464-7. [PMID: 2500870 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A protocol for the preparation of DNA from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis without the use of lysozyme as a permeabilizing agent is described. This preliminary step is carried out by treating the cells with dimethyl sulfoxide. A 5-min incubation of the cell pellet in the pure solvent, followed by the treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate, is sufficient to induce cell lysis. The plasmid DNAs obtained by this method were equivalent in purity and quantity to the material prepared from lysozyme-digested cells and amenable to restriction and ligation. Transformation by plasmid and genomic DNAs prepared from dimethyl sulfoxide-treated cells was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Van Huynh
- Ministère de l'Agriculture, Institut de Recherches Chimiques, Tervuren, Belgium
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34
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Béji A, Mégraud F, Vincent P, Gavini F, Izard D, Leclerc H. GC content of DNA of Campylobacter pylori and other species belonging or related to the genus Campylobacter. ANNALES DE L'INSTITUT PASTEUR. MICROBIOLOGY 1988; 139:527-34. [PMID: 3252903 DOI: 10.1016/0769-2609(88)90152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
DNA of type strain Campylobacter pylori NCTC 11637 and 32 other strains of C. pylori recovered from gastric biopsy specimens was examined by thermal denaturation for its guanine-plus-cytosine (GC) content. The GC content of strain NCTC 11637 was 35.6 mol % (standard deviation (SD) 0.3), and the GC content of the 32 other C. pylori strains ranged from 34.1 to 37.5 mol % (average value 35.2, SD 1.0). A total of 14 type strains of other Campylobacter and Wolinella species were included in this study and the results obtained were compared with those cited in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Béji
- Unité INSERM 146, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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35
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Isolation and physiological characterisation of Thiobacillus aquaesulis sp. nov., a novel facultatively autotrophic moderate thermophile. Arch Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00411653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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