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Khanna NC, Lakhani S, Tewari KK. Identification of the template binding polypeptide in the pea chloroplast transcriptional complex. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:69-74. [PMID: 1738606 PMCID: PMC310327 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified the template-binding polypeptide in the pea chloroplast transcriptional complex by photoaffinity labelling. This polypeptide has an apparent molecular weight of about 150 kDa and binds to both, chloroplast ribosomal (16S rRNA) and messenger (psbA) promoters. The 16S rRNA and psbA promoters were amplified from chloroplast DNA by the polymerase chain reaction and labelled with a photoactive analogue of TTP, 5-bromodeoxy UTP, as well as with alpha-32P-dCTP. Using the filter-binding assay, the conditions for binding of the RNA polymerase complex to chloroplast promoters were optimized. The polypeptide directly interacting with the template was photo-crosslinked to it and resolved by denaturing gel electrophoresis. The photoaffinity labelling of the 150 kDa polypeptide was dependent on photoactivation by UV irradiation, and the presence of chloroplast promoters. Competition experiments showed that the protein formed a strong interaction with the plastid promoters which could not be displaced by lambda-phage DNA or synthetic polynucleotides. The photo-crosslinked and nuclease-treated promoter-polypeptide complex was resistant to further digestion with DNase and RNase, but could be hydrolyzed by Proteinase K. Binding of the promoters by the 150 kDa polypeptide could not be surpressed by transcription inhibitors like rifampicin and alpha-amanitin. However, heparin (0.001%) inhibited the formation of the enzyme-promoter complex, and interfered with the photoaffinity labelling of the 150 kDa polypeptide. The extent of photoaffinity labelling of 150 kDa polypeptide exhibits some degree of correlation to total transcriptional activity under various salt concentrations. The results demonstrate that the 150 kDa polypeptide is a functional template binding polypeptide of the pea chloroplast transcription complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Khanna
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Rajasekhar VK, Sun E, Meeker R, Wu BW, Tewari KK. Highly purified pea chloroplast RNA polymerase transcribes both rRNA and mRNA genes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 195:215-28. [PMID: 1991470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pea chloroplast RNA polymerase has been obtained with about 2000-fold purification using DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose chromatography. The purified enzyme contained ten prominent polypeptides of 150, 130, 115, 110, 95, 85, 75, 48, 44 and 39 kDa and four other minor polypeptides of 90, 34, 32 and 27 kDa. Purification of this enzyme using chloroplast 16S rDNA promoter affinity column chromatography also yielded an enzyme with similar polypeptides. Purified polyclonal antibodies against the purified chloroplast RNA polymerase were found to recognize most of the polypeptides of the enzyme in Western blot experiments. Primary mobility shift of the 16S rRNA gene and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit (rbc-L) gene promoters observed with the chloroplast RNA polymerase was abolished by these antibodies. The specific in vitro transcription of these rRNA and mRNA genes was also inhibited by these antibodies. The transcription of the rRNA and mRNA genes was also abolished by tagetitoxin, a specific inhibitor of chloroplast RNA polymerase. The chloroplast RNA polymerase was found to bind specifically to the chloroplast 16S rRNA gene promoter region as visualized in electron microscopy. The presence of the polypeptides of 130, 110, 75-95 and 48 kDa in the DNA-enzyme complex was confirmed by a novel approach using immunogold labeling with the respective antibodies. The polypeptides of this purified RNA polymerase were found to be localized in chloroplasts by an indirect immunofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Rajasekhar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine 92717
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Abstract
The transcription systems of chloroplasts and bacteria share different properties. The genetic material of chloroplasts is organized in the same way as bacterial nucleoids. The regulatory DNA sequences for transcription have a strong homology with their E. coli counterparts and some regulatory mechanisms could be conserved. The RNA polymerase subunits and some transcription factors also share similarities with prokaryotes. However, the chloroplast core-enzyme seems to be synthesized in the cytoplasm from nuclear encoded messages.
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Orozco EM, Mullet JE, Chua NH. An in vitro system for accurate transcription initiation of chloroplast protein genes. Nucleic Acids Res 1985; 13:1283-302. [PMID: 2860636 PMCID: PMC341072 DOI: 10.1093/nar/13.4.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed an homologous in vitro system from spinach chloroplasts that correctly initiates transcription of the plastid genes for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) and the beta subunit of the plastid ATPase (atpB). The transcriptionally active extracts from spinach chloroplasts require circular DNA templates for specific initiation. The RNA polymerase activity is insensitive to rifampicin. The extent of transcription in vitro is a function of the extract:template ratio. The efficiency of the rbcL transcription in vitro is more than one transcript per one hundred templates per hour.
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Sarhan F, Chevrier N. A comparative study of nuclear and chloroplast DNA dependent RNA polymerases from wheat leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(84)90179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lerbs S, Briat JF, Mache R. Chloroplast RNA polymerase from spinach: purification and DNA-binding proteins. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1983; 2:67-74. [PMID: 24318138 DOI: 10.1007/bf01595167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/1982] [Revised: 04/05/1983] [Accepted: 04/19/1983] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Spinach DNA dependent RNA polymerase was purified from isolated chloroplasts by two different procedures. Analysis of the protein composition of the two preparations by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis always shows six abundant polypeptides with Mr of 150, 110, 102, 80, 75 and 38 Kd and one less abundant polypeptide of 25 Kd. Some other proteins ranging from 40-70 Kd in Mr are also detected but in a minor and variable amount. The two preparations have an optimum of enzyme activity at 30°C and at 15 mM (NH4)2SO4 when tested with denatured calf thymus DNA.Binding experiments with two different nick translated fragments of spinach chloroplast DNA show that the 80 and 75 Kd polypeptides possess a strong DNA binding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lerbs
- Laboratoire de Physiologie cellulaire végétale, CNRS ERA no 488 Université de Grenoble I, BP 53 X, F-38041, Grenoble Cedex, France
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Briat JF, Mache R. Properties and characterization of a spinach chloroplast RNA polymerase isolated from a tanscriptionally active DNA-protein complex. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 111:503-9. [PMID: 7460913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A chloroplast RNA polymerase has been isolated from a transcriptionally active spinach plastid DNA-protein complex. The properties of the complex and of the reconstituted system have been compared. The crude enzyme is at least sevenfold less active when compared with the complex. RNA synthesis by the reconstituted system is sensitive to high ionic strength and heparin, contrarily to RNA synthesis by the chloroplast DNA-protein complex. On the other hand, rifampicin has no inhibitory effect whatever on the transcriptional system used. The RNA polymerase isolated is more efficient with denatured DNA than with double-stranded DNA and the best template is chloroplast DNA. The crude RNA polymerase isolated migrates in a peak of 11 S in glycerol gradient centrifugation and is located in a single band in non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. About 30 polypeptides (Mr 15 000--180 000) are part of the complex and only eight of them are found in the RNA polymerase preparation. Only five polypeptides are always present with the same yield. They are probably the subunits of the RNA polymerase. The molecular weight of these subunits ranged from 15 000--69 000, even if the isolation of the enzyme was performed in the presence of protease inhibitors.
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Briat JF, Laulhere JP, Mache R. Transcription activity of a DNA-protein complex isolated from spinach plastids. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 98:285-92. [PMID: 467444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb13187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A DNA . protein complex of about 150 S is isolated from purified spinach chloroplasts by Sepharose 4B gel filtration. A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity is found associated with the complex. This DNA protein complex is able to initiate RNA chains in vitro. The RNA synthesis is more dependent on CTP than other nucleoside triphosphates. 50% of the activity is still present with 0.6 M KCl. The temperature optimum occurs between 30 degrees C and 35 degrees C. Rifampicin and rifamycin SV have no inhibitory effect. TNA products have been characterized by gel filtration and by hybridization with chloroplast DNA (ctDNA). At the beginning of transcription DNA products are linked to the transcription complex and are later detached. The molecular weight of the product ranges between 0.07 X 10(6) and 2 X 10(6). A part of the product (3--4%) has a molecular weight higher than 2 X 10(6). No endogenous RNase activity was present during the molecular weight determinations experiments. Hybridization experiments show that at least 75% of the RNA products are hybridizable with ctDNA and that 40% of these products are composed of chloroplast ribosomal RNA, showing that rDNA is preferentially transcribed.
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Roberts D. Sephadex columns equilibrated with NaCl to purify invertase, acid phosphatase and glycosidases from plants. J Chromatogr A 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)95516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Chakravorty AK, Shaw M. A possible molecular basis for obligate host-pathogen interactions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1977; 52:147-79. [PMID: 332241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1977.tb01348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Genetic Control of the Content, Amino Acid Composition, and Processing Properties of Proteins in Wheat. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Isolation of a Transcription-active RNA Polymerase — DNA Complex from Euglena Chloroplasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(17)30337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Apel K, Bogorad L. Light-induced increase in the activity of maize plastid DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 67:615-20. [PMID: 964260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Illumination of dark-grown maize plants induces a rapid rise in DNA-DEPENDENT RNA polymerase activity in plastids. Within 16 h illumination the enzyme activity is isolated plastids increases 3-4 fold as compared to other dark-grown plants illuminated for only 2 h. This change in activity is unaccompanied by either a quantitative rise in the amount of chloroplast RNA polymerase or qualitative changes in the purified enzyme. It is suggested that other factors may be present which interact either with the enzyme or the DNA template and that these factors are responsible for the light-induced enhancement of the RNA polymerase activity inplastids.
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Link G, Richter G. Properties and subunit composition of RNA polymerase II from plant cell cultures. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 395:337-46. [PMID: 1148241 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The purification of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (EC 2.7.7.6) from plant cell cultures of Petroselinum (parsley) is described. The procedure during which enzyme I is eliminated includes initial precipitation with (NH4)2SO4, an ultracentrifugation step, gel filtration on Sepharose 4B, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, DNA-agarose and DEAE-Sephadex. The enzyme purified almost to homogeneity exhibits maximal activity with denatured DNA, and is activated preferentially by Mn2+; alpha-amanitin acts as a strong inhibitor. Electrophoresis of the enzyme in the presence of dodecylsulphate indicates that it is composed of seven subunits with mol. wts of 200 000, 180 000, 140 000, 43 000, 26 000, 25 000 and 16 000. The results of molecular weight and molar ratio determinations suggest that Petroselinum RNA polymerase II may exist in two active forms differing only in the composition of their high molecular weight subunits.
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Sridhara S, Gilbert LI. Alterations in DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity during the development of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Dev Biol 1975; 45:7-20. [PMID: 1181222 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(75)90236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Fabisz-Kijowska A, Dullin P, Walerych W. Isolation and purification of RNA polymerases from rye embryos. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 390:105-16. [PMID: 1125311 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A procedure has been developed for the purification of soluble DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) from rye embryos. The enzyme solubilized by high salt extraction with sonication and resolved by DEAE-cellulose chromatography yields two activities. Enzyme I eluted at 0.15 M (NN4)2SO4, was insensitive to alpha-amanitin and was extremely labile. Enzyme II eluted at 0.25 M (NH4)2SO4 was inhibited by alpha-amanitin. However, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography yields three DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Enzyme I is resistant to amanitin, while II and III enzymes are inhibited by this poison. Partially purified on DEAE-cellulose, polymerase II was further purified by hydrophobic chromatography on an omega-aminobutyl-Sepharose column. After omega-aminobutyl-Sepharose chromatography, enzyme II was stable and was more active with denatured than with native DNA as template. The activity of purified RNA polymerase II is dependent on the DNA, Mn-2+ and Mg-2+ added and requires ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP for its maximum activity. Transcription is inhibited besides by alpha-amanitin, by chromomycin A3, daunomycin, ethidium bromide and actinomycin D. Rifampin and rifamycin SV do not inhibit the enzyme. Synthetic copolymers were also effective as templates.
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Abstract
1. Artichoke tuber tissue contained RNA polymerase activity bound to the chromatin and in the supernatant after chromatin sedimentation. 2. The activity in the supernatant, the soluble polymerase, was fractionated into polymerases I and II by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and the properties of each activity were determined. 3. The proportions of chromatin-bound and soluble activities varied with growth of the tissue, and there was a correlation between chromatin-bound activity and RNA accumulation. 4. The properties of the solubilized chromatin activity were compared with those of the soluble activity, and the relationship between these two activities is discussed.
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Brishammar S, Juntti N. RNA-synthesizing enzymes in healthy and TMV-infected tobacco leaves. Separation and properties of enzymes catalyzing nucleotide polymerization. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 164:218-23. [PMID: 4429349 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Cauliflower RNA polymerase: Partial purification and preliminary characterization of DNA-dependent enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(74)90049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Jendrisak J, Becker WM. Isolation, purification and characterization of RNA polymerases from wheat germ. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 319:48-54. [PMID: 4739046 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Carritt B, Eisenstadt JM. Synthesis in vitro of high-molecular-weight RNA by isolated Euglena chloroplasts. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 36:482-8. [PMID: 4730964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sasaki Y, Sasaki R, Hashizume T, Yamada Y. The solubilization and partial characterization of pea RNA polymerases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 50:785-92. [PMID: 4689077 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)91313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wieland T. [Structure and mode of action of the amatoxins]. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1972; 59:225-31. [PMID: 5065761 DOI: 10.1007/bf00610196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Polya GM, Jagendorf AT. Wheat leaf RNA polymerases. II. Kinetic characterization and template specificities of nuclear, chloroplast, and soluble enzymes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 146:649-57. [PMID: 5114924 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(71)90173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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