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Waldman AJ, Ng TL, Wang P, Balskus EP. Heteroatom-Heteroatom Bond Formation in Natural Product Biosynthesis. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5784-5863. [PMID: 28375000 PMCID: PMC5534343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural products that contain functional groups with heteroatom-heteroatom linkages (X-X, where X = N, O, S, and P) are a small yet intriguing group of metabolites. The reactivity and diversity of these structural motifs has captured the interest of synthetic and biological chemists alike. Functional groups containing X-X bonds are found in all major classes of natural products and often impart significant biological activity. This review presents our current understanding of the biosynthetic logic and enzymatic chemistry involved in the construction of X-X bond containing functional groups within natural products. Elucidating and characterizing biosynthetic pathways that generate X-X bonds could both provide tools for biocatalysis and synthetic biology, as well as guide efforts to uncover new natural products containing these structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J. Waldman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Tai L. Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Emily P. Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
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2
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Lam KS, Gustavson DR, Veitch JM, Forenza S, Ross J, Miller D, Roach J, Lebherz WB, Poole K. Large scale production and semi-purification of kedarcidin in a 1000-L fermentor. JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY 1994; 13:356-60. [PMID: 7765667 DOI: 10.1007/bf01577219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Actinomycete strain ATCC 53650 was grown in a 1000-L fermentor containing 680 L of medium and the production of kedarcidin was monitored by HPLC. The titers of kedarcidin in the fermentor cultures were 0.49-0.53 mg ml-1. A quick and efficient purification method involving the use of anion exchange resin DE23 (batch adsorption-desorption) and an ultrafiltration system yielded high recovery (65% yield) of kedarcidin from the fermentor culture. Over 200 grams of lyophilized kedarcidin of 70% purity was recovered from each of two 1000-L fermentor cultures using this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Lam
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT
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Teplyakov A, Obmolova G, Wilson K, Kuromizu K. Crystal structure of apo-neocarzinostatin at 0.15-nm resolution. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 213:737-41. [PMID: 8477746 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of apo-neocarzinostatin, an antitumour antibiotic protein isolated from Streptomyces carzinostaticus, has been determined by X-ray diffraction at 0.15-nm resolution and refined to R = 17.2%. The crystal structure of neocarzinostatin is similar to that of the related proteins actinoxanthin and macromomycin. It is also in good agreement with the solution structure determined by NMR spectroscopy. The protein molecule consists of a seven-stranded antiparallel beta-sandwich and a smaller lobe formed by two beta-ribbons. A deep cleft between the two lobes is a putative chromophore binding site. Side chains of Trp39, Leu45, Phe52, Phe78 and the disulphide Cys37-Cys47 aligning the binding cleft in neocarzinostatin suggest the importance of hydrophobic interactions in stabilizing the chromophore molecule. Comparison of the atomic models of neocarzinostatin, actinoxanthin and macromomycin reveals functional residues which might determine specificity towards different chromophores.
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Kuromizu K, Abe O, Maeda H. Location of the disulfide bonds in the antitumor protein neocarzinostatin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 286:569-73. [PMID: 1832834 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90081-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two disulfide bonds in the antitumor antibiotic neocarzinostatin were determined chemically. The peptic and peptic/thermolytic peptides from the native protein were isolated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography followed by reverse-phase HPLC. The cystine peptides obtained were oxidized separately by performic acid treatment and further separated by HPLC into cysteic acid peptides. Sequence analyses of the isolated peptides revealed the location of the disulfide bonds at Cys37-Cys47 and Cys88-Cys93.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kuromizu
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Japan
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Stability of solutions of antineoplastic agents during preparation and storage for in vitro assays. II. Assay methods, adriamycin and the other antitumour antibiotics. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1986; 17:1-10. [PMID: 2421936 DOI: 10.1007/bf00299858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The methods used to test drug stability are discussed in the light of two recent publications using biological assays. It is concluded that, as far as possible, stability-indicating assays should be used so that possible false results do not lead to erroneous conclusions. Many of the results of the stability studies with adriamycin were found to be at variance with each other, with a 20-fold difference in stability being reported in one case by different groups from virtually identical experiments. Definitive statements about adriamycin stability are therefore impossible, but it is clear that it is sensitive to light, adsorbs to membrane filters and containers (except polypropylene and siliconised glass), chelates metal ions and probably degrades rapidly in medium. Adriamycin's analogues may well have the same spectrum of sensitivity. Bleomycin, actinomycin D and neocarzinostatin were found to be stable for greater than or equal to 2 weeks at room temperature. All the other antitumour antibiotics investigated (except rubidazone) are stable for greater than or equal to 24 h at room temperature and longer at 5 degrees C. Almost all of them are sensitive to light and are most stable in neutral or slightly acid media, and many of them adsorb to membrane filters. They can probably all be stored frozen in solution.
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Kuromizu K, Tsunasawa S, Maeda H, Abe O, Sakiyama F. Reexamination of the primary structure of an antitumor protein, neocarzinostatin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 246:199-205. [PMID: 2938543 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The primary structure of an antitumor protein, neocarzinostatin, has been reinvestigated by conventional and gas-phase Edman degradation procedures. Sequence analyses of tryptic peptides of both S-carboxymethylated and S-aminoethylated derivatives as well as peptic peptides of the native protein revealed a revised primary structure of neocarzinostatin. The present sequence of 113 amino acid residues thus established agrees with results obtained by fast atom bombardment and gas chromatographic mass spectrometry which were published recently [B.N. Gibson, W.C. Herlihy, T.S.A. Samy, K.S. Hahm, H. Maeda, J. Meienhofer, and K. Biemann (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 10801-10806]. The assignment of four intriguing asparagine/aspartic acid residues has been also achieved.
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Gibson BW, Herlihy WC, Samy TS, Hahm KS, Maeda H, Meienhofer J, Biemann K. A revised primary structure for neocarzinostatin based on fast atom bombardment and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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8
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Samy TS, Hahm KS, Modest EJ, Lampman GW, Keutmann HT, Umezawa H, Herlihy WC, Gibson BW, Carr SA, Biemann K. Primary structure of macromomycin, an antitumor antibiotic protein. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Lewis RS, Jung G, Köhnlein W. A model for the activation and inactivation of neocarzinostatin, an antitumor protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 608:138-46. [PMID: 6446321 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(80)90141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sulfhydryl compounds specifically activate and inactive neocarzinostatin as measured by the in vitro strand scission of T2 DNA. This effect, and evidence for strained disulfides in the molecule, leads us to propose a model of activation and inactivation. We suggest that neocarzinostatin reacts with sulfhydryl reagents to produce a short-lived active form which may react with DNA or proceed irreversibly via a conformational change to an inactive form (preneocarzinostatin). Three parameters of neocarzinostatin activity (inactivation rate, single strand break plateau position, and initial single strand break rate), have been measured for various sulfhydryl concentrations, and the observed results agree well with values expected from a simplified mathematical treatment of the model, thus supporting the assumptions made.
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Samy T, Kappen L, Goldberg I. Reversible modification of arginine residues in neocarzinostatin. Isolation of a biologically active 89-residue fragment from the tryptic hydrolysate. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Goldberg IH, Hatayama T, Kappen LS, Napier MA. DNA as a target for a protein antibiotic: molecular basis of action. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, AND BIOPHYSICS 1980; 32:308-22. [PMID: 6449657 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-81503-4_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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12
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Napier MA, Holmquist B, Strydom DJ, Goldberg IH. Neocarzinostatin: spectral characterization and separation of a non-protein chromophore. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 89:635-42. [PMID: 39562 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)90677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Maeda H, Yamamoto N, Yamashita A. Fate and distribution of [14C] succinyl neocarzinostatin in rats. Eur J Cancer 1976; 12:865-70. [PMID: 136355 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(76)90003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Maeda H, Glaser CB, Kuromizu K, Meienhofer J. Structure of the antitumor protein neocarzinostatin. Amino acid sequence. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 164:379-85. [PMID: 4282219 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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