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Li Q, Wang H, Zhang W, Wang W, Ren X, Wu M, Shi G. Structure-Guided Evolution Modulate Alcohol Oxidase to Improve Ethanol Oxidation Performance. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:1948-1965. [PMID: 37453026 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04626-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
A high ethanol usage of alcohol oxidase (AOX) was required in industry. In this study, a "expand substrate pocket" strategy achieved a high activity AOX from Hansenula polymorpha (H. polymorpha) by Phe to Val residue (F/V) site-directed mutation to enlarge ethanol channel. Although H. Polymorpha AOX (HpAOX) possessed respectively 71.3% and 76.1% similarity with AOX (PpAOX) from Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) in DNA and protein sequences, their active site structures including catalytic site and substrate channel were similar according to computer-aided analysis. After 3D structure analysis, Phe99 residue of their substrate channels was the most important residue to impact enzyme activity because of its large aromatic side chains. F99V mutation of HpAOX (HpAOXF99V) was designed and executed based on the enzyme catalytic mechanism and molecular computation in order to allow more larger size ethanol into active site. The highest enzyme activity of the fourth strains of HpAOXF99V mutant strain exhibited 12.06-folds increase than that of the host GS115 strain. Furthermore, kinetic studies indicated that the HpAOXF99V significantly promoted catalytic efficiency of ethanol than HpAOX, including Km, Vmax, kcat and kcat/Km. We also provided a new insight that the cofactor FAD irritated both active AOX octamer biosynthesis production and enzyme-catalysed ability due to help enzyme assembly and redox potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Haiou Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China.
| | - Wenxiao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ren
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyao Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqing Shi
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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2
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Properties, Physiological Functions and Involvement of Basidiomycetous Alcohol Oxidase in Wood Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213808. [PMID: 36430286 PMCID: PMC9699415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research efforts have been devoted to describing yeast alcohol oxidase (AO) and its promoter region, which is vastly applied in studies of heterologous gene expression. However, little is known about basidiomycetous AO and its physiological role in wood degradation. This review describes several alcohol oxidases from both white and brown rot fungi, highlighting their physicochemical and kinetic properties. Moreover, the review presents a detailed analysis of available AO-encoding gene promoter regions in basidiomycetous fungi with a discussion of the manipulations of culture conditions in relation to the modification of alcohol oxidase gene expression and changes in enzyme production. The analysis of reactions catalyzed by lignin-modifying enzymes (LME) and certain lignin auxiliary enzymes (LDA) elucidated the possible involvement of alcohol oxidase in the degradation of derivatives of this polymer. Combined data on lignin degradation pathways suggest that basidiomycetous AO is important in secondary reactions during lignin decomposition by wood degrading fungi. With numerous alcoholic substrates, the enzyme is probably engaged in a variety of catalytic reactions leading to the detoxification of compounds produced in lignin degradation processes and their utilization as a carbon source by fungal mycelium.
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3
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Stewart KN, Domaille DW. A one-pot biocatalytic and organocatalytic cascade delivers high titers of 2-ethyl-2-hexenal from n-butanol. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00568e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Combining an organocatalyst with isolated alcohol oxidase or a whole-cell biocatalyst delivers 2-ethyl-2-hexenal in a one-pot, two-step biocatalytic/organocatalytic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey N. Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Dylan W. Domaille
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
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4
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Venkatesagowda B, Dekker RFH. A rapid method to detect and estimate the activity of the enzyme, alcohol oxidase by the use of two chemical complexes - acetylacetone (3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine) and acetylacetanilide (3,5-di-N-phenylacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine). J Microbiol Methods 2019; 158:71-79. [PMID: 30716345 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method has been devised in order to detect and estimate the synthesis of the enzyme alcohol oxidase (AOX) by fungi, by way of the use of two chemical complexes, namely, acetylacetone (3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine) and acetylacetanilide (3,5-di-N-phenylacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine). This method involves the use of the AOX enzyme that could specifically oxidize methanol, giving rise to equimolar equivalents each of formaldehyde (HCHO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the end products. Further, the formaldehyde, thus produced was allowed to interact with the neutral solutions of acetylacetone and the ammonium salt, gradually developing a yellow color, owing to the synthesis and release of 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (yellow product; λ = 420 nm; λex/em = 390/470 nm) and the product, so generated was quantified spectrophotometrically by measureing its absorbance at 412 nm. In another set up, the amount of formaldehyde produced as a sequel to the oxidation of methanol by the AOX enzyme was determined by allowing it to react with the acetylacetanilide reagent, after which the volume of the fluorescent product - 3,5-di-N-phenylacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (colorless product; λex/em = 390/470 nm) that was generated was estimated by measuring its emission at 460 nm (excitation wavelength at 360 nm) in a spectrophotometer. Of the various substrates tested, a commercial source of the AOX enzyme appreciably oxidizes methanol, thereby generating formaldehyde, and further reacts with acetylacetone, to give rise to a bright yellow complex, displaying a maximum activity of 1402 U/mL. Determination of the AOX activity by the use of acetylacetone and acetylacetanilide could serve as a viable alternative to the conventional alcohol oxidase-peroxidase-2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (AOX-POD-ABTS) based method. In view of this, this method appears to be invaluable for application at the various food, pharmaceutical, fuel, biosensor, biorefinery, biopolymer, biomaterial, platform chemical, and biodiesel industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Venkatesagowda
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
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5
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Mangkorn N, Kanokratana P, Roongsawang N, Laosiripojana N, Champreda V. Purification, characterization, and stabilization of alcohol oxidase from Ogataea thermomethanolica. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 150:26-32. [PMID: 29738827 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol oxidase (AOX) functions in oxidation of primary alcohols into the corresponding aldehydes with potential on catalyzing synthesis reactions in chemical industry. In this study, AOX from a thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast, Ogataea thermomethanolica (OthAOX) was purified to high homogeneity using a single step chromatographic separation on a DEAE-Sepharose column. The purified OthAOX had a specific activity of 15.34 U/mg with 77.5% recovery yield. The enzyme worked optimally at 50 °C in an alkaline range (pH 9.0). According to kinetic analysis, OthAOX showed a higher affinity toward short-chain aliphatic primary alcohol with the Vmax, Km, and kcat of 0.24 nmol/min, 0.27 mM, and 3628.8 min-1, respectively against methanol. Addition of alginic acid (0.35%) showed a protective effect on enhancing thermal stability of the enzyme, resulting in 72% increase in its half-life at 40 °C under the operational conditions. This enzyme represents a promising candidate for conversion of bioethanol to acetaldehyde as secondary chemical in biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthaya Mangkorn
- Joint Graduate School for Energy and Environment (JGSEE), King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Pattanop Kanokratana
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Niran Roongsawang
- Microbial Cell Factory Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Navadol Laosiripojana
- Joint Graduate School for Energy and Environment (JGSEE), King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; JGSEE-BIOTEC Integrative Biorefinery Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Innovative Cluster 2 Building, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Verawat Champreda
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; JGSEE-BIOTEC Integrative Biorefinery Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Innovative Cluster 2 Building, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
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6
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Purification and Characterization of Isoamyl Alcohol Oxidase ("Mureka"-Forming Enzyme). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 63:1216-22. [PMID: 27380232 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.63.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Isoamyl alcohol oxidase (IAAOD) was purified to apparent homogeneity on SDS-PAGE from ultrafiltration (UF) concentrated sake. IAAOD was a glycoprotein, a monomeric protein with an apparent molecular mass of 73 and 87 kDa, by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration on HPLC, respectively. IAAOD showed high substrate specificity toward C5 branched-chain alkyl alcohol (isoamyl alcohol), and no activity toward shorter (C1-C4) or longer (C7-C10) alkyl alcohols tested. IAAOD was stable between pH 3.0-6.0 at 25°C. The optimum pH was 4.5 at 35°C. Heavy metal ions, p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), hydrazine, and hydroxylamine strongly inhibited the enzyme activity, and an anti-oxidant like L-ascorbate did also. Isovaleraldehyde was produced markedly in pasteurized sake by adding purified IAAOD, therefore, we concluded that it was the enzyme that causes formation of mureka, an off-flavor of sake, the main component of which is isovaleraldehyde.
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7
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Fang Y, Umasankar Y, Ramasamy RP. A novel bi-enzyme electrochemical biosensor for selective and sensitive determination of methyl salicylate. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 81:39-45. [PMID: 26918616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An amperometric sensor based on a bi-enzyme modified electrode was fabricated to detect methyl salicylate, a volatile organic compound released by pathogen-infected plants via systemic response. The detection is based on cascadic conversion reactions that result in an amperometric electrochemical signal. The bi-enzyme electrode is made of alcohol oxidase and horseradish peroxidase enzymes immobilized on to a carbon nanotube matrix through a molecular tethering method. Methyl salicylate undergoes hydrolysis to form methanol, which is consumed by alcohol oxidase to form formaldehyde while simultaneously reducing oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide will be further reduced to water by horseradish peroxidase, which results in an amperometric signal via direct electron transfer. The bi-enzyme biosensor was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and constant potential amperometry using hydrolyzed methyl salicylate as the analyte. The sensitivity of the bi-enzyme biosensor as determined by cyclic voltammetry and constant potential amperometry were 112.37 and 282.82μAcm(-2)mM(-1) respectively, and the corresponding limits of detection were 22.95 and 0.98μM respectively. Constant potential amperometry was also used to evaluate durability, repeatability and interference from other compounds. Wintergreen oil was used for real sample study to establish the application of the bi-enzyme sensor for selective determination of plant pathogen infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fang
- Nano Electrochemistry Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Yogeswaran Umasankar
- Nano Electrochemistry Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Ramaraja P Ramasamy
- Nano Electrochemistry Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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8
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Gvozdev AR, Tukhvatullin IA, Gvozdev RI. Quinone-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases and FAD-dependent alcohol oxidases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:843-56. [PMID: 22860906 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912080056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review considers quinone-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases and FAD-dependent alcohol oxidases, enzymes that are present in numerous methylotrophic eu- and prokaryotes and significantly differ in their primary and quaternary structure. The cofactors of the enzymes are bound to the protein polypeptide chain through ionic and hydrophobic interactions. Microorganisms containing these enzymes are described. Methods for purification of the enzymes, their physicochemical properties, and spatial structures are considered. The supposed mechanism of action and practical application of these enzymes as well as their producers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Gvozdev
- Biosensor AN Ltd., pr. Akademika Semenova 1, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia.
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9
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Kjellander M, Götz K, Liljeruhm J, Boman M, Johansson G. Steady-state generation of hydrogen peroxide: kinetics and stability of alcohol oxidase immobilized on nanoporous alumina. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 35:585-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-1110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Gasser CA, Hommes G, Schäffer A, Corvini PFX. Multi-catalysis reactions: new prospects and challenges of biotechnology to valorize lignin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1115-34. [PMID: 22782247 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Considerable effort has been dedicated to the chemical depolymerization of lignin, a biopolymer constituting a possible renewable source for aromatic value-added chemicals. However, these efforts yielded limited success up until now. Efficient lignin conversion might necessitate novel catalysts enabling new types of reactions. The use of multiple catalysts, including a combination of biocatalysts, might be necessary. New perspectives for the combination of bio- and inorganic catalysts in one-pot reactions are emerging, thanks to green chemistry-driven advances in enzyme engineering and immobilization and new chemical catalyst design. Such combinations could offer several advantages, especially by reducing time and yield losses associated with the isolation and purification of the reaction products, but also represent a big challenge since the optimal reaction conditions of bio- and chemical catalysis reactions are often different. This mini-review gives an overview of bio- and inorganic catalysts having the potential to be used in combination for lignin depolymerization. We also discuss key aspects to consider when combining these catalysts in one-pot reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Gasser
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, Muttenz, 4132, Switzerland
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11
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Kakoti A, Kumar AK, Goswami P. Microsome-bound alcohol oxidase catalyzed production of carbonyl compounds from alcohol substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Wang RE, Costanza F, Niu Y, Wu H, Hu Y, Hang W, Sun Y, Cai J. Development of self-immolative dendrimers for drug delivery and sensing. J Control Release 2011; 159:154-63. [PMID: 22155555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traditional dendrimers possess unique cascade-branched structural properties that allow for multivalent modifications with drug cargos, targeting/delivery agents and imaging tools. In addition to multivalency, the dendrimer's macromolecular size also brings about the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, which makes it an attracting agent for drug delivery and biosensing. Similar to other macromolecules, therapeutic application of dendrimers in the human body faces practical challenges such as target specificity and toxicity. The latter represents a substantial issue due to the dendrimer's unnatural chemical structure and relatively large size, which prohibit its in vivo degradation and excretion from the body. To date, a class of self-immolative dendrimers has been developed to overcome these obstacles, which takes advantage of its unique structural backbone to allow for cascade decompositions upon a simple triggering event. The specific drug release can be achieved through a careful design of the trigger, and as a result of the fragmentation, the generated small molecules are either biodegradable or easily excreted from the body. Though still at a preliminary stage, the development of this novel approach represents an important direction in nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery and sensor design, thereby opening up an insightful frontier of dendrimer based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongsheng E Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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13
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Gvozdev AR, Tukhvatullin IA, Gvozdev RI. Purification and properties of alcohol oxidase from Pichia putida. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:242-8. [PMID: 20367612 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791002015x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol oxidase (AO) was extracted from the methylotrophic yeast Pichia putida and purified using various methods. AO purified by crystallization was homogeneous based on analytical centrifugation with subsequent gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. The molecular weight of the enzyme was around 600 kDa. SDS-PAGE revealed a single protein band (74 +/- 4 kDa), and 8-9 bands of native protein with similar specific AO activities and substrate specificities were identified by PAGE without SDS. Electron microscopy of a single molecule revealed eight subunits located on the top of a regular tetragon with dotted symmetry of 422 D4 providing evidence that AO consists of eight subunits. Apparently, each molecule of AO has two types of subunits with very similar molecular weights and differing from each other by the number of acidic and basic amino acid residues. Each subunit includes one molecule of FAD and 2-3 cysteine residues. The pH optimum was within 8.5-9.0. Specific activity of the enzyme varied from 10 to 50 micromol methanol/min per mg protein from batch to batch depending on separation methods and had linear relationship with protein concentration. The AO was quickly inactivated at 20 degrees C and seemed to be stable in phosphate-citrate buffer with 30-50% (w/v) of sucrose. Different forms of 0.1-1 mm crystals of the enzyme were obtained. However the crystals did not yield X-ray reflections, apparently as a result of their molecular microheterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Gvozdev
- Biosensor AN Ltd., Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia.
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14
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Zhang H, Loovers HM, Xu LQ, Wang M, Rowling PJE, Itzhaki LS, Gong W, Zhou JM, Jones GW, Perrett S. Alcohol oxidase (AOX1) from Pichia pastoris is a novel inhibitor of prion propagation and a potential ATPase. Mol Microbiol 2009; 71:702-16. [PMID: 19040632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous results suggest that methylotrophic yeasts may contain factors that modulate prion stability. Alcohol oxidase (AOX), a key enzyme in methanol metabolism, is an abundant protein that is specific to methylotrophic yeasts. We examined the effect of Pichia pastoris AOX1 on prion phenotypes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The S. cerevisiae prion states [PSI(+)] and [URE3] arise from aggregation of the proteins Sup35p and Ure2p respectively, and correlate with the ability of Sup35p and Ure2p to form amyloid-like fibrils in vitro. We found that expression of P. pastoris AOX1 in S. cerevisiae had no effect on propagation of the [PSI(+)] prion, but inhibited propagation of [URE3]. Addition of AOX1 early in the time-course of fibril formation inhibits Ure2p fibril formation in vitro. AOX1 has not previously been identified as an ATPase. However, we discovered that in addition to its flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent AOX activity, AOX1 possesses ATPase activity. This study identifies AOX1 as a novel prion inhibitory factor and a potential ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
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15
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Romero E, Ferreira P, Martínez AT, Martínez MJ. New oxidase from Bjerkandera arthroconidial anamorph that oxidizes both phenolic and nonphenolic benzyl alcohols. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1794:689-97. [PMID: 19110079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A new flavooxidase is described from a Bjerkandera arthroconidial anamorph. Its physicochemical characteristics, a monomeric enzyme containing non-covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and several catalytic properties, such as oxidation of aromatic and polyunsaturated aliphatic primary alcohols, are similar to those of Pleurotus eryngii aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO). However, it also efficiently oxidizes phenolic benzyl and cinnamyl alcohols that are typical substrates of vanillyl-alcohol oxidase (VAO), a flavooxidase from a different family, characterized by its multimeric nature and presence of covalently-bound FAD. The enzyme also differs from P. eryngii AAO by having extremely high efficiency oxidizing chlorinated benzyl alcohols (1000-1500 s(-1) mM(-1)), a feature related to the different alcohol metabolites secreted by the Pleurotus and Bjerkandera species including chloroaromatics, and higher activity on aromatic aldehydes. What is even more intriguing is the fact that, the new oxidase is optimally active at pH 6.0 on both p-anisyl and vanillyl alcohols, suggesting a mechanism for phenolic benzyl alcohol oxidation that is different from that described in VAO, which proceeds via the substrate phenolate anion formed at basic pH. Based on the above properties, and its ADP-binding motif, partially detected after N-terminus sequencing, the new enzyme is classified as a member of the GMC (glucose-methanol-choline oxidase) oxidoreductase family oxidizing both AAO and VAO substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Purification and characterization of alcohol oxidase from Paecilomyces variotii isolated as a formaldehyde-resistant fungus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 77:995-1002. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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18
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Shleev SV, Shumakovich GP, Nikitina OV, Morozova OV, Pavlishko HM, Gayda GZ, Gonchar MV. Purification and characterization of alcohol oxidase from a genetically constructed over-producing strain of the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:245-50. [PMID: 16545060 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol oxidase (AOX) has been purified 8-fold from a genetically constructed over-producing strain of the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha C-105 (gcr1 catX) with impaired glucose-induced catabolite repression and completely devoid of catalase. The final enzyme preparation was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and HPLC. Some physicochemical and biochemical properties of AOX were studied in detail: molecular weight (approximately 620 kD), isoelectric point (pI 6.1), and UV-VIS, circular dichroism (CD), and fluorescence spectra. The content of different secondary structure motifs of the enzyme has been calculated from the CD spectra using a computer program. It was found that the native protein contains about 50% alpha-helix, 25% beta-sheet, and about 20% random structures. The kinetic parameters for different substrates, such as methanol, ethanol, and formaldehyde, were measured using a Clark oxygen electrode. The rate of enzymatic oxidation of formaldehyde by alcohol oxidase from H. polymorpha is only twice lower compared to the best substrate of the enzyme, methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Shleev
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
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19
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Ko HS, Yokoyama Y, Ohno N, Okadome M, Amachi S, Shinoyama H, Fujii T. Purification and characterization of intracellular and extracellular, thermostable and alkali-tolerant alcohol oxidases produced by a thermophilic fungus, Thermoascus aurantiacus NBRC 31693. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 99:348-53. [PMID: 16233800 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.99.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular and extracellular alcohol oxidases (AO int and AO ext) were purified from the liquid and solid cultures of a thermophilic fungus, Thermoascus aurantiacus NBRC 31693, as electrophoretically and isoelectrophoretically homogeneous proteins, respectively. Both enzymes contained a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor and were stained with Schiff's reagent. The molecular weight of AO int was estimated to be about 320 kDa and its subunit was 75 kDa. The molecular weight of AO ext was about 560 kDa, and it was composed of two types of subunits (75 kDa and 59 kDa). The pIs of AO int and AO ext were 5.88 and 6.08, respectively. AO int and AO ext were stable up to 60 degrees C and 55 degrees C, respectively. The enzymes were stable over a wide range of pH from 6 to 11. AO int oxidized short straight-chain alcohols (K(m) for methanol, 13.5 mM and K(m) for ethanol, 15.8 mM). On the other hand, AO ext could oxidize secondary alcohols and aromatic alcohols (veratryl alcohol and benzyl alcohol) in addition to straight-chain alcohols (K(m) for methanol, 0.5 mM and K(m) for ethanol, 10.2 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sun Ko
- Department of Bioresources Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo-city, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
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20
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Anthon GE, Barrett DM. Comparison of three colorimetric reagents in the determination of methanol with alcohol oxidase. Application to the assay of pectin methylesterase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:3749-53. [PMID: 15186092 DOI: 10.1021/jf035284w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Three colorimetric reagents for the determination of formaldehyde, the Nash reagent (ammonia plus acetylacetone), Purpald (4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole), and N-methylbenzothiazolinone-2-hydrazone (MBTH), were compared for the determination of methanol when used in conjunction with alcohol oxidase. The combination of alcohol oxidase plus the commonly used Nash reagent was specific for methanol versus ethanol, but had the lowest sensitivity of the three reagents tested. Substituting Purpald for the Nash reagent increased the sensitivity 3-fold while still maintaining a high (59-fold) selectivity for methanol versus ethanol. Using MBTH increased the sensitivity still further, but with a loss of the selectivity toward methanol. Since MBTH reacted with aldehydes under neutral conditions, it could be included along with the alcohol oxidase to act as an aldehyde trap. This prevented further oxidation reactions by alcohol oxidase and allowed for extended incubations. A procedure for assaying low levels of pectin methylesterase activity that relies on this trapping ability is described. In addition, alcohol oxidase plus Purpald is shown to be a simple and sensitive way to measure the methanol released from plant material following the thermal activation of endogenous pectin methylesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon E Anthon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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21
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Karra-Chaabouni M, Pulvin S, Meziani A, Thomas D, Touraud D, Kunz W. Biooxidation of n-hexanol by alcohol oxidase and catalase in biphasic and micellar systems without solvent. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 81:27-32. [PMID: 12432578 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol oxidase from Pichia pastoris together with catalase from bovine liver was used to oxidize n-hexanol to hexanal. For this purpose, an aqueous buffer solution was mixed with large amounts of hexanol by simple agitation, yielding a biphasic system, or by adding the nonionic surfactant Brij 35. Initial velocities and reaction yields after 24 h were measured as a function of various parameters such as the amounts of enzymes, hexanol, or surfactant. High enzymatic activity was determined for hexanol concentrations of between 20 mass% and 80 mass% without using any additional organic solvent. The homogenization of the biphasic systems with the help of Brij 35 did not yield a significant improvement of the bioconversion, which would justify the use of surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Karra-Chaabouni
- Laboratoire de Technologie Enzymatique, Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC), France
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22
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Dienys G, Jarmalavičius S, Budrien≐ S, Čitavičius D, Sereikait≐ J. Alcohol oxidase from the yeast Pichia pastoris—a potential catalyst for organic synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(02)00135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Segers G, Bradshaw N, Archer D, Blissett K, Oliver RP. Alcohol oxidase is a novel pathogenicity factor for Cladosporium fulvum, but aldehyde dehydrogenase is dispensable. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2001; 14:367-77. [PMID: 11277434 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.3.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cladosporiumfulvum is a mitosporic ascomycete pathogen of tomato. A study of fungal genes expressed during carbon starvation in vitro identified several genes that were up regulated during growth in planta. These included genes predicted to encode acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (Aldh1) and alcohol oxidase (Aox1). An Aldh1 deletion mutant was constructed. This mutant lacked all detectable ALDH activity, had lost the ability to grow with ethanol as a carbon source, but was unaffected in pathogenicity. Aox1 expression was induced by carbon starvation and during the later stages of infection. The alcohol oxidase enzyme activity has broadly similar properties (Km values, substrate specificity, pH, and heat stability) to yeast enzymes. Antibodies raised to Hansenula polymorpha alcohol oxidase (AOX) detected antigens in Western blots of starved C. fulvum mycelium and infected plant material. Antigen reacting with the antibodies was localized to organelles resembling peroxisomes in starved mycelium and infected plants. Disruption mutants of Aox1 lacked detectable AOX activity and had markedly reduced pathogenicity as assayed by two different measures of fungal growth. These results identify alcohol oxidase as a novel pathogenicity factor and are discussed in relation to peroxisomal metabolism of fungal pathogens during growth in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Segers
- Department of Physiology, Carlsberg Laboratory, Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
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24
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Borzeix F, Monot F, Vandecasteele JP. Bi-enzymatic reaction for alcohol oxidation in organic media: From purified enzymes to cellular systems. Enzyme Microb Technol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)00104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Schneider H, Levy-Rick S, Labelle JL. Oxidation of alcohols to acids and ketones byHansenula polymorpha. Biotechnol Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01190641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Bárzana E. Gas phase biosensors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0102323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Dickinson FM, Wadforth C. Purification and some properties of alcohol oxidase from alkane-grown Candida tropicalis. Biochem J 1992; 282 ( Pt 2):325-31. [PMID: 1546949 PMCID: PMC1130782 DOI: 10.1042/bj2820325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol oxidase was purified to homogeneity from membrane fractions obtained from alkane-grown Candida tropicalis. The enzyme appears to be a dimer of equal-sized subunits of Mr 70000. The purified enzyme is photosensitive and contains flavin-type material which is released by a combination of boiling and proteolytic digestion. The identity of the flavin material is not yet known, but it is not FMN, FAD or riboflavin. The enzyme is most active with dodecan-I-ol, but other long-chain alcohols are also attacked. The enzyme shows a weak, but significant activity towards long-chain aldehydes. Detailed kinetic studies with decan-1-ol as substrate suggest a group-transfer (Ping-Pong)-type mechanism of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Dickinson
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Hull, U.K
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28
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Kellogg RM, Kruizinga W, Bystrykh LV, Dijkhuizen L, Harder W. Structural analysis of a stereochemical modification of flavin adenine dinucleotide in alcohol oxidase from methylotrophic yeasts. Tetrahedron 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)92193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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van der Klei IJ, Harder W, Veenhuis M. Biosynthesis and assembly of alcohol oxidase, a peroxisomal matrix protein in methylotrophic yeasts: a review. Yeast 1991; 7:195-209. [PMID: 1882546 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320070302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol oxidase (AO) catalyses the first step of methanol metabolism in yeasts. In vivo the enzyme is compartmentalized in special cell compartments, called peroxisomes. The enzyme along with the organelles are induced during growth of methylotrophic yeasts on methanol as the sole carbon source. Like all other peroxisomal matrix proteins, AO is encoded by a nuclear gene. Expression of the protein is regulated by a repression/derepression mechanism, but also by induction. Inactive monomeric precursor protein is synthesized in the cytosol and subsequently imported post-translationally into peroxisomes without further processing. Assembly into the active homo-octameric enzyme and binding of the prosthetic group flavin adenine dinucleotide occurs inside the organelle. When enhanced concentration of octameric alcohol oxidase are present in the organelles, the enzyme may form a crystalloid. Oligomerization is not dependent on translocation of AO precursors into their target organelle since octameric, active AO is detected in the cytosol and nucleus of peroxisome-deficient mutants of Hansenula polymorpha: at high expression rates large cytosolic AO crystalloids are formed, which occasionally are also encountered inside the nucleus of such mutants. This paper summarizes recent findings and views on the mechanisms involved in synthesis, import, assembly and crystallization of this important peroxisomal enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J van der Klei
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Center, Kerklaan, The Netherlands
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30
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Duine JA, van Dijken JP. Enzymes of industrial potential from methylotrophs. BIOTECHNOLOGY (READING, MASS.) 1991; 18:233-52. [PMID: 1909915 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7506-9188-8.50017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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31
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Nelles LP, Arnold JA, Willman DS. Enzymatic production of hydrogen peroxide and acetaldehyde in a pressure reactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 1990; 36:834-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260360813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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33
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Duff SJ, Murray WD, Overend RP. Factors affecting the yeast-mediated conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde in batch reactors. Enzyme Microb Technol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(89)90128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Barzana E, Klibanov AM, Karel M. A colorimetric method for the enzymatic analysis of gases: the determination of ethanol and formaldehyde vapors using solid alcohol oxidase. Anal Biochem 1989; 182:109-15. [PMID: 2690675 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel enzymatic approach to the direct determination of ethanol vapors in the gas phase is described. The system is composed of alcohol oxidase, peroxidase, and the color indicator 2,6-dichloroindophenol dispersed on microcrystalline cellulose (avicel). Simple devices are developed for the semiquantitative determination of ethanol in the breath. The devices are optimized to produce a sharp color change at a set time of 1 min for ethanol concentrations above the legal limit for driving (kinetic method) or a stable final color after 5 min (equilibrium method). Such color changes are detectable by simple visual observation. Using TLC plastic sheets and a transmittance densitometer, the system can also be used as a quantitative method for the determination of ethanol or formaldehyde vapors. Dehydrated enzymes may be useful for the analysis of hazardous gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Barzana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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35
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Duff SJB, Murray WD. Oxidation of benzyl alcohol by whole cells ofPichia pastoris and by alcohol oxidase in aqueous and nonaqueous reaction media. Biotechnol Bioeng 1989; 34:153-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260340203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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DUFF SHELDONJB, MURRAY WILLIAMD. Production of Flavor Aldehydes Using Nongrowing Whole Cells of Pichia pastoris. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb25869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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van der Klei IJ, Veenhuis M, Nicolay K, Harder W. In vivo inactivation of peroxisomal alcohol oxidase in Hansenula polymorpha by KCN is an irreversible process. Arch Microbiol 1988; 151:26-33. [PMID: 2644908 DOI: 10.1007/bf00444664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The fate of alcohol oxidase (AO) in chemostat-grown cells of Hansenula polymorpha, after its inactivation by KCN, was studied during subsequent cultivation of the cyanide-treated cells in fresh methanol media. Biochemical experiments showed that the cyanide-induced inactivation of AO was due to the release of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) from the holo enzyme. However, dissociation of octameric AO into subunits was not observed. Subsequent growth of intact cyanide-treated cells in fresh methanol media was paralleled by proteolytic degradation of part of the peroxisomes present in the cells. The recovery of AO activity, concurrently observed in these cultures, was accounted for by synthesis of new enzyme protein. Reactivation of previously inactivated AO was not observed, even in the presence of FAD in such cultures. Newly synthesized AO protein was incorporated in only few of the peroxisomes present in the cells. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies showed that cyanide-treatment of the cells led to a dissipation of the pH gradient across the peroxisomes membrane. However, restoration of this pH gradient was fast when cells were incubated in fresh methanol medium after removal of the cyanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J van der Klei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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38
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Duff SJB, Murray WD. Comparison of free and immobilizedPichia pastoris cells for conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde. Biotechnol Bioeng 1988; 31:790-5. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260310805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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39
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Duff SJB, Murray WD. Production and application of methylotrophic yeastPichia pastoris. Biotechnol Bioeng 1988; 31:44-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260310108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Patel RN, Hou CT, Derelanko P. Microbial oxidation of methanol: purification and properties of formaldehyde dehydrogenase from a Pichia sp. NRRL-Y-11328. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983; 221:135-42. [PMID: 6830251 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(83)90129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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41
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Veenhuis M, Van Dijken JP, Harder W. The significance of peroxisomes in the metabolism of one-carbon compounds in yeasts. Adv Microb Physiol 1983; 24:1-82. [PMID: 6364725 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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