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McClain CR, Bryant SR, Hanks G, Bowles MW. Extremophiles in Earth's Deep Seas: A View Toward Life in Exo-Oceans. ASTROBIOLOGY 2022; 22:1009-1028. [PMID: 35549348 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Humanity's search for extraterrestrial life is a modern manifestation of the exploratory and curious nature that has led us through millennia of scientific discoveries. With the ongoing exploration of extraterrestrial bodies, the potential for discovery of extraterrestrial life has expanded. We may better inform this search through an understanding of how life persists and flourishes on Earth in a myriad of environmental extremes. A significant proportion of our knowledge of extremophiles on Earth comes from studies on deep ocean life. Here, we review and synthesize the range of environmental extremes observed in the deep sea, the life that persists in these extreme conditions, and the biological adaptations utilized by these remarkable life-forms. We also review confirmed and predicted extraterrestrial oceans in our solar system and propose deep-sea sites that may serve as planetary field analog environments. We show that the clever ingenuity of evolution under deep-sea conditions suggests that the plausibility of extraterrestrial life is much greater than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R McClain
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - S River Bryant
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - Granger Hanks
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
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Ruan L, Lin W, Shi H, Wang C, Chen D, Zou C, Ren J, Li X. Characterization of a novel extracellular Cu Zn superoxide dismutase from Rimicaris exoculata living around deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:2346-2356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Reveillaud J, Anderson R, Reves-Sohn S, Cavanaugh C, Huber JA. Metagenomic investigation of vestimentiferan tubeworm endosymbionts from Mid-Cayman Rise reveals new insights into metabolism and diversity. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:19. [PMID: 29374496 PMCID: PMC5787263 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbial endosymbionts of two species of vestimentiferan tubeworms (Escarpia sp. and Lamellibrachia sp.2) collected from an area of low-temperature hydrothermal diffuse vent flow at the Mid-Cayman Rise (MCR) in the Caribbean Sea were characterized using microscopy, phylogenetic analyses, and a metagenomic approach. RESULTS Bacteria, with a typical Gram negative cell envelope contained within membrane-bound vacuoles, were observed within the trophosome of both tubeworm species. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and ITS region suggested MCR individuals harbored highly similar endosymbionts that were > 98% identical, with the exception of two symbionts that showed a 60 bp insertion within the ITS region. All sequences from MCR endosymbionts formed a separate well-supported clade that diverged from those of symbionts of seep and vent vestimentiferans from the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Mediterranean Sea. The metagenomes of the symbionts of two specimens of each tubeworm species were sequenced, and two distinct Gammaproteobacteria metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of more than 4 Mbp assembled. An Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) of 86.5% between these MAGs, together with distinct 16S rRNA gene and ITS sequences, indicate the presence of multiple endosymbiont phylotypes at the MCR, with one MAG shared between one Escarpia and two Lamellibrachia individuals, indicating these endosymbionts are not specific to either host species. Genes for sulfur and hydrogen oxidation, nitrate reduction (assimilatory and dissimilatory), glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, peptide, sugar, and lipid transporters, and both rTCA and CBB carbon fixation cycles were detected in the MAGs, highlighting key and shared functions with symbiont metagenomes of the vestimentiferans Riftia, Tevnia, and Ridgeia from the Pacific. The potential for a second hydrogen oxidation pathway (via a bidirectional hydrogenase), formate dehydrogenase, a catalase, and several additional peptide transporters were found exclusively in the MCR endosymbiont MAGs. CONCLUSIONS The present study adds new evidence that tubeworm endosymbionts can potentially switch from autotrophic to heterotrophic metabolism, or may be mixotrophic, presumably while free-living, and also suggests their versatile metabolic potential may enable both the host and symbionts to exploit a wide range of environmental conditions. Together, the marked gene content and sequence dissimilarity at the rRNA operon and whole genome level between vent and seep symbionts suggest these newly described endosymbionts from the MCR belong to a novel tubeworm endosymbiont genera, introduced as Candidatus Vondammii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Reveillaud
- ASTRE, INRA, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- Josephine Bay Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - Rika Anderson
- Josephine Bay Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Sintra Reves-Sohn
- Josephine Bay Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Colleen Cavanaugh
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julie A Huber
- Josephine Bay Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
- Present Address: Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG. Bacterial Symbiotes, Their Presence in Head Lice, and Potential Treatment Avenues. J Cutan Med Surg 2016; 10:2-6. [PMID: 17241564 DOI: 10.1007/7140.2006.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice) belongs to the order Anoplura, which are blood-feeding ectoparasites that live on human hair. Within these insects reside symbiotic bacteria that enable the insect to flourish on dietary sources of limited nutritional value. These symbiotic bacteria are essential to the survival of the insect. Objective: To assess the feasibility of treating head lice by altering their symbiotic bacteria. Methods: In addition to a literature review of the expanded role of symbiotic bacteria in other organisms, the anatomic localization of their presence in human head lice and molecular characterization of the head louse symbiont were analyzed. Results: Anatomically, the bacterial symbiotes are localized to the midgut mycetome in males and the ovaries in females. The 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid phylogenetic analysis was presented. Features of this bacterial symbiote may make this symbiont accessible as a target for pediculocidal and ovicidal therapy by altering its habitat and existence. Conclusions: An understanding of the nature of bacterial symbiotes of head lice might lead to alternative strategies for eradication or inhibition of these necessary bacteria, thereby controlling head lice with less toxic agents than conventional insecticides, to which the organism continues to increase its resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig N Burkhart
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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Company R, Torreblanca A, Cajaraville M, Bebianno MJ, Sheehan D. Comparison of thiol subproteome of the vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus from different Mid-Atlantic Ridge vent sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 437:413-421. [PMID: 22964374 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Deep-sea hydrothermal mussels Bathymodiolus azoricus live in the mixing zone where hydrothermal fluid mixes with bottom seawater, creating large gradients in the environmental conditions and are one of the most studied hydrothermal species as a model of adaptation to extreme conditions. Thiol proteins, i.e. proteins containing a thiol or sulfhydryl group (SH) play major roles in intracellular stress defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are especially susceptible to oxidation. However, they are not particularly abundant, representing a small percentage of proteins in the total proteome and therefore are difficult to study by proteomic approaches. Activated thiol sepharose (ATS) was used for the rapid and quantitative selection of proteins comprising thiol- or disulfide-containing subproteomes. This study aims to isolate thiol-containing proteins from the gills of B. azoricus collected in distinct hydrothermal vents and to study the thiol-containing subproteome as a function of site-specific susceptibility to ROS. Results show that ATS is a powerful tool to isolate the thiol-containing sub-proteome and differently-expressed protein spots showed significant differences among the three vent sites, supporting previous findings that specific environmental conditions are crucial for ROS formation and that B. azoricus have different susceptibilities to oxidative stress depending on the vent site they inhabit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Company
- CIMA, University of Algarve, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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2-D difference gel electrophoresis approach to assess protein expression profiles in Bathymodiolus azoricus from Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vents. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2909-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Physiological homogeneity among the endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana revealed by proteogenomics. ISME JOURNAL 2011; 6:766-76. [PMID: 22011719 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2011.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The two closely related deep-sea tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana both rely exclusively on a single species of sulfide-oxidizing endosymbiotic bacteria for their nutrition. They do, however, thrive in markedly different geochemical conditions. A detailed proteogenomic comparison of the endosymbionts coupled with an in situ characterization of the geochemical environment was performed to investigate their roles and expression profiles in the two respective hosts. The metagenomes indicated that the endosymbionts are genotypically highly homogeneous. Gene sequences coding for enzymes of selected key metabolic functions were found to be 99.9% identical. On the proteomic level, the symbionts showed very consistent metabolic profiles, despite distinctly different geochemical conditions at the plume level of the respective hosts. Only a few minor variations were observed in the expression of symbiont enzymes involved in sulfur metabolism, carbon fixation and in the response to oxidative stress. Although these changes correspond to the prevailing environmental situation experienced by each host, our data strongly suggest that the two tubeworm species are able to effectively attenuate differences in habitat conditions, and thus to provide their symbionts with similar micro-environments.
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Childress JJ, Girguis PR. The metabolic demands of endosymbiotic chemoautotrophic metabolism on host physiological capacities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 214:312-25. [PMID: 21177951 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.049023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While chemoautotrophic endosymbioses of hydrothermal vents and other reducing environments have been well studied, little attention has been paid to the magnitude of the metabolic demands placed upon the host by symbiont metabolism and the adaptations necessary to meet such demands. Here we make the first attempt at such an evaluation, and show that moderate to high rates of chemoautotrophic or methanotrophic metabolism impose oxygen uptake and proton equivalent elimination demands upon the hosts that are much higher than is typical for the non-symbiotic annelid, bivalve and gastropod lineages to which they are related. The properties of the hosts are described and compared to determine which properties are associated with and predictive of the highest rates. We suggest that the high oxygen demand of these symbionts is perhaps the most limiting flux for the symbioses. Among the consequences of such demands has been the widespread presence of circulating and/or tissue hemoglobins in these symbioses that are necessary to support high metabolic rates in thioautotrophic endosymbioses. We also compare photoautotrophic with chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic endosymbioses to evaluate the differences and similarities in physiologies. These analyses suggest that the high demand for oxygen by chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbionts is likely a major factor precluding their endosymbiosis with cnidarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Childress
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Wang Y, Osatomi K, Nagatomo Y, Yoshida A, Hara K. Purification, molecular cloning, and some properties of a manganese-containing superoxide dismutase from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 158:289-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Marchand J, Leignel V, Moreau B, Chénais B. Characterization and sequence analysis of manganese superoxide dismutases from Brachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda): Hydrothermal Bythograeidae versus littoral crabs. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 153:191-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Application of the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) protocols which were developed for samples of mammalian origin gives unsatisfactory results when used in samples from marine molluscs. This chapter describes a detailed protocol of 2DE that can be applied to these organisms, especially for Ruditapes decussatus and Bathymodiolus azoricus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suze Chora
- University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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Company R, Serafim A, Cosson RP, Fiala-Médioni A, Camus L, Colaço A, Serrão-Santos R, Bebianno MJ. Antioxidant biochemical responses to long-term copper exposure in Bathymodiolus azoricus from Menez-Gwen hydrothermal vent. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 389:407-17. [PMID: 17904200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is essential to various physiological processes in marine organisms. However, at high concentrations this redox-active transition metal may enhance the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequently initiate oxidative damage. High concentrations of Cu may increase oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA. Bathymodiolus azoricus is a Mytilid bivalve very common in hydrothermal environments near the Azores Triple Junction continuously exposed to high metal concentrations, including Cu, emanating from the vent fluids. The knowledge of antioxidant defence system and other stress related biomarkers in these organisms is still scarce. The aim of this work was to study the effect of Cu (25 microg l(-1); 24 days exposure; 6 days depuration) on the antioxidant stress biomarkers in the gills and mantle of B. azoricus. The expression of stress related biomarkers was tissue-dependent and results suggest that other factors than metal exposure may influence stress biomarkers, since little variation in antioxidant enzymes activities, MT concentrations, LPO and total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) occurred in both control and Cu-exposed mussels. Moreover, there is a general tendency for these parameters to increase with time, in both control and Cu-exposed mussels, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation is not metal dependent, and may be related with poor physiological conditions of the animals after long periods in adverse conditions compared to those in hydrothermal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Company
- CIMA, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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13
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Tanguy A, Bierne N, Saavedra C, Pina B, Bachère E, Kube M, Bazin E, Bonhomme F, Boudry P, Boulo V, Boutet I, Cancela L, Dossat C, Favrel P, Huvet A, Jarque S, Jollivet D, Klages S, Lapègue S, Leite R, Moal J, Moraga D, Reinhardt R, Samain JF, Zouros E, Canario A. Increasing genomic information in bivalves through new EST collections in four species: Development of new genetic markers for environmental studies and genome evolution. Gene 2008; 408:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Markert S, Arndt C, Felbeck H, Becher D, Sievert SM, Hügler M, Albrecht D, Robidart J, Bench S, Feldman RA, Hecker M, Schweder T. Physiological Proteomics of the Uncultured Endosymbiont of Riftia pachyptila. Science 2007; 315:247-50. [PMID: 17218528 DOI: 10.1126/science.1132913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial endosymbiont of the deep-sea tube worm Riftia pachyptila has never been successfully cultivated outside its host. In the absence of cultivation data, we have taken a proteomic approach based on the metagenome sequence to study the metabolism of this peculiar microorganism in detail. As one result, we found that three major sulfide oxidation proteins constitute ∼12% of the total cytosolic proteome, which highlights the essential role of these enzymes for the symbiont's energy metabolism. Unexpectedly, the symbiont uses the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle in addition to the previously identified Calvin cycle for CO2 fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Markert
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Walther-Rathenau-Strasse 49, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Oxidative stress-the production and accumulation of reduced oxygen intermediates such as superoxide radicals, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals-can damage lipids, proteins, and DNA. Many disease processes of clinical interest and the aging process involve oxidative stress in their underlying etiology. The production of reactive oxygen species is also prevalent in the world's oceans, and oxidative stress is an important component of the stress response in marine organisms exposed to a variety of insults as a result of changes in environmental conditions such as thermal stress, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, or exposure to pollution. As in the clinical setting, reactive oxygen species are also important signal transduction molecules and mediators of damage in cellular processes, such as apoptosis and cell necrosis, for marine organisms. This review brings together the voluminous literature on the biochemistry and physiology of oxidative stress from the clinical and plant physiology disciplines with the fast-increasing interest in oxidative stress in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Lesser
- Department of Zoology and Center for Marine Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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Minic Z, Hervé G. Biochemical and enzymological aspects of the symbiosis between the deep-sea tubeworm Riftia pachyptila and its bacterial endosymbiont. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:3093-102. [PMID: 15265029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera) is a giant tubeworm living around the volcanic deep-sea vents of the East Pacific Rise. This animal is devoid of a digestive tract and lives in an intimate symbiosis with a sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacterium. This bacterial endosymbiont is localized in the cells of a richly vascularized organ of the worm: the trophosome. These organisms are adapted to their extreme environment and take advantage of the particular composition of the mixed volcanic and sea waters to extract and assimilate inorganic metabolites, especially carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The high molecular mass hemoglobin of the worm is the transporter for both oxygen and sulfide. This last compound is delivered to the bacterium which possesses the sulfur oxidizing respiratory system, which produces the metabolic energy for the two partners. CO2 is also delivered to the bacterium where it enters the Calvin-Benson cycle. Some of the resulting small carbonated organic molecules are thus provided to the worm for its own metabolism. As far as nitrogen assimilation is concerned, NH3 can be used by the two partners but nitrate can be used only by the bacterium. This very intimate symbiosis applies also to the organization of metabolic pathways such as those of pyrimidine nucleotides and arginine. In particular, the worm lacks the first three enzymes of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathways as well as some enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines. The bacterium lacks the enzymes of the pyrimidine salvage pathway. This symbiotic organization constitutes a very interesting system to study the molecular and metabolic basis of biological adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Minic
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Signaux Régulateurs Cellulaires et Moléculaires, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
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Pruski AM, Dixon DR. Toxic vents and DNA damage: first evidence from a naturally contaminated deep-sea environment. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2003; 64:1-13. [PMID: 12763671 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(03)00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Levels of DNA strand breakage were measured, using the comet assay, in cells from vent mussels, Bathymodiolus azoricus, from three contrasting vent fields on the mid Atlantic Ridge. Different levels of DNA damage were recorded in untreated mussels, shortly after collection, and it was animals from the shallowest, and less active, Menez Gwen vent field (840-m depth), which showed the greatest amount of damage. In contrast to animals from two deeper and putatively more toxic sites, Menez Gwen animals went on to repair this damage and were able to survive under laboratory conditions at 1 bar pressure for several months. Animals from the two deeper sites showed both higher levels of initial mortality and a much reduced capacity for survival at 1 bar. The differences in DNA damage levels at the time of collection were interpreted as an expression of differences in cell viability/enzyme activity rather than a reflection of any differences in their natural environmental conditions. Small B. azoricus showed a capacity to repair DNA damage, whereas this ability appeared to be lacking in large individuals. By reproducing at a relatively early age, the deep-sea vent fauna may be able to resist the toxic effects of its environment by exploiting this natural, stage specific capacity to repair damaged DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey M Pruski
- Southampton Oceanography Centre, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
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18
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Zielinski S, Pörtner HO. Oxidative stress and antioxidative defense in cephalopods: a function of metabolic rate or age? Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 125:147-60. [PMID: 10817901 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(99)00162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Activities of the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured in the cephalopods Sepia officinalis and Lolliguncula brevis. Maximal enzyme activities were higher in gill tissue than in the mantle musculature of both species. Activities were generally lower in tissues of L. brevis than in S. officinalis. Comparison with other ectothermic animals showed both cephalopod species to have a low enzymatic antioxidative status despite their high metabolic rate. Furthermore, changes in antioxidative enzyme activities were measured in the cuttlefish S. officinalis with increasing age. The concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipofuscin were determined as indicators of lipid peroxidation. Investigated animals were between 1.5 months and over 12 months old. Changes of antioxidative enzyme activities with age were not uniform. SOD and GPX activities increased with age, while catalase activity declined. In contrast, GR activity remained almost unchanged in all age groups. The low level of antioxidative defense might allow for the significant age-induced rise in MDA levels in gills and mantle musculature and for the increase in lipofuscin levels in mantle and brain tissue. It might thereby contribute to increased oxidative damage and a short life span in these cephalopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zielinski
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
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Ruby EG, McFall-Ngai MJ. Oxygen-utilizing reactions and symbiotic colonization of the squid light organ by Vibrio fischeri. Trends Microbiol 1999; 7:414-20. [PMID: 10498950 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-842x(99)01588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A major goal in microbiology is to understand the processes by which bacteria successfully colonize host tissue. Although a wealth of studies focusing on pathogenic microorganisms has revealed much about the rare interactions that result in disease, far less is known about the regulation of the ubiquitous, long-term, cooperative associations of bacteria with their animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Ruby
- Pacific Biomedical Research Center, Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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Choi J, Roche H, Caquet T. Characterization of superoxide dismutase activity in Chironomus riparius Mg. (Diptera, Chironomidae) larvae--a potential biomarker. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART C, PHARMACOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY 1999; 124:73-81. [PMID: 10579651 DOI: 10.1016/s0742-8413(99)00045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoenzymes were measured in fourth instar larvae of Chironomus riparius Mg. Three types of superoxide dismutase were identified: Cu,Zn-SOD in hemolymph and postmitochondrial fraction; Mn-SOD in mitochondrial fraction and presumably Fe-SOD in postmitochondrial fraction. The latter could have an endosymbiotic or a parasitic origin. Extracellular and cytosolic SOD activities, especially Cu,Zn-SOD, tended to increase in the last phase of larval development, independently of protein or hemoglobin contents. This supposes that SOD activity in Ch. riparius larvae is probably activated at the end of fourth instar stage. Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD activities showed a significant increase under severe hypoxia and slight hyperoxia. Oxygen radical scavengers such as SOD may play a role in the increased tolerance of Ch. riparius to oxidative stress. These results suggest that the specific induction of some SOD isoenzymes could be used as a biomarker of environmental disturbance such as oxidative stress initiated by xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Choi
- Laboratory of Ecology and Zoology, University of Paris-Sud, CNRS UPRESA 8079, Orsay, France
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Prakash NT, Rao KS. Modulations in antioxidant enzymes in different tissues of marine bivalve Perna viridis during heavy metal exposure. Mol Cell Biochem 1995; 146:107-13. [PMID: 7565639 DOI: 10.1007/bf00944602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation induced by metals at sub-lethal levels, alter physiological and biochemical characteristics of biological systems. To counter the detrimental effects of the prooxidant activity of metals, a group of antioxidant enzyme systems function in the organisms. The present study was performed to investigate into the lipid peroxidation product formation due to the exposure to effects of the metals namely aluminium, lead and cadmium at sub-lethal concentrations and the biological response through protective antioxidant enzyme activity in the marine mussels, Perna viridis Lin.. This organism is a known bioindicator and bioconcentrator of metals in the environment. The results of the present study were: (a) accumulation of lead showed a definite linear increase during the period of exposure whereas aluminium and cadmium showed fluctuations. Mantle and gill tissues showed greater accumulation of metals when compared to digestive gland; (b) lead and aluminium induced lipid peroxidation was greater in tissues than the peroxidation induced by cadmium. Cadmium induced peroxidation was observed only after the day 7 of the exposure; (c) anti-oxidant enzymes activity levels were significantly higher in digestive gland and mantle than gills; (d) mantle was observed to significantly contribute to the organismal response to lipid peroxidation as indicated by high activity levels of anti-oxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Prakash
- Centre for Future Studies, Pondicherry University, India
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Solé M, Porte C, Albaigés J. The use of biomarkers for assessing the effects of organic pollution in mussels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 1995; 159:147-153. [PMID: 7878446 DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Wild mussels were collected from two stations with different pollution loads. Soft tissues were analyzed for their aromatic hydrocarbon and polychlorinated biphenyl content. Mixed function oxidase (MFO) system components and antioxidant defenses (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) were determined in digestive gland microsomal and cytosolic fractions, respectively, and the magnitude of biochemical responses related with pollutant tissue levels. Results showed that significant differences existed in hydrocarbon content between mussels from the two stations, while a smaller difference in the biological response was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Solé
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, CID. CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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Livingstone DR. Organic Xenobiotic Metabolism in Marine Invertebrates. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-75897-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Porte C, Solé M, Albaigés J, Livingstone DR. Responses of mixed-function oxygenase and antioxidase enzyme system of Mytilus sp. to organic pollution. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1991; 100:183-6. [PMID: 1677852 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(91)90150-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Mixed-function oxidase (MFO) system components (cytochrome P-450, "418-peak", cytochrome b5 and NADPH-cytochrome c(P-450) reductase) and inducible antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and DT-diaphorase) has been determined in digestive glands of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected from three Mediterranean coastal locations, exhibiting an organic pollution gradient. 2. Cytochrome P-450, the "418-peak", catalase and SOD showed a good correlation with whole body tissue PAHs and, to a lower extent, with PCBs. 3. Microsomal NADPH-dependent DT-diaphorase, but not the NADH-dependent microsomal enzyme or the cytosolic DT-diaphorases, was indicated to increase with pollution exposure. 4. The application of such measurements to environmental monitoring is discussed. Given the magnitude of differences observed, and the state of knowledge on enzyme function and mechanisms of toxicity, a multiparameter approach is considered to offer current and future potential for detecting the impact of organic pollution on bivalve molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Porte
- Environmental Chemistry Dept. CID.CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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Winston GW, Livingstone DR, Lips F. Oxygen reduction metabolism by the digestive gland of the common marine mussel,Mytilus edulis L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402550307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Powell EN, Morrill AC, Bidigare RR. Catalase in sulfide- and methane-dependent macrofauna from petroleum seeps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01954876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Microsomal enzyme activities, superoxide production, and antioxidant defenses in ribbed mussels (Geukensia demissa) and wedge clams (Rangia cuneata). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(88)90092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Aerobic organisms by definition require oxygen, and the importance of iron in aerobic respiration has long been recognized, but despite their beneficial roles, these elements can pose a real threat to the organism. During oxygen reduction, reactive species such as O2-. and H2O2 are formed readily. Iron can combine with these species, or with molecular oxygen itself, to generate free radicals which will attack the polyunsaturated fatty acids of membrane lipids. This oxidative deterioration of membrane lipids is known as lipid peroxidation. To protect itself against this form of attack, the organism possesses several types of defense mechanisms. Under normal conditions, these defenses appear to offer adequate protection for cell membranes, but the possibility exists that certain foreign compounds may interfere with or even overwhelm these defenses, and herein could lie a general mechanism of toxicity. This possible cause of toxicity is discussed in relation to other suggested causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Horton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Birmingham, England
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