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Sania A, Muhammad MA, Sajed M, Azim N, Ahmad N, Aslam M, Tang XF, Rashid N. Structural and functional analyses of an L-asparaginase from Geobacillus thermopakistaniensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130438. [PMID: 38408579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Genome sequence of Geobacillus thermopakistaniensis contains an open reading frame annotated as a type II L-asparaginase (ASNaseGt). Critical structural analysis disclosed that ASNaseGt might be a type I L-asparaginase. In order to determine whether it is a type I or type II L-asparaginase, we have performed the structural-functional characterization of the recombinant protein as well as analyzed the localization of ASNaseGt in G. thermopakistaniensis. ASNaseGt exhibited optimal activity at 52 °C and pH 9.5. There was a > 3-fold increase in activity in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol. Apparent Vmax and Km values were 2735 U/mg and 0.35 mM, respectively. ASNaseGt displayed high thermostability with >80 % residual activity even after 6 h of incubation at 55 °C. Recombinant ASNaseGt existed in oligomeric form. Addition of β-mercaptoethanol lowered the degree of oligomerization and displayed that tetrameric form was the most active, with a specific activity of 4300 U/mg. Under physiological conditions, ASNaseGt displayed >50 % of the optimal activity. Localization studies in G. thermopakistaniensis revealed that ASNaseGt is a cytosolic protein. Structural and functional characterization, and localization in G. thermopakistaniensis displayed that ASNaseGt is not a type II but a type I L-asparaginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Sania
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Majida Atta Muhammad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Naseema Azim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Ahmad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Aslam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Naeem Rashid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
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Dumina M, Zhgun A. Thermo-L-Asparaginases: From the Role in the Viability of Thermophiles and Hyperthermophiles at High Temperatures to a Molecular Understanding of Their Thermoactivity and Thermostability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032674. [PMID: 36768996 PMCID: PMC9916696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is a vital enzyme with a broad range of applications in medicine, food industry, and diagnostics. Among various organisms expressing L-ASNases, thermophiles and hyperthermophiles produce enzymes with superior performances-stable and heat resistant thermo-ASNases. This review is an attempt to take a broader view on the thermo-ASNases. Here we discuss the position of thermo-ASNases in the large family of L-ASNases, their role in the heat-tolerance cellular system of thermophiles and hyperthermophiles, and molecular aspects of their thermoactivity and thermostability. Different types of thermo-ASNases exhibit specific L-asparaginase activity and additional secondary activities. All products of these enzymatic reactions are associated with diverse metabolic pathways and are important for mitigating heat stress. Thermo-ASNases are quite distinct from typical mesophilic L-ASNases based on structural properties, kinetic and activity profiles. Here we attempt to summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of thermo-ASNases' thermoactivity and thermostability, from amino acid composition to structural-functional relationships. Research of these enzymes has fundamental and biotechnological significance. Thermo-ASNases and their improved variants, cloned and expressed in mesophilic hosts, can form a large pool of enzymes with valuable characteristics for biotechnological application.
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Dumina MV, Zhgun AA, Pokrovskay MV, Aleksandrova SS, Zhdanov DD, Sokolov NN, El’darov MA. Comparison of Enzymatic Activity of Novel Recombinant L-asparaginases of Extremophiles. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821050057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dumina M, Zhgun A, Pokrovskaya M, Aleksandrova S, Zhdanov D, Sokolov N, El’darov M. A Novel L-Asparaginase from Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Thermococcus sibiricus: Heterologous Expression and Characterization for Biotechnology Application. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9894. [PMID: 34576056 PMCID: PMC8470970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is a vital enzyme with a broad range of applications in medicine and food industry. Drawbacks of current commercial L-ASNases stimulate the search for better-producing sources of the enzyme, and extremophiles are especially attractive in this view. In this study, a novel L-asparaginase originating from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus sibiricus (TsA) was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and characterized. The enzyme is optimally active at 90 °C and pH 9.0 with a specific activity of 2164 U/mg towards L-asparagine. Kinetic parameters KM and Vmax for the enzyme are 2.8 mM and 1200 µM/min, respectively. TsA is stable in urea solutions 0-6 M and displays no significant changes of the activity in the presence of metal ions Ni2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and Ca2+ and EDTA added in concentrations 1 and 10 mmol/L except for Fe3+. The enzyme retains 86% of its initial activity after 20 min incubation at 90 °C, which should be enough to reduce acrylamide formation in foods processed at elevated temperatures. TsA displays strong cytotoxic activity toward cancer cell lines K562, A549 and Sk-Br-3, while normal human fibroblasts WI-38 are almost unsensitive to it. The enzyme seems to be a promising candidate for further investigation and biotechnology application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dumina
- Group of Fungal Genetic Engineering, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander Zhgun
- Group of Fungal Genetic Engineering, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marina Pokrovskaya
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Svetlana Aleksandrova
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Dmitry Zhdanov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Nikolay Sokolov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Michael El’darov
- Group of Fungal Genetic Engineering, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia;
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Dumina MV, Eldarov MA, Zdanov DD, Sokolov NN. [L-asparaginases of extremophilic microorganisms in biomedicine]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2020; 66:105-123. [PMID: 32420891 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20206602105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase is extensively used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and several other lymphoproliferative diseases. In addition to its biomedical application, L-asparaginase is also of prospective use in food industry to reduce the formation of acrylamide, which is classified as probably neurotoxic and carcinogenic to human, and in biosensors for determination of L-asparagine level in medicine and food chemistry. The importance of L-asparaginases in different fields, disadvantages of commercial ferments, and the fact that they are widespread in nature stimuli the search for biobetter L-asparaginases from new producing microorganisms. In this regard, extremofile microorganisms exhibit unique physiological properties such as thermal stability, adaptability to extreme cold conditions, salt and pH tolerance and so provide one of the most valuable sources for novel L-asparaginases. The present review summarizes the recent results on studying the structural, functional, physicochemical and kinetic properties, stability of extremophilic L-asparaginases in comparison with their mesophilic homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Dumina
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Eldarov
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - D D Zdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - N N Sokolov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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Chand S, Mahajan RV, Prasad JP, Sahoo DK, Mihooliya KN, Dhar MS, Sharma G. A comprehensive review on microbial l-asparaginase: Bioprocessing, characterization, and industrial applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:619-647. [PMID: 31954377 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
l-Asparaginase (E.C.3.5.1.1.) is a vital enzyme that hydrolyzes l-asparagine to l-aspartic acid and ammonia. This property of l-asparaginase inhibits the protein synthesis in cancer cells, making l-asparaginase a mainstay of pediatric chemotherapy practices to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. l-Asparaginase is also recognized as one of the important food processing agent. The removal of asparagine by l-asparaginase leads to the reduction of acrylamide formation in fried food items. l-Asparaginase is produced by various organisms including animals, plants, and microorganisms, however, only microorganisms that produce a substantial amount of this enzyme are of commercial significance. The commercial l-asparaginase for healthcare applications is chiefly derived from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. A high rate of hypersensitivity and adverse reactions limits the long-term clinical use of l-asparaginase. Present review provides thorough information on microbial l-asparaginase bioprocess optimization including submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation for l-asparaginase production, downstream purification, its characterization, and issues related to the clinical application including toxicity and hypersensitivity. Here, we have highlighted the bioprocess techniques that can produce improved and economically viable yields of l-asparaginase from promising microbial sources in the current scenario where there is an urgent need for alternate l-asparaginase with less adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Chand
- National Institute of Biologicals (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richi V Mahajan
- National Institute of Biologicals (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jai Prakash Prasad
- National Institute of Biologicals (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debendra K Sahoo
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanti Nandan Mihooliya
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mahesh S Dhar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Girish Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Amity Centre for Cancer Epidemiology & Cancer Research, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Sharma D, Singh K, Singh K, Mishra A. Insights into the Microbial L-Asparaginases: from Production to Practical Applications. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:452-464. [PMID: 30426897 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666181114111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase is a valuable protein therapeutic drug utilized for the treatment of leukemia and lymphomas. Administration of asparaginase leads to asparagine starvation causing inhibition of protein synthesis, growth, and proliferation of tumor cells. Besides its clinical significance, the enzyme also finds application in the food sector for mitigation of a cancer-causing agent acrylamide. The numerous applications ensue huge market demands and create a continued interest in the production of costeffective, more specific, less immunogenic and stable formulations which can cater both the clinical and food processing requirements. The current review article approaches the process parameters of submerged and solid-state fermentation strategies for the microbial production of the L-asparaginase from diverse sources, genetic engineering approaches used for the production of L-asparaginase enzyme and major applications in clinical and food sectors. The review also addresses the immunological issues associated with the L-asparaginase usage and the immobilization strategies, drug delivery systems employed to circumvent the toxicity complications are also discussed. The future prospects for microbial Lasparaginase production are discussed at the end of the review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepankar Sharma
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Kushagri Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Abha Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India
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L-asparaginase – A promising biocatalyst for industrial and clinical applications. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Batool T, Makky EA, Jalal M, Yusoff MM. A Comprehensive Review on l-Asparaginase and Its Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:900-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Zuo S, Zhang T, Jiang B, Mu W. Reduction of acrylamide level through blanching with treatment by an extremely thermostable l-asparaginase during French fries processing. Extremophiles 2015; 19:841-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-015-0763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hong SJ, Lee YH, Khan AR, Ullah I, Lee C, Park CK, Shin JH. Cloning, expression, and characterization of thermophilicL-asparaginase fromThermococcus kodakarensisKOD1. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54:500-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201300741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jun Hong
- School of Applied Biosciences; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ha Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Abdur Rahim Khan
- School of Applied Biosciences; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Ihsan Ullah
- School of Applied Biosciences; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; College of Natural Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Choi Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- School of Applied Biosciences; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
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12
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Bansal S, Srivastava A, Mukherjee G, Pandey R, Verma AK, Mishra P, Kundu B. Hyperthermophilic asparaginase mutants with enhanced substrate affinity and antineoplastic activity: structural insights on their mechanism of action. FASEB J 2011; 26:1161-71. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-191254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Bansal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology DelhiNew DelhiIndia
| | - Ankit Srivastava
- Kusuma School of Biological SciencesIndian Institute of Technology DelhiNew DelhiIndia
| | - Goutam Mukherjee
- Supercomputing Facility for Bioinformatics and Computational BiologyIndian Institute of Technology DelhiNew DelhiIndia
| | - Ramendra Pandey
- Department of ZoologyKirorimal CollegeDelhi UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Anita Kamra Verma
- Department of ZoologyKirorimal CollegeDelhi UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Prashant Mishra
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology DelhiNew DelhiIndia
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology DelhiNew DelhiIndia
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Bansal S, Gnaneswari D, Mishra P, Kundu B. Structural stability and functional analysis of L-asparaginase from Pyrococcus furiosus. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:375-81. [PMID: 20370616 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report studies on an L-asparaginase from Pyrococcus furiosus, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Protein stability and enzyme kinetic parameters were determined. The enzyme was found to be thermostable, natively dimeric, and glutaminase-free, with optimum activity at pH 9.0. It showed a K(m) of 12 mM and a substrate inhibition profile above 20 mM L-asparagine. Urea could not induce unfolding and enzyme inactivation; however, with guanidine hydrochloride (GdnCl) a two-state unfolding pattern was observed. Reduced activity and an altered near-UV-CD signal for protein at low GdnCl concentration (1 M) suggested tertiary structural changes at the enzyme active site. A homology three-dimensional model was developed and the structural information was combined with activity and stability data to give functional clues about the asparaginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bansal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
This article comprises detailed information about L-asparaginase, encompassing topics such as microbial and plant sources of L-asparaginase, treatment with L-asparaginase, mechanism of action of L-asparaginase, production, purification, properties, expression and characteristics of l-asparaginase along with information about studies on the structure of L-asparaginase. Although L-asparaginase has been reviewed by Savitri and Azmi (2003), our effort has been to include recent and updated information about the enzyme covering new aspects such as structural modification and immobilization of L-asparaginase, recombinant L-asparaginase, resistance to L-asparaginase, methods of assay of L-asparagine and L-asparaginase activity using the biosensor approach, L-asparaginase activity in soil and the factors affecting it. Also, side-effects of L-asparaginase treatment in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have been discussed in the current review. L-asparaginase has been and is still one of the most widely studied therapeutic enzymes by researchers and scientists worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Verma
- Biosensor Technology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India.
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Prakasham RS, Rao CS, Rao RS, Lakshmi GS, Sarma PN. l-asparaginase production by isolated Staphylococcus sp. ? 6A: design of experiment considering interaction effect for process parameter optimization. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:1382-91. [PMID: 17448173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Evaluation of fermentation process parameter interactions for the production of l-asparaginase by isolated Staphylococcus sp. - 6A. METHODS AND RESULTS Fractional factorial design of experimentation (L18 orthogonal array of Taguchi methodology) was adopted to optimize nutritional (carbon and nitrogen sources), physiological (incubation temperature, medium pH, aeration and agitation) and microbial (inoculum level) fermentation factors. The experimental results and software predicted enzyme production values were comparable. CONCLUSION Incubation temperature, inoculum level and medium pH, among all fermentation factors, were major influential parameters at their individual level, and contributed to more than 60% of total l-asparaginase production. Interaction data of selected fermentation parameters could be classified as least and most significant at individual and interactive levels. Aeration and agitation were most significant at interactive level, but least significant at individual level, and showed maximum severity index and vice versa at enzyme production. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY All selected factors showed impact on l-asparaginase enzyme production by this isolated microbial strain either at the individual or interactive level. Incubation temperature, inoculum concentration, pH of the medium and nutritional source (glucose and ammonium chloride) had impact at individual level, while aeration, agitation and incubation time showed influence at interactive level. Significant improvement (ninefold increase) in enzyme production by this microbial isolate was noted under optimized environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Prakasham
- Bioengineering and Environmental Centre, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.
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Coolbear T, Daniel RM, Morgan HW. The enzymes from extreme thermophiles: bacterial sources, thermostabilities and industrial relevance. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 45:57-98. [PMID: 1605092 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0008756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review on enzymes from extreme thermophiles (optimum growth temperature greater than 65 degrees C) concentrates on their characteristics, especially thermostabilities, and their commercial applicability. The enzymes are considered in general terms first, with comments on denaturation, stabilization and industrial processes. Discussion of the enzymes subsequently proceeds in order of their E.C. classification: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases and ligases. The ramifications of cloned enzymes from extreme thermophiles are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Coolbear
- University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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17
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Sarquis MIDM, Oliveira EMM, Santos AS, Costa GLD. Production of L-asparaginase by filamentous fungi. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 99:489-92. [PMID: 15543411 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762004000500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase production was investigated in the filamentous fungi Aspergillus tamarii and Aspergillus terreus. The fungi were cultivated in medium containing different nitrogen sources. A. terreus showed the highest L-asparaginase (activity) production level (58 U/L) when cultivated in a 2% proline medium. Both fungi presented the lowest level of L-asparaginase production in the presence of glutamine and urea as nitrogen sources. These results suggest that L-asparaginase production by of filamentous fungi is under nitrogen regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inez de Moura Sarquis
- Laboratório de Coleção de Fungos, Departamento de Micologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Duffield ML, Nicholls DJ, Atkinson T, Scawen MD. An investigation of the thermal stabilities of two malate dehydrogenases by comparison of their three-dimensional structures. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR GRAPHICS 1994; 12:14-21, 34. [PMID: 8011596 DOI: 10.1016/0263-7855(94)80003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The tertiary structure of Thermus aquaticus malate dehydrogenase (MDH) was predicted based on the known crystal structure of pig heart cytosolic MDH. Guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) unfolding experiments showed that there is only about a 4.2-kjoule/mol difference in delta G 0 between the pig and Thermus MDH. However, the two enzymes varied greatly in their [GdmCl]1/2, with Thermus MDH showing the expected increased stability (3.20 M against 0.58 M for pig MDH). The half-lives were determined for both Thermus MDH (34 min at 90 degrees C) and pig MDH (1.8 min at 60 degrees C). The Thermus MDH model was then examined to see what effect the substituted residues and changes may have on the enzyme, particularly in relation to its high thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Duffield
- Division of Biotechnology, PHLS Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Public Health Laboratory Service, Porton Down, UK
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Cocco D, Rinaldi A, Savini I, Cooper JM, Bannister JV. NADH oxidase from the extreme thermophile Thermus aquaticus YT-1. Purification and characterisation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 174:267-71. [PMID: 3383846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A protein with NADH oxidase activity from the extreme thermophile Thermus aquaticus YT-1 was purified and characterised. The enzyme was found to have a relative molecular mass of 110,000 and be composed of two subunits of identical size. FAD was found to be present at a concentration of 0.7 mol/mol dimer and was required for activity. During the oxidation of NADH, oxygen uptake takes place with the production of hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme had, with the exception of a higher glutamic acid and tryptophan content, a similar amino acid composition as the NADH oxidase isolated from the mesophile Bacillus megaterium. Purified NADH oxidase was found to have a Km of 39 microM for beta-NADH and a Vmax of 4.68 mumol NADH mg-1 min-1 and was still active at 95 degrees C. Enzymatic activity was found to be independent of pH between 5.0 and 10.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cocco
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy
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