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Scaffa PMC, Kendall A, Icimoto MY, Fugolin APP, Logan MG, DeVito-Moraes AG, Lewis SH, Zhang H, Wu H, Pfeifer CS. The potential use of glycosyl-transferase inhibitors for targeted reduction of S. mutans biofilms in dental materials. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11889. [PMID: 37482546 PMCID: PMC10363545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is the primary oral caries-forming bacteria, adept at producing "sticky" biofilms via the synthesis of insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), catalyzed by glucosyltransferases (GTFs). To circumvent the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics to combat these bacteria, this study sought to modify existing EPS-targeting small molecules with the ultimate goal of producing anti-biofilm polymer surfaces specifically targeting S. mutans. To achieve this, a known GTF inhibitor (G43) was modified with methoxy or tetraethyleneglycol substitutions in different positions (nine derivatives, tested at 50-µM) to pinpoint potential sites for future methacrylate functionalization, and then assessed against single-species S. mutans biofilms. As expected, the compounds did not diminish the bacterial viability. In general, the compounds with methoxy substitution were not effective in reducing EPS formation, whereas the tetraethyleneglycol substitution (G43-C3-TEG) led to a decrease in the concentration of insoluble EPS, although the effect is less pronounced than for the parent G43. This aligns with the reduced GTF-C activity observed at different concentrations of G43-C3-TEG, as well as the consequent decrease in EPS formation, and notable structural changes. In summary, this study determined that G43-C3-TEG is non-bactericidal and can selectively reduce the biofilm formation, by decreasing the production of EPS. This molecule will serve to functionalize surfaces of materials to be tested in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polliana Mendes Candia Scaffa
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, OHSU, 2730 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Alexander Kendall
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, OHSU, 2730 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Marcelo Yudi Icimoto
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, OHSU, 2730 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP-EPM, R. Sena Madureira, 1500, Sao Paulo, SP, 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Piovezan Fugolin
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, OHSU, 2730 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Matthew G Logan
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, OHSU, 2730 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Andre G DeVito-Moraes
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, OHSU, 2730 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Steven H Lewis
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, OHSU, 2730 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, OHSU, 2730 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Hui Wu
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, OHSU, 2730 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Carmem S Pfeifer
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, OHSU, 2730 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
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2
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Nijampatnam B, Ahirwar P, Pukkanasut P, Womack H, Casals L, Zhang H, Cai X, Michalek SM, Wu H, Velu SE. Discovery of Potent Inhibitors of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm with Antivirulence Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:48-55. [PMID: 33488963 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a bacterial infectious disease characterized by demineralization of the tooth enamel. Treatment of this disease with conventional antibiotics is largely ineffective as the cariogenic bacteria form tenacious biofilms that are resistant to such treatments. The main etiological agent for dental caries is the bacterium Streptococcus mutans. S. mutans readily forms biofilms on the tooth surface and rapidly produces lactic acid from dietary sucrose. Glucosyl transferases (Gtfs) secreted by S. mutans are mainly responsible for the production of exopolysaccharides that are crucial for the biofilm architecture. Thus, inhibiting S. mutans' Gtfs is an effective approach to develop selective biofilm inhibitors that do not affect the growth of oral commensals. Herein, we report a library of 90 analogs of the previously identified lead compound, G43, and exploration of its structure activity relationships (SAR). All compounds were evaluated for the inhibition of S. mutans biofilms and bacterial growth. Selected compounds from this library were further evaluated for enzyme inhibition against Gtfs using a zymogram assay and for growth inhibition against oral commensal bacterial species such as Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis. This study has led to the discovery of several new biofilm inhibitors with enhanced potency and selectivity. One of the leads, III F1 , showed marked reduction in buccal, sulcal, and proximal caries scores in a rat model of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Wu
- Department of Integrative Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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3
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Hartman AM, Jumde VR, Elgaher WAM, Te Poele EM, Dijkhuizen L, Hirsch AKH. Potential Dental Biofilm Inhibitors: Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry Affords Sugar-Based Molecules that Target Bacterial Glucosyltransferase. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:113-123. [PMID: 32542998 PMCID: PMC7818428 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We applied dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) to find novel ligands of the bacterial virulence factor glucosyltransferase (GTF) 180. GTFs are the major producers of extracellular polysaccharides, which are important factors in the initiation and development of cariogenic dental biofilms. Following a structure‐based strategy, we designed a series of 36 glucose‐ and maltose‐based acylhydrazones as substrate mimics. Synthesis of the required mono‐ and disaccharide‐based aldehydes set the stage for DCC experiments. Analysis of the dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) by UPLC‐MS revealed major amplification of four compounds in the presence of GTF180. Moreover, we found that derivatives of the glucose‐acceptor maltose at the C1‐hydroxy group act as glucose‐donors and are cleaved by GTF180. The synthesized hits display medium to low binding affinity (KD values of 0.4–10.0 mm) according to surface plasmon resonance. In addition, they were investigated for inhibitory activity in GTF‐activity assays. The early‐stage DCC study reveals that careful design of DCLs opens up easy access to a broad class of novel compounds that can be developed further as potential inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwin M Hartman
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Varsha R Jumde
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Walid A M Elgaher
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Evelien M Te Poele
- Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,CarbExplore Research BV, Zernikepark 1, 9747 AN, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,CarbExplore Research BV, Zernikepark 1, 9747 AN, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Anna K H Hirsch
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Scharnow AM, Solinski AE, Wuest WM. Targeting S. mutans biofilms: a perspective on preventing dental caries. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1057-1067. [PMID: 31391878 PMCID: PMC6644389 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of biofilm diseases, and dental caries in particular, have encouraged extensive research on S. mutans biofilms, including methods of preventing its formation. Numerous small molecules with specific anti-biofilm activity against this pathogen have been isolated and synthesized. Generally, these molecules can be characterized into three categories: sucrose-dependent anti-adhesion, sucrose-independent anti-adhesion and cellular signaling interference. This review aims to provide an overview of the current small molecule strategies used for targeting S. mutans biofilms, and a perspective of the future for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Scharnow
- Emory University , Chemistry Department , 1515 Dickey Dr , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - Amy E Solinski
- Emory University , Chemistry Department , 1515 Dickey Dr , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - William M Wuest
- Emory University , Chemistry Department , 1515 Dickey Dr , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
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5
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Zhang Q, Nijampatnam B, Hua Z, Nguyen T, Zou J, Cai X, Michalek SM, Velu SE, Wu H. Structure-Based Discovery of Small Molecule Inhibitors of Cariogenic Virulence. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5974. [PMID: 28729722 PMCID: PMC5519559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans employs a key virulence factor, three glucosyltransferase (GtfBCD) enzymes to establish cariogenic biofilms. Therefore, the inhibition of GtfBCD would provide anti-virulence therapeutics. Here a small molecule library of 500,000 small molecule compounds was screened in silico against the available crystal structure of the GtfC catalytic domain. Based on the predicted binding affinities and drug-like properties, small molecules were selected and evaluated for their ability to reduce S. mutans biofilms, as well as inhibit the activity of Gtfs. The most potent inhibitor was further characterized for Gtf binding using OctetRed instrument, which yielded low micromolar KD against GtfB and nanomolar KD against GtfC, demonstrating selectivity towards GtfC. Additionally, the lead compound did not affect the overall growth of S. mutans and commensal oral bacteria, and selectively inhibit the biofilm formation by S. mutans, indicative of its selectivity and non-bactericidal nature. The lead compound also effectively reduced cariogenicity in vivo in a rat model of dental caries. An analog that docked poorly in the GtfC catalytic domain failed to inhibit the activity of Gtfs and S. mutans biofilms, signifying the specificity of the lead compound. This report illustrates the validity and potential of structure-based design of anti-S. mutans virulence inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Bhavitavya Nijampatnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901, 14th Street S, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Zhang Hua
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901, 14th Street S, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Xia Cai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Suzanne M Michalek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Sadanandan E Velu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901, 14th Street S, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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6
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Gao K, Zheng C, Wang T, Zhao H, Wang J, Wang Z, Zhai X, Jia Z, Chen J, Zhou Y, Wang W. 1-Deoxynojirimycin: Occurrence, Extraction, Chemistry, Oral Pharmacokinetics, Biological Activities and In Silico Target Fishing. Molecules 2016; 21:E1600. [PMID: 27886092 PMCID: PMC6273535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ, C₆H13NO₄, 163.17 g/mol), an alkaloid azasugar or iminosugar, is a biologically active natural compound that exists in mulberry leaves and Commelina communis (dayflower) as well as from several bacterial strains such as Bacillus and Streptomyces species. Deoxynojirimycin possesses antihyperglycemic, anti-obesity, and antiviral features. Therefore, the aim of this detailed review article is to summarize the existing knowledge on occurrence, extraction, purification, determination, chemistry, and bioactivities of DNJ, so that researchers may use it to explore future perspectives of research on DNJ. Moreover, possible molecular targets of DNJ will also be investigated using suitable in silico approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Gao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Chenglong Zheng
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
- Beijing Gulou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 13 DouFuChi Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100009, China.
| | - Tong Wang
- Beijing Gulou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 13 DouFuChi Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100009, China.
| | - Huihui Zhao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Juan Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xing Zhai
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zijun Jia
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yingwu Zhou
- Beijing Gulou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 13 DouFuChi Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100009, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bei San Huan East Road, Beijing 100029, China.
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7
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Ren Z, Chen L, Li J, Li Y. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans polysaccharide synthesis by molecules targeting glycosyltransferase activity. J Oral Microbiol 2016; 8:31095. [PMID: 27105419 PMCID: PMC4841093 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v8.31095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase (Gtf) is one of the crucial virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans, a major etiological pathogen of dental caries. All the available evidence indicates that extracellular polysaccharide, particularly glucans produced by S. mutans Gtfs, contribute to the cariogenicity of dental biofilms. Therefore, inhibition of Gtf activity and the consequential polysaccharide synthesis may impair the virulence of cariogenic biofilms, which could be an alternative strategy to prevent the biofilm-related disease. Up to now, many Gtf inhibitors have been recognized in natural products, which remain the major and largely unexplored source of Gtf inhibitors. These include catechin-based polyphenols, flavonoids, proanthocyanidin oligomers, polymeric polyphenols, and some other plant-derived compounds. Metal ions, oxidizing agents, and some other synthetic compounds represent another source of Gtf inhibitors, with some novel molecules either discovered by structure-based virtual screening or synthesized based on key structures of known inhibitors as templates. Antibodies that inhibit one or more Gtfs have also been developed as topical agents. Although many agents have been shown to possess potent inhibitory activity against glucan synthesis by Gtfs, bacterial cell adherence, and caries development in animal models, much research remains to be performed to find out their mechanism of action, biological safety, cariostatic efficacies, and overall influence on the entire oral community. As a strategy to inhibit the virulence of cariogenic microbes rather than eradicate them from the microbial community, Gtf inhibition represents an approach of great potential to prevent dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China; @scu.edu.cn; @scu.edu.cn
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8
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Zhu F, Zhang H, Wu H. Glycosyltransferase-mediated Sweet Modification in Oral Streptococci. J Dent Res 2015; 94:659-65. [PMID: 25755271 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515574865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial glycosyltransferases play important roles in bacterial fitness and virulence. Oral streptococci have evolved diverse strategies to survive and thrive in the carbohydrate-rich oral cavity. In this review, we discuss 2 important biological processes mediated by 2 distinct groups of glycosyltransferases in oral streptococci that are important for bacterial colonization and virulence. The first process is the glycosylation of highly conserved serine-rich repeat adhesins by a series of glycosyltransferases. Using Streptococcus parasanguinis as a model, we highlight new features of several glycosyltransferases that sequentially modify the serine-rich glycoprotein Fap1. Distinct features of a novel glycosyltransferase fold from a domain of unknown function 1792 are contrasted with common properties of canonical glycosyltransferases. The second biological process we cover is involved in building sticky glucan matrix to establish cariogenic biofilms by an important opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus mutans through the action of a family of 3 glucosyltransferases. We focus on discussing the structural feature of this family as a glycoside hydrolase family of enzymes. While the 2 processes are distinct, they all produce carbohydrate-coated biomolecules, which enable bacteria to stick better in the complex oral microbiome. Understanding the making of the sweet modification presents a unique opportunity to develop novel antiadhesion and antibiofilm strategies to fight infections by oral streptococci and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhu
- Departments of Microbiology and Pediatric Dentistry, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - H Zhang
- Departments of Microbiology and Pediatric Dentistry, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - H Wu
- Departments of Microbiology and Pediatric Dentistry, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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9
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Bivolarski V, Vasileva T, Bozov P, Iliev I. Influence of terpenoids and acarbose on glycosyltransferases produced by strain Leuconostoc mesenteroides URE 13. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014; 28:342-349. [PMID: 26019519 PMCID: PMC4434044 DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2014.910329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A study of the influence of different plant terpenoids and amino sugar derivate acarbose on the activity of glycosyltransferase complex and purified dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides URE 13 strain was carried out. All the tested terpenoids showed an inhibitory effect on glycosyltransferases from strain URE 13 at concentration 0.34 mmol. Out of all studied diterpenoids splendidin showed the strongest inhibitory effect decreasing the activity of both glycosyltransferase complex and dextransucrase with 70% and 90%, respectively. The triterpenoid ursolic showed the second strongest inhibitory effect as the enzyme complex and dextransucrase from strain URE 13 retain 27% and 13% of their initial enzyme activity. Despite the higher degree of inhibition of purified dextransucrase, compared to the enzyme complex, a complete inhibition of the enzyme was not observed at the highest used terpenoid concentration (3.42 mmol). When acarbose was used as an inhibitor, a complete inhibition of dextransucrase was observed at concentration of 6.9 mmol, while the enzyme complex retained 8% of its enzyme activity. Ki values of 0.28 mmol for splendidin, 0.37 mmol for ursolic acid and 0.29 mmol for acarbose were determined from the kinetic studies of purified dextransucrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veselin Bivolarski
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Plovdiv University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Tonka Vasileva
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Plovdiv University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Petko Bozov
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Plovdiv University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ilia Iliev
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Plovdiv University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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10
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Singh P, Manna SK, Panda G. Synthesis of polyhydroxylated indolizidines and piperidines from Garner's aldehyde: total synthesis of (−)-swainsonine, (+)-1,2-di-epi-swainsonine, (+)-8,8a-di-epi-castanospermine, pentahydroxy indolizidines, (−)-1-deoxynojirimycin, (−)-1-deoxy-altro-nojirimycin, and related diversity. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Crystal structure of glucansucrase from the dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans. J Mol Biol 2011; 408:177-86. [PMID: 21354427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucansucrase (GSase) from Streptococcus mutans is an essential agent in dental caries pathogenesis. Here, we report the crystal structure of S. mutans glycosyltransferase (GTF-SI), which synthesizes soluble and insoluble glucans and is a glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 70 GSase in the free enzyme form and in complex with acarbose and maltose. Resolution of the GTF-SI structure confirmed that the domain order of GTF-SI is circularly permuted as compared to that of GH family 13 α-amylases. As a result, domains A, B and IV of GTF-SI are each composed of two separate polypeptide chains. Structural comparison of GTF-SI and amylosucrase, which is closely related to GH family 13 amylases, indicated that the two enzymes share a similar transglycosylation mechanism via a glycosyl-enzyme intermediate in subsite -1. On the other hand, novel structural features were revealed in subsites +1 and +2 of GTF-SI. Trp517 provided the platform for glycosyl acceptor binding, while Tyr430, Asn481 and Ser589, which are conserved in family 70 enzymes but not in family 13 enzymes, comprised subsite +1. Based on the structure of GTF-SI and amino acid comparison of GTF-SI, GTF-I and GTF-S, Asp593 in GTF-SI appeared to be the most critical point for acceptor sugar orientation, influencing the transglycosylation specificity of GSases, that is, whether they produced insoluble glucan with α(1-3) glycosidic linkages or soluble glucan with α(1-6) linkages. The structural information derived from the current study should be extremely useful in the design of novel inhibitors that prevent the biofilm formation by GTF-SI.
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Ganesan M, Ramesh NG. A new and short synthesis of naturally occurring 1-deoxy-l-gulonojirimycin from tri-O-benzyl-d-glucal. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Ito K, Ito S, Shimamura T, Kawarasaki Y, Abe K, Misaka T, Kobayashi T, Iwata S. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a glucansucrase from the dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:1086-8. [PMID: 20823533 PMCID: PMC2935234 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110029714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Glucansucrases encoded by Streptococcus mutans play essential roles in the synthesis of sticky dental plaques. Based on amino-acid sequence similarity, glucansucrases are classified as members of glycoside hydrolase family 70 (GH 70). Data on the crystal structure of GH 70 glucansucrases have yet to be reported. Here, the GH 70 glucansucrase GTF-SI from S. mutans was overexpressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3), purified to homogeneity and crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Orthorhombic GTF-SI crystals belonging to space group P2(1)2(1)2 were obtained. A diffraction data set was collected to 2.1 A resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ito
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Shimamura
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Iwata Human Receptor Crystallography Project, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kawarasaki
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Keiko Abe
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takumi Misaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Iwata Human Receptor Crystallography Project, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - So Iwata
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Iwata Human Receptor Crystallography Project, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
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14
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Hashiguchi-Ishiguro M, Nakamura S, Oku T. Inhibitory Effects of Partially Decomposed Alginate on Production of Glucan and Organic Acid by Streptococcus sobrinus 6715. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2009; 44:275-9. [PMID: 19430617 PMCID: PMC2675025 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.08-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study has already clarified that partially decomposed alginate (Alg53) by Vibrio alginolyticus SUN53 has a competitive inhibitory effect on sucrase. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of Alg53 on the production of glucan from sucrose by glucosyltransferase and acid from glucose by Streptococcus sobrinus 6715. Glucosyltransferase was prepared from cultural medium of S. sobrinus using ultrafiltration and hydroxyapatite chromatography. In order to examine the inhibitory effect of Alg53 for production of glucan by GTase, partially purified GTase, sucrose and Alg53 solution were incubated at 37°C. The influence of Alg53 on the production of acid from glucose was evaluated by a degree of pH decline during the incubation for 60 min. The original Alg53 solution markedly inhibited to 21% of the synthesis of water-insoluble glucan from sucrose and that of 10-fold diluted of Alg53 solution was 23%. However, the production of water-soluble glucan from sucrose by GTase was hardly affected by Alg53. Furthermore, Alg53 suppressed dose-dependently pH decline by organic acid converted from glucose. These results suggest that Alg53 is expected as a functional food material which prevents or reduces dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiru Hashiguchi-Ishiguro
- Graduate School of Human Health Science, Siebold University of Nagasaki Manabino 1-1-1, Nagayo-cho, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
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15
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Devulapalle K, Mooser G. Acarbose Binding Specificity with Oral Bacterial Glucosyltransferase. J Carbohydr Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300008544151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Devulapalle
- a School of Dentistry , University of Southern California , 925 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
- b School of Dentistry , University of Southern California , 925 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
| | - Gregory Mooser
- a School of Dentistry , University of Southern California , 925 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
- b School of Dentistry , University of Southern California , 925 W 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
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16
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Fleet GW, Fellows LE, Winchester B. Plagiarizing plants: amino sugars as a class of glycosidase inhibitors. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 154:112-22; discussion 122-5. [PMID: 2150798 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514009.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many polyhydroxylated alkaloids from plants are specific inhibitors of glycosidases. Information about these has led to the development of a wide range of both naturally occurring and synthetic inhibitors which may be used for mechanistic studies and for the purification of these enzymes. Sugar lactones are starting materials for highly efficient syntheses of deoxymannojirimycin and deoxyfuconojirimycin and of a number of their iminoheptitol analogues. This has allowed an investigation of the relationship between mannosidase and fucosidase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Fleet
- Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Oxford University, UK
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17
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Lee SB, Park KH, Robyt JF. Inhibition of beta-glycosidases by acarbose analogues containing cellobiose and lactose structures. Carbohydr Res 2001; 331:13-8. [PMID: 11284501 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Acarbose analogues, containing cellobiose and lactose structures, were prepared by reaction of the two disaccharides with acarbose and Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase. The kinetics for the inhibition by the two analogues was studied for beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase, cyclomaltodextrin glucanosyltransferase (CGTase), and alpha-glucosidase. Both analogues were potent competitive inhibitors for beta-glucosidase, with K(I) values in the range of 0.04-2.44 microM, and the lactose analogues were good uncompetitive inhibitors for beta-galactosidase, with K(I) values in the range of 159-415 microM, while acarbose was not an inhibitor for either enzyme at 10 and 5 mM, respectively. Both analogues were also potent mixed inhibitors for CGTase, with K(I) values in the range of 0.1-9.3 microM. The lactose analogue was a 6.4-fold better competitive inhibitor for alpha-glucosidase than was acarbose.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Lee
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Enzymology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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18
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Kim MJ, Lee SB, Lee HS, Lee SY, Baek JS, Kim D, Moon TW, Robyt JF, Park KH. Comparative study of the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase, and cyclomaltodextrin glucanosyltransferase by acarbose, isoacarbose, and acarviosine-glucose. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 371:277-83. [PMID: 10545215 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase hydrolyzes the first glycosidic linkage of acarbose to give acarviosine-glucose. In the presence of carbohydrate acceptors, acarviosine-glucose is primarily transferred to the C-6 position of the acceptor. When d-glucose is the acceptor, isoacarbose is formed. Acarbose, acarviosine-glucose, and isoacarbose were compared as inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase, and cyclomaltodextrin glucanosyltransferase. The three inhibitors were found to be competitive inhibitors for alpha-glucosidase and mixed noncompetitive inhibitors for alpha-amylase and cyclomaltodextrin glucanosyltransferase. The K(i) values were dependent on the type of enzyme and their source. Acarviosine-glucose was a potent inhibitor for baker's yeast alpha-glucosidase, inhibiting 430 times more than acarbose, and was an excellent inhibitor for cyclomaltodextrin glucanosyltransferase, inhibiting 6 times more than acarbose. Isoacarbose was the most effective inhibitor of alpha-amylase and cyclomaltodextrin glucanosyltransferase, inhibiting 15.2 and 2.0 times more than acarbose, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kim
- Research Center for New Bio-Materials in Agriculture and Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 441-744, Korea
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19
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Robyt JF. Mechanisms in the glucansucrase synthesis of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides from sucrose. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 1995; 51:133-68. [PMID: 7484361 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(08)60193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J F Robyt
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Iowa State University, Ames,USA
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20
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Abstract
The Specific Plaque Hypothesis posits that particular bacteria are of unique importance in the etiology of dental caries and periodontal diseases, and a logical conclusion is that these bacteria should be the targets for our 'magic bullets' in devising plaque-control methods. This paper considers the development of preventive measures based on understanding of the significance of particular bacterial species and the properties of those bacteria. Knowledge of the importance of specific organisms as mediators of disease and molecular studies on the properties of potential virulence factors may reveal potential targets for inhibition, blocking by synthetic analogues, or functional inactivation by antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Russell
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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21
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Devulapalle K, Mooser G. Subsite specificity of the active site of glucosyltransferases from Streptococcus sobrinus. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32668-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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22
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Platt F, Neises G, Dwek R, Butters T. N-butyldeoxynojirimycin is a novel inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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23
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Steinberg D, Beeman D, Bowen WH. The effect of delmopinol on glucosyltransferase adsorbed on to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. Arch Oral Biol 1992; 37:33-8. [PMID: 1317701 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(92)90150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to explore the effects of delmopinol, a substituted amino-alcohol compound recently reported as a potential antiplaque agent, on GTF activity in solution and when adsorbed on to sHA. Delmopinol was without a significant effect on GTF activity in solution. In contrast, a reduction in the bound glucans synthesized by the adsorbed GTF was found in the presence of delmopinol. Delmopinol did not displace the adsorbed GTF from the sHA, nor was there significant desorption of glucans from sHA. The total glucan synthesis (bound and unbound) was reduced in the presence of delmopinol. Inhibition of GTF was not reversed by sucrose. Inhibition of GTF activity by delmopinol apparently results from drug-enzyme interaction on the surface of sHA beads. These observations provide further support for the important differences in the properties of adsorbed GTF and GTF in solution, illustrating that GTF-drug interaction differs between enzyme adsorbed to surfaces and enzyme in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Steinberg
- Department of Dental Research, University of Rochester, NY 14642
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24
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Sela MN, Steinberg D, Segal R. Inhibition of the activity of glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans by glycyrrhizin. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1987; 2:125-8. [PMID: 2976928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1987.tb00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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25
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Pfeffer M, Siebert G. Prefeeding-dependent anaerobic metabolization of xenobiotics by intestinal bacteria--methods for acarbose metabolites in an artificial colon. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ERNAHRUNGSWISSENSCHAFT 1986; 25:189-95. [PMID: 3776243 DOI: 10.1007/bf02021251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation of Acarbose (Bay g 5421) by an artificial in vitro system with viable intestinal microorganisms was investigated. The bacteria were obtained from the colon of man or from the caecum and colon of rats and were incubated anaerobically with 14C-Acarbose in a nutrient solution. The metabolites were separated and purified by chromatographic methods and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H; 13C) spectrometry and by mass spectrometry. Metabolites in man and rat are component 2 (minus the terminal glucose of Acarbose), a basic disaccharide consisting of rings B and C, and component 1. This latter substance is formed, after hydrolytic cleavage of the internal glucose of Acarbose, by spontaneous rearrangement of rings A and B (Acarviosine) into a tricyclic oxazolidine. The metabolite pattern of Acarbose is changed profoundly after several weeks of pretreatment of man or rat with this compound. The microflora adapted in such a manner yields in addition methylated, hexosylated, and n-butyroylated derivatives of Acarbose and/or component 2.
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26
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Binder TP, Robyt JF. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans 6715 glucosyltransferases by sucrose analogs modified at positions 6 and 6'. Carbohydr Res 1985; 140:9-20. [PMID: 2932220 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(85)85045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose derivatives modified at position 6 (6-deoxysucrose, 6-thiosucrose, 6,6'-dithiodisucrose, and 6,6'-dideoxy-6,6'-difluorosucrose) were tested as inhibitors of the two Streptococcus mutans 6715 glucosyltransferases. 6-Deoxysucrose was the best inhibitor studied, competitively inhibiting the soluble-D-glucan forming enzyme (GTF-S) and the insoluble-D-glucan forming enzyme (GTF-I) with Ki values one order of magnitude lower than the sucrose Km values. 6-Thiosucrose was also a competitive inhibitor for both enzymes. 6,6'-Dithiodisucrose and 6,6'-dideoxy-6,6'-difluorosucrose only inhibited GTF-I; 6,6'-dithiodisucrose gave mixed inhibition and 6,6'-dideoxy-6,6'-difluorosucrose gave uncompetitive inhibition. 6-Thiosucrose was a substrate for both enzymes to produce acceptor products when acceptors were present. GTF-I synthesized de novo a water-insoluble, (1----3)-6-thio-alpha-D-glucan from 6-thiosucrose.
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