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Hůnová I. Challenges in moving towards fog's contribution to spatial patterns of atmospheric deposition fluxes on a national scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174208. [PMID: 38909791 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Fog is an important environmental phenomenon affecting, among other things, geochemical cycles via atmospheric deposition pathways. It is generally accepted that fog contributes substantially to atmospheric deposition fluxes especially in mountain forests. Nevertheless, due to intrinsic constraints, fog pathway has thus far been neglected in the quantification of atmospheric deposition and fog pathway has not been accounted for in nation-wide spatial patterns of atmospheric deposition of air pollutants. In this review we explore the causes as to why it is so complex to create a spatial pattern of fog contribution to atmospheric ion deposition fluxes on a national scale. Physical and chemical principles of fog formation are presented and factors influencing the abrupt temporal and spatial changes in both fog occurrence and fog chemistry are elucidated. The focus is on both constituents essential for fog deposition flux quantification, i.e. (i) hydrological input on fog water and (ii) chemistry of fog water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Hůnová
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na Sabatce 17, 143 06 Prague 4 - Komorany, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benatska 2, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Isil S, Collett J, Lynch J, Weiss-Penzias P, Rogers CM. Cloud and fog deposition: Monitoring in high elevation and coastal ecosystems. The past, present, and future. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2022; 274:1-13. [PMID: 37941818 PMCID: PMC10631518 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.118997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Collection methods critical load values and total nitrogen budgets for high-elevation and fog-impacted sites requires reliable cloud and fog water deposition estimates. The cost and labor intensity of cloud/fog water sample collection have made it difficult to conduct long-term studies that would provide the data needed to develop accurate estimates. Current understanding of fog formation, transport, and the role of fog and cloud deposition in hydrogeological and biogeochemical cycles is incomplete due, in part, to lack of a concerted interdisciplinary approach to the problem. Historically, these obstacles have limited interest in and collection of cloud and fog water samples. In addition to measurements of cloud/fog chemical composition, documenting fog/cloud deposition fluxes of pollutant and nutrient species requires knowledge of cloud/fog physical properties, frequency and duration of fog/cloud interception with landscapes, properties of vegetation on those landscapes, and properties of the wind that drive droplet/vegetation interactions. Because drop deposition efficiency is dependent on drop size, it is also important to consider variations in fog/cloud drop composition with drop size as species enriched in larger/ smaller drops will experience enhanced/reduced deposition rates. This paper presents summary results from a small U.S. cloud water monitoring network that operated from the mid-nineties through 2011, as well as a brief qualitative review of other cloud and fog water studies conducted in the United States (including Puerto Rico), Europe, South America/Pacific, and Asia. Current collection methods are also reviewed. Recent scientific efforts by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program's (NADP) Total Deposition Science Committee and NADP's Critical Loads of Atmospheric Deposition Science Committee have identified occult (cloud/fog) deposition as a "need" in developing critical loads for ecosystems that experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Isil
- Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc, 404 SW 140th Terrace, Newberry, FL 32669, USA
| | - Jeffery Collett
- Atmospheric Science Department, 1371 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jason Lynch
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, D.C, 20004, USA
| | - Peter Weiss-Penzias
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Christopher M Rogers
- Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc, 6256 Greenland Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32258, USA
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Fogs: Physical Basis, Characteristic Properties, and Impacts on the Environment and Human Health. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hososhima M, Kaneyasu N. Altitude-dependent distribution of ambient gamma dose rates in a mountainous area of Japan caused by the fukushima nuclear accident. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3341-3348. [PMID: 25705987 DOI: 10.1021/es504838w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of airborne radionuclides were deposited over a wide area in eastern Japan, including mountainous regions, during the devastating Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident. Altitudinal distributions of ambient gamma dose rate in air were measured in a mountainous area at the northern rim of the Kanto Plain, Japan, using a portable instrument carried along the mountain trails. In the Nikko Mountain area, located 120 km north of Tokyo, the altitudinal distribution exhibited a maxima at ∼900-2000 m above sea level (ASL). This area was not affected by precipitation until 2300 Japan Standard Time (JST) on March 15, 2011. By that time, a substantial amount of radionuclides had been transported from the damaged reactor, according to the numerical simulations using transport models. Meteorological sounding data indicated that the corresponding altitudes were within the cloud layer. A visual-range monitor deployed in an unmanned weather station at 1292 m ASL also recorded low visibility on the afternoon of March 15. From these findings, it was deduced that the altitude-dependent radioactive contamination was caused by the cloud/fog deposition process of the radionuclides contained in aerosols acting as cloud condensation nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Hososhima
- †Mibu High School, 1194 Fujii, Mibu-machi, Tochigi 321-0221, Japan
| | - Naoki Kaneyasu
- ‡National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
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Townsend JM, Rimmer CC, Driscoll CT, McFarland KP, Iñigo-Elias E. Mercury concentrations in tropical resident and migrant songbirds on Hispaniola. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 22:86-93. [PMID: 23076839 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-1005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing concerns over mercury (Hg) exposure to humans and wildlife on a global scale, little is known about Hg bioaccumulation in the New World tropics. From 2005 to 2011, we monitored Hg concentrations in blood of nine avian species occupying a geographic range of tropical wet broadleaf sites on the island of Hispaniola, including eight passerines (two Nearctic-Neotropical migrant and six resident species) and one top order predatory accipiter. Invertivorous songbirds were further differentiated by foraging guild, with six species of ground-foragers and two species of foliage-gleaners. Blood Hg concentrations were orders of magnitude higher in birds sampled in central and southern cloud forest sites (1,000-1,800 m elevation) than in northern and northeastern rainforest sites (50-500 m elevation), with migratory and resident species both showing 2-20× greater blood Hg concentrations in cloud forests than in rainforests. Within cloud forest sites, ground-foraging species had higher Hg concentrations than foliage-gleaning species. Top order predatory sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus) had the highest blood Hg concentrations among all species, suggesting that Hg biomagnification is occurring in terrestrial forests of Hispaniola. Two migrant songbird species overwintering on the island had higher blood Hg concentrations than have been recorded on their North American breeding grounds. Future studies should seek to elucidate sources of variation in atmospheric Hg deposition on Hispaniola and to quantify the dynamics of Hg cycling in tropical forest ecosystems, which may differ in important ways from patterns documented in temperate forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Townsend
- Conservation Science Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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6
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Mitchell DL, Lamb D. Influence of riming on the chemical composition of snow in winter orographic storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id12p14831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Katata G, Kajino M, Hiraki T, Aikawa M, Kobayashi T, Nagai H. A method for simple and accurate estimation of fog deposition in a mountain forest using a meteorological model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Giambelluca TW, Gerold G. Hydrology and Biogeochemistry of Tropical Montane Cloud Forests. FOREST HYDROLOGY AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1363-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Liang YL, Lin TC, Hwong JL, Lin NH, Wang CP. Fog and precipitation chemistry at a mid-land forest in central Taiwan. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2009; 38:627-636. [PMID: 19244483 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2007.0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed fog and bulk precipitation chemistry at a cloud forest in central Taiwan where mountain agriculture activities are highest. There were 320 foggy days (visibility <1000 m) recorded between April 2005 and March 2006. Fog was most frequent between April 2005 and July 2005 and in March 2006 (153/153 d) and least frequent in January 2006 (21/31 d). The total fog duration was 2415 h, representing 28% of the sampling period. Compared with bulk precipitation, fog was disproportionally enriched in NO(3)(-) and SO(4)(2-) relative to K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and NH(4)(+), resulting in higher a content of nitric acid and sulfuric acid than weak acids or neutral salts and, therefore, higher acidity (median pH, 4.9) in fog than in bulk precipitation (median and mean pH, 5.5). The very high input of NH(4)(+) (47 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) through bulk precipitation suggests that the use of fertilizer (ammonium sulfate and animal manure) associated with mountain agriculture has a major impact on atmospheric deposition at the surrounding forest ecosystems. The input of inorganic N reached 125 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) and likely exceeded the biological demand of the forest ecosystem. Sulfate is the most abundant anion in fog at Chi-tou and in precipitation at various forests throughout Taiwan, suggesting that the emission and transport of large quantities of SO(2,) the precursor of SO(4)(2-), is an island-wide environmental issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Ling Liang
- National Fengshan Vocational High School, No. 51, Wenheng Rd., Fengshan City, Kaoshiung County, 83052, Taiwan
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Sauret N, Wortham H, Strekowski R, Herckès P, Nieto LI. Comparison of annual dry and wet deposition fluxes of selected pesticides in Strasbourg, France. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:303-312. [PMID: 18676073 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This work summarizes the results of a study of atmospheric wet and dry deposition fluxes of Deisopropyl-atrazine (DEA), Desethyl-atrazine (DET), Atrazine, Terbuthylazine, Alachlor, Metolachlor, Diflufenican, Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, Iprodione, Isoproturon and Cymoxanil pesticides conducted in Strasbourg, France, from August 2000 through August 2001. The primary objective of this work was to calculate the total atmospheric pesticide deposition fluxes induced by atmospheric particles. To do this, a modified one-dimensional cloud water deposition model was used. All precipitation and deposition samples were collected at an urban forested park environment setting away from any direct point pesticide sources. The obtained deposition fluxes induced by atmospheric particles over a forested area showed that the dry deposition flux strongly contributes to the total deposition flux. The dry particle deposition fluxes are shown to contribute from 4% (DET) to 60% (cymoxanil) to the total deposition flux (wet+dry).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sauret
- Marseilles University, Laboratoire Chimie Provence-UMR 6264, Campus Saint Charles, Case 29, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseilles Cedex 03, France
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Hildebrandt A, Eltahir EAB. Using a horizontal precipitation model to investigate the role of turbulent cloud deposition in survival of a seasonal cloud forest in Dhofar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jg000727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hildebrandt
- Department of Computational Hydrosystems Leipzig; UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; Leipzig Germany
| | - Elfatih A. B. Eltahir
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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Zechmeister HG, Dirnböck T, Hülber K, Mirtl M. Assessing airborne pollution effects on bryophytes: lessons learned through long-term integrated monitoring in Austria. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 147:696-705. [PMID: 17084007 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/09/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The study uses measured and calculated data on airborne pollutants, particularly nitrogen (ranges between 28 to 43kgN*ha(-1)*yr(-1)) and sulphur (10 to 18kgSO(4)-S*ha(-1)*yr(-1)), in order to assess their long-term (1992 to 2005) effects on bryophytes at the UN-ECE Integrated Monitoring site 'Zöbelboden' in Austria. Bryophytes were used as reaction indicators on 20 epiphytic plots using the IM monitoring method and on 14 terrestrial plots using standardised photography. The plots were recorded in the years 1992, 1993, 1998, and 2004/2005. Most species remained stable in terms of their overall population size during the observed period, even though there were rapid turnover rates of a large percentage of species on all investigated plots. Only a few bryophytes (Hypnum cupressiforme, Leucodon sciuroides) responded unambiguously to N and S deposition. Nitrogen deposition had a weak but significant effect on the distribution of bryophyte communities. However, the time shifts in bryophyte communities did not depend on total deposition of N and S.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Zechmeister
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, Austria.
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Davis DD, McClenahen JR, Hutnik RJ. Use of the Moss Dicranum montanum to Evaluate Recent Temporal Trends of Mercury Accumulation in Oak Forests of Pennsylvania. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2007. [DOI: 10.1656/1092-6194(2007)14[27:uotmdm]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lawson ST, Scherbatskoy TD, Malcolm EG, Keeler GJ. Cloud water and throughfall deposition of mercury and trace elements in a high elevation spruce-fir forest at Mt. Mansfield, Vermont. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING : JEM 2003; 5:578-83. [PMID: 12948231 DOI: 10.1039/b210125d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As part of the Lake Champlain Basin watershed study of mercury (Hg) and pollutant deposition, cloud water and cloud throughfall collections were conducted at the south summit (1204 m) of Mt. Mansfield, Vermont between August 1 and October 31, 1998, for multi-element chemical analysis. A passive Teflon string collector was deployed during non-precipitating events to sample cloud/fog water at timberline, while three sets of paired funnels collected cloud throughfall under the red spruce-balsam fir canopy. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of Hg, major ions, and 10 trace elements. Ultra-clean sampling and analysis techniques were utilized throughout the study. Six events were sampled for cloud water alone and four events were sampled for both cloud water and cloud throughfall. Cloud throughfall chemistry showed substantial modification from incident cloud water. Much higher concentrations of Hg (2.3 x), base cations (Ca2+, K-, Mg2+; 3-18 x) and certain trace elements (Ni, Cu, Mn, Rb, Sr; 2-34 x) were observed in throughfall than in cloud water. These results confirm that cloud water can leach a wide variety of elements from tree foliage and wash off dry deposited elements. Cloud water deposited an average of 0.42 +/- 0.12 mm of water per hour. Estimated cloud water deposition of Hg was 7.4 microg m(-2) for the period August 1-October 31, approximately twice that deposited by rain during this period at a nearby low elevation Hg monitoring site. Our results indicate that cloud water and Hg deposition at Mt. Mansfield are likely to have considerable ecological effects.
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Herckes P, Mirabel P, Wortham H. Cloud water deposition at a high-elevation site in the Vosges Mountains (France). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2002; 296:59-75. [PMID: 12398327 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The importance of cloud water deposition fluxes to a high-elevation site in the Vosges Mountains (France) has been studied. An existing one-dimensional cloud water deposition model has been adapted to site conditions. The adaptation of the main parameters has been tested and is discussed. These tests illustrate the small influence of the surface area index (SAI) and the roughness length on cloud water deposition and the negligible contribution of sedimentation compared to impaction of cloud droplets. Model input data, including cloud water composition, liquid water content (LWC) and wind speed, have been collected over a 1-year period and are used to evaluate annual cloud deposition fluxes of major ions and trace metals. The calculations indicate that the hydrologic input by cloud water (55.5 mm year(-1)) is negligible compared to the input by rainwater (1265 mm year(-1)). However, due to the higher concentrations in cloud water, the deposition fluxes of cloud water represent 10-28% of the total wet deposition (rain + cloud deposition) for major ions and 50% or higher for trace elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Herckes
- Centre de Géochimie de la Surface, Equipe de Physico-chimie de l'Atmosphère (UMR7517), Strasbourg, France
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Sensen M, Richardson DHS. Mercury levels in lichens from different host trees around a chlor-alkali plant in New Brunswick, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2002; 293:31-45. [PMID: 12109479 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(01)01135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mercury concentrations were determined in the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes along five transects starting from a chlor-alkali plant located at Dalhousie, New Brunswick, a landfill site and a nearby electricity generating station. Lichen samples were collected from white birch (Betula papyrifera) and spruce (Picea sp.) or balsam fir (Abies balsamea). Average lichen background mercury values were 0.088+/-0.005 microg/g from white birch and 0.148+/-0.046 microg/g from spruce trees, with a detection limit of 0.05 microg/g. The chlor-alkali plant and a power plant were identified, respectively, as a major source and a minor source of elevated mercury levels in lichens. At 125 m north-west of the New Brunswick Power plant, 0.28 microg/g Hg were found in Hypogymnia physodes from spruce trees, while at 250 m west (downwind) of the chlor-alkali plant, 3.66 microg/g of mercury were determined. High values, 0.98 microg/g in lichens from spruce trees and 0.79 microg/g in lichen samples from white birch were also measured at 125 m south of the chlor-alkali plant and decreased exponentially with distance. The sphere of influence of the chlor-alkali plant with respect to mercury deposition was estimated to extend 2.4-3.4 km from the plant. The mercury concentrations in Hypogymnia physodes collected from white birch were significantly lower than the concentrations in the same lichen from spruce trees in areas with elevated levels of mercury, but not in areas with low mercury levels. The magnitude of this difference dropped with distance from the source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Sensen
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Davis DD, McClenahen JR, Hutnik RJ. SELECTION OF A BIOMONITOR TO EVALUATE MERCURY LEVELS IN FORESTS OF PENNSYLVANIA. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2002. [DOI: 10.1656/1092-6194(2002)009[0183:soabte]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kalina MF, Stopper S, Zambo E, Puxbaum H. Altitude-dependent wet, dry and occult nitrogen deposition in an Alpine region (Achenldrch, Austria, 920 m - 1758 m a.s.l.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2002; Spec No 2:16-22. [PMID: 12638756 DOI: 10.1007/bf02987473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
From November 1995 to October 1996 and from October 1997 to September 1998, samples of wet precipitation, cloud water as well as of reactive gases and particulate matter, were collected at three elevational levels (920 m, 1,280 m and 1,758 m a.s.l.) in Achenkirch, Austria. The samples were analysed for ammonium and nitrate in wet precipitation and in cloud water, for ammonia, nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide in the gas phase and for particulate ammonium and particulate nitrate in aerosol. Total nitrogen deposition was calculated combining measured concentrations in wet, dry and occult depositions with the corresponding deposition fluxes. Two multilayer deposition models were used for the calculation of dry and occult deposition. The total nitrogen input in 1995/96 was estimated to be 29 kg N ha(-1)a(-1) at the Christlumkopf station (1,758 m), 20 kg N ha(-1)a(-1) at the Christlumalm station (1,280 m) and 28 kg N ha(-1)a(-1) at the Talboden station (930 m). Respective data for the 1997/98 observation period were 31 kg N ha(-1)a(-1) at the Christlumkopf station (1,758 m) and 18 kg N ha(-1)a(-1) at the Mülhleggerköpfl station (920 m). Critical Loads of nitrogen for coniferous forests were exceeded significantly near-source regions represented by areas of intense agricultural use and at high elevation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Kalina
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/151, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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Igawa M, Matsumura K, Okochi H. High frequency and large deposition of acid fog on high elevation forest. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:1-6. [PMID: 11811474 DOI: 10.1021/es0105358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have collected and analyzed fogwater on the mountainside of Mt. Oyama (1252 m) in the Tanzawa Mountains of Japan and observed the fog event frequency from the base of the mountain with a video camera. The fog event frequency increased with elevation and was observed to be present 46% of the year at the summit. The water deposition via throughfall increased with elevation because of the increase in fogwater interception and was about twice that via rain at the summit, where the air pollutant deposition via throughfall was several times that via rainwater. The dry deposition and the deposition via fogwater were dominant factors in the total ion deposition at high elevation sites. In a fog event, nitric acid, the major acid component on the mountain, is formed during the transport of the air mass from the base of the mountain along the mountainside, where gases including nitric acid deposit and are scavenged by fogwater. Therefore, high acidity caused by nitric acid and relatively low ion strength are observed in the fogwater at high elevation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Igawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama, Japan.
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Ingraham NL, Mark AF. Isotopic assessment of the hydrologic importance of fog deposition on tall snow tussock grass on southern New Zealand uplands. AUSTRAL ECOL 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-9993.2000.01052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Davis DD, McClenahen JR, Hutnik RJ. USE OF AN EPIPHYTIC MOSS TO BIOMONITOR POLLUTANT LEVELS IN SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2001. [DOI: 10.1656/1092-6194(2001)008[0379:uoaemt]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Grünhage L, Haenel HD, Jäger HJ. The exchange of ozone between vegetation and atmosphere: micrometeorological measurement techniques and models. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2000; 109:373-392. [PMID: 15092871 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(00)00041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/1999] [Accepted: 01/05/2000] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The European critical levels (CLs) to protect vegetation are expressed as an accumulative exposure over a threshold of 40 ppb (nl l(-1)). In view of the fact that these chamber-derived CLs are based on ozone (O(3)) concentrations at the top of the canopy the correct application to ambient conditions presupposes the application of Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) models for quantifying trace gas exchange between phytosphere and atmosphere. Especially in the context of establishing control strategies based on flux-oriented dose-response relationships, O(3) flux measurements and O(3) exchange simulations are needed for representative ecosystems. During the last decades several micrometeorological methods for quantifying energy and trace gas exchange were developed, as well as models for the simulation of the exchange of trace gases between phytosphere and atmosphere near the ground. This paper is a synthesis of observational and modeling techniques which discusses measurement methods, assumptions, and limitations and current modeling approaches. Because stomatal resistance for trace gas exchange is parameterized as a function of water vapor or carbon dioxide (CO(2)) exchange, the most important micrometeorological techniques especially for quantifying O(3), water vapor and CO(2) flux densities are discussed. A comparison of simulated and measured O(3) flux densities shows good agreement in the mean.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Grünhage
- Institute for Plant Ecology, University of Giessen, Heinrich Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Keene WC, Mosher BW, Jacob DJ, Munger JW, Talbot RW, Artz RS, Maben JR, Daube BC, Galloway JN. Carboxylic acids in clouds at a high-elevation forested site in central Virginia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Miller EK, Friedland AJ, Arons EA, Mohnen VA, Battles JJ, Panek JA, Kadlecek J, Johnson AH. Atmospheric deposition to forests along an elevational gradient at Whiteface Mountain, NY, U.S.A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90042-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Gallagher M, Beswick K, Choularton T. Measurement and modelling of cloudwater deposition to a snow-covered forest canopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90281-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Lindberg S, Lovett G. Deposition and forest canopy interactions of airborne sulfur: Results from the integrated forest study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Fuzzi S, Facchini MC, Orsi G, Ferri D. Seasonal trend of fog water chemical composition in the Po Valley. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1992; 75:75-80. [PMID: 15092052 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(92)90059-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fog frequency in the Po Valley, Northern Italy, can be as high as 30% of the time in the fall-winter season. High pollutant concentrations have been measured in fog water samples collected in this area over the past few years. The combined effects of high fog occurrence and high pollutant loading of the fog droplets can determine, in this area, appreciable chemical deposition rates. An automated station for fog water collection was developed, and deployed at the field station of S. Pietro Capofiume, in the eastern part of the Po Valley for an extended period: from the beginning of November 1989 to the end of April 1990. Time-resolved sampling of fog droplets was carried out during all fog events occurring in this period, and chemical analyses were performed on the collected samples. Statistical information on fog occurrence and fog water chemical composition is reported in this paper, and a tentative seasonal deposition budget is calculated for H+, NH4+, NO3- and SO4(2-) ions. The problems connected with fog droplet sampling in sub-freezing conditions are also addressed in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fuzzi
- Istituto Fisbat-C. N. R. Via de' Castagnoli 1, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Joslin J, Wolfe M. Tests of the use of net throughfall sulfate to estimate dry and occult sulfur deposition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90261-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Gallagher MW, Beswick K, Choularton TW, Coe H, Fowler D, Hargreaves K. Measurements and modelling of cloudwater deposition to moorland and forests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1992; 75:97-107. [PMID: 15092055 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(92)90062-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to measure the size dependence of cloudwater deposition and associated average ionic fluxes to vegetated surfaces. Measurements were made over a forest canopy at Dunslair heights in south Scotland and a moorland site, Great Dun Fell, in northern England. Measurements were made using the gradient and eddy correlation techniques. Eddy correlation measurements were made using an ultrasonic anemometer, a Knollenberg forward scattering spectrometer probe (to measure liquid water fluxes and fluxes of droplets in 1 microm size intervals) and a GSI particulate volume monitor (to measure liquid-water fluxes). Measurements were made at Great Dun Fell of the size dependence of droplet deposition velocity, using the gradient technique with two Knollenberg probes. Simultaneous gradient and eddy correlation measurements were also made at Great Dun Fell of average cloud-water fluxes, together with chemical analysis of cloud water composition, using a continuous analysis system. At Dunslair Heights, eddy correlation measurements were made using both the Knollenberg and Gerber Scientific Instruments (GSI) probes, while simultaneous gradient measurements using two GSI probes were also attempted. Samples of cloud water were collected at Dunslair Heights, using passive string collectors for chemical analysis by ion chromatography. The major findings of the study were: 1. The droplet deposition velocities measured by the two techniques were similar. 2. The deposition velocities were a strong function of droplet size. Considerable resistance to deposition was evident for droplets of less than 5 microm radius. Deposition velocities for particles from about 6 to 8 microm exceeded those for momentum. 3. Except when the droplets were very small or the winds very light, bulk cloud-water deposition velocities were about 80% or more of the momentum deposition velocities to forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Gallagher
- UMIST Department of Pure and Applied Physics, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
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McCune D, Boyce R. Precipitation and the transfer of water, nutrients and pollutants in tree canopies. Trends Ecol Evol 1992; 7:4-7. [DOI: 10.1016/0169-5347(92)90189-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Mueller SF, Joslin JD, Wolfe MH. Estimating cloud water deposition to subalpine spruce-fir forests—II. Model testing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(91)90151-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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Lin NH, Saxena V. Interannual variability in acidic deposition on the Mt. Mitchell area forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(91)90324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Multiphase chemistry of orographic clouds: observations at subalpine mountain sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00322431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Estimating cloud water deposition to subalpine spruce-fir forests—I. Modifications to an existing model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(91)90150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Lin NH, Saxena V. In-cloud scavenging and deposition of sulfates and nitrates: Case studies and parameterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(91)90105-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Aneja VP, Claiborn CS, Bradow RL, Paur RJ, Baumgardner RE. Dynamic chemical characterization of montane clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(90)90011-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Collett JL, Daube BC, Hoffmann MR. The chemical composition of intercepted cloudwater in the Sierra Nevada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(90)90298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Joslin J, Mueller S, Wolfe M. Tests of models of cloudwater deposition to forest canopies using artificial and living collectors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(90)90480-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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Cloud chemistry measurements and estimates of acidic deposition on an above cloudbase coniferous forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(90)90113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Collett J, Daube B, Munger J, Hoffmann MR. Cloud water chemistry in Sequoia National Park. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(89)90303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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47
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Hydrological and chemical inputs to fir trees from rain and clouds during a 1-month study at Clingmans Peak, NC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(88)90136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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49
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50
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Daube B, Kimball KD, Lamar PA, Weathers KC. Two new ground-level cloud water sampler designs which reduce rain contamination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(87)90085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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