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Ke B. The Reaction-Center Complex of Photosystem II: Early Electron-Transfer Components and Reactions. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.198100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Anderson JM, Melis A. Localization of different photosystems in separate regions of chloroplast membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 80:745-9. [PMID: 16578766 PMCID: PMC393456 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.3.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The stoichiometric amounts and the photoactivity kinetics of photosystem I (PSI) and of the alpha and beta components of photosystem II (PSII(alpha) and PSII(beta)) were compared in spinach chloroplast membrane (thylakoid) fractions derived from appressed and nonappressed regions. Stroma-exposed thylakoid fractions from the nonappressed regions were isolated by differential centrifugation following a mechanical press treatment of the chloroplasts. Thylakoid vesicles derived mainly from the appressed membranes of grana were isolated by the aqueous polymer two-phase partition method. Stroma-exposed thylakoids were found to have a chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio of 6.0 and a PSII(beta)/PSI reaction center ratio of 0.3. Kinetic analysis of system II photoactivity revealed the absence of PSII(alpha) from stroma-exposed thylakoids. The photoactivity of system I in stroma-exposed thylakoids showed a single kinetic component identical to that of unfractionated chloroplasts, suggesting that PSI does not receive excitation energy from the PSII-chlorophyll ab light-harvesting complex. Thus, stroma-exposed thylakoids are significantly enriched in both PSI and PSII(beta). Inside-out vesicles from the appressed membranes of grana-partition regions had a chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio of 2.0 and a PSII/PSI reaction center ratio of 10.0. The photoactivity of system II showed the membranes of the grana-partition regions to be significantly enriched in PSII(alpha). We conclude that PSII(alpha) is exclusively located in the membranes of the grana partitions while PSII(beta) and PSI are located in stroma-exposed thylakoids. The low PSI reaction center (P700) content of vesicles derived from grana partitions and the kinetic homogeneity of the PSI complex suggest total exclusion of P700 as a functional component in the membrane of the grana-partition region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Anderson
- Division of Molecular Plant Biology, 313 Hilgard Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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Wendler J, Holzwarth AR. State transitions in the green alga scenedesmus obliquus probed by time-resolved chlorophyll fluorescence spectroscopy and global data analysis. Biophys J 2010; 52:717-28. [PMID: 19431709 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(87)83266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Decay-associated fluorescence spectra of the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus have been measured by single-photon timing with picosecond resolution in various states of light adaptation. The data have been analyzed by applying a global data analysis procedure. The amplitudes of the decay-associated spectra allow a determination of the relative antenna sizes of the photosystems. We arrive at the following conclusions: (a) The fluorescence kinetics of algal cells with open PS II centers (F(0) level) have to be described by a sum of three exponential components. These decay components are attributed to photosystem (PS) I (tau approximately 85 ps, lambda(max) (em) approximately 695-700 nm), open PS II alpha-centers (tau approximately 300 ps, lambda(max) (em) = 685 nm), and open PS II beta-centers (tau approximately 600 ps, lambda(max) (em) = 685 nm). A fourth component of very low amplitude (tau approximately 2.2-2.3 ns, lambda(max) (em) = 685 nm) derives from dead chlorophyll. (b) At the F(max) level of fluorescence there are also three decay components. They originate from PS I with properties identical to those at the F(0) level, from closed PS II alpha-centers (tau approximately 2.2 ns, lambda(max) (em) = 685 nm) and from closed PS beta-centers (tau approximately 1.2 ns, lambda(max) (em) = 685 nm). (c) The major effect of light-induced state transitions on the fluorescence kinetics involves a change in the relative antenna size of alpha- and beta-units brought about by the reversible migration of light-harvesting complexes between alpha-centers and beta-centers. (d) A transition to state II does not measurably increase the direct absorption cross-section (antenna size) of PS I. Our data can be rationalized in terms of a model of the antenna organization that relates the effects of state transitions and light-harvesting complex phosphorylation with the concepts of PS II alpha,beta-heterogeneity. We discuss why our results are in disagreement with those of a recent lifetime study of Chlorella by M. Hodges and I. Moya (1986, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 849:193-202).
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Antal TK, Krendeleva TE, Rubin AB. Study of photosystem 2 heterogeneity in the sulfur-deficient green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2007; 94:13-22. [PMID: 17701284 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A set of chlorophyll fluorescence methods, including PEA (Plant Efficiency Analyser), PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulated fluorometer), and picosecond fluorometer, was employed to study PS 2 heterogeneity in sulfur deprived green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The regression method and JIP test were applied to analyze chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics. The fractions of PS 2 characterized by the energetic disconnection, smaller antenna size, elevated constant rate of primary photochemistry, and inability to maintain DeltapH-dependent energy dissipation increased essentially already after 12 h of incubation in sulfur depleted medium. The amount of PS 2 centers with reduced QA (closed state), QB-non-reducing centers with impaired water splitting function, and centers coupled to the plastoquinone pool with the slow cycle rate increased dramatically after 24 h period of deprivation. The mechanisms of PS 2 inactivation under sulfur deprivation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras K Antal
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Vorobyevi Gory, Moscow 119992, Russia.
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5
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Mäenpää P, Andersson B, Sundby C. Difference in sensitivity to photoinhibition between photosystem II in the appressed and non-appressed thylakoid regions. FEBS Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Horton P, Black MT. Activation of adenosine 5′ triphosphate-induced quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence by reduced plastoquinone. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)81016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Anderson JM. Consequences of spatial separation of photosystem 1 and 2 in thylakoid membranes of higher plant chloroplasts. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Vass I, Horváth G, Herczeg T, Demeter S. Determination of activation energies and half-lives of thermoluminescence bands of chloroplasts applying the method of multicomponent curve resolution. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)80666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Robinson HH, Crofts AR. Kinetics of the oxidation-reduction reactions of the photosystem II quinone acceptor complex, and the pathway for deactivation. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Hodges M, Barber J. The significance of the kinetic analysis of fluorescence induction in DCMU-inhibited chloroplasts in terms of photosystem 2 connectivity and heterogeneity. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Bowes JM, Horton P, Bendall DS. Does the acceptor Q2
fulfil an indispensable function in the primary reactions of photosystem II? FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Andre S, Weis E, Krieger A. Heterogeneity and photoinhibition of photosystem II studied with thermoluminescence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 116:1053-61. [PMID: 9501138 PMCID: PMC35075 DOI: 10.1104/pp.116.3.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermoluminescence (TL) signals were recorded from grana stacks, margins, and stroma lamellae from fractionated, dark-adapted thylakoid membranes of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in the absence and in the presence of 2,6-dichlorphenylindophenol (DCMU). In the absence of DCMU, the TL signal from grana fractions consisted of a homogenous B-band, which originates from recombination of the semi-quinone QB- with the S2 state of the water-splitting complex and reflects active photosystem II (PSII). In the presence of DCMU, the B-band was replaced by the Q-band, which originates from an S2QA- recombination. Margin fractions mainly showed two TL-bands, the B- and C-bands, at approximately 50 degreesC in the absence of DCMU, and Q- and C-bands in the presence of DCMU. The C-band is ascribed to a TyrD+-QA- recombination. In the absence of DCMU, the fractions of stromal lamellae mainly gave rise to a TL emission at 42 degreesC. The intensity of this band was independent of the number of excitation flashes and was shifted to higher temperatures (52 degreesC) after the addition of DCMU. Based on these observations, this band was considered to be a C-band. After photoinhibitory light treatment of uncoupled thylakoid membranes, the TL intensities of the B- and Q-bands decreased, whereas the intensity at 45 degreesC (C-band) slightly increased. It is proposed that the 42 to 52 degreesC band that was observed in marginal and stromal lamellae and in photoinhibited thylakoid membranes reflects inactive PSII centers that are assumed to be equivalent to inactive PSII QB-nonreducing centers.
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15
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Krieger A, Rutherford A, Johnson GN. On the determination of redox midpoint potential of the primary quinone electron acceptor, QA, in Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(95)00002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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16
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Kaoua ME, Laval-Martin DL. Evolution of PS IIα and PS IIβ centers during the greening of Euglena gracilis Z: Correlations with changes in lipid content. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1995; 43:155-163. [PMID: 24306749 DOI: 10.1007/bf00042973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/1994] [Accepted: 01/30/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The building up of the two types of reaction centers, PS IIα and PS IIβ, was investigated during the greening of Euglena gracilis Z cells in resting medium. The maximal values in the proportion of PS IIα centers (55%) and in the oxygen evolved per chlorophyll were reached at the outbreak of greening, when accumulation of galactolipids (MGDG and DGDG) rich in unsaturated fatty acids occurred, and when anionic lipids (SQDG and PG) emerged. As the greening progressed, the chlorophyll accumulation corresponded to a secondary enrichment in PS IIβ centers, which built up more rapidly than PS IIα centers; correlatively, a general saturation of the fatty acids constitutive of all lipid classes took place.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Kaoua
- Laboratoire des Membranes Biologiques, Université Paris VII, Tour 54-53, 2 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
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17
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Plastoquinone compartmentation in chloroplasts. I. Evidence for domains with different rates of photo-reduction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(92)90460-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Dissipation of excitation energy by Photosystem II particles at low pH. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Hsu BD, Lee JY. A study on the fluorescence induction curve of the DCMU-poisoned chloroplast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Hsu BD, Lee JY. Characterization of the photosystem II centers inactive in plastoquinone reduction by fluorescence induction. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1991; 27:143-150. [PMID: 24414577 DOI: 10.1007/bf00033253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/1990] [Accepted: 12/03/1990] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to characterize the photosystem II (PS II) centers which are inactive in plastoquinone reduction, the initial variable fluorescence rise from the non-variable fluorescence level Fo to an intermediate plateau level Fi has been studied. We find that the initial fluorescence rise is a monophasic exponential function of time. Its rate constant is similar to the initial rate of the fastest phase (α-phase) of the fluorescence induction curve from DCMU-poisoned chloroplasts. In addition, the initial fluorescence rise and the α-phase have the following common properties: their rate constants vary linearly with excitation light intensity and their fluorescence yields are lowered by removal of Mg(++) from the suspension medium. We suggest that the inactive PS II centers, which give rise to the fluorescence rise from Fo to Fi, belong to the α-type PS II centers. However, since these inactive centers do not display sigmoidicity in fluorescence, they thus do not allow energy transfer between PS II units like PS IIα.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Hsu
- Institute of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, 30043, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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21
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Govindjee. Photosystem II heterogeneity: the acceptor side. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1990; 25:151-160. [PMID: 24420346 DOI: 10.1007/bf00033157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/1989] [Accepted: 05/12/1990] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that two photosystems, I and II, are needed to transfer electrons from H2O to NADP(+) in oxygenic photosynthesis. Each photosystem consists of several components: (a) the light-harvesting antenna (L-HA) system, (b) the reaction center (RC) complex, and (c) the polypeptides and other co-factors involved in electron and proton transport. First, we present a mini review on the heterogeneity which has been identified with the electron acceptor side of Photosystem II (PS II) including (a) L-HA system: the PS IIα and PS IIβ units, (b) RC complex containing electron acceptor Q1 or Q2; and (c) electron acceptor complex: QA (having two different redox potentials QL and QH) and QB (QB-type; Q'B type; and non-QB type); additional components such as iron (Q-400), U (Em,7=-450 mV) and Q-318 (or Aq) are also mentioned. Furthermore, we summarize the current ideas on the so-called inactive (those that transfer electrons to the plastoquinone pool rather slowly) and active reaction centers. Second, we discuss the bearing of the first section on the ratio of the PS II reaction center (RC-II) and the PS I reaction center (RC-I). Third, we review recent results that relate the inactive and active RC-II, obtained by the use of quinones DMQ and DCBQ, with the fluorescence transient at room temperature and in heated spinach and soybean thylakoids. These data show that inactive RC-II can be easily monitored by the OID phase of fluorescence transient and that heating converts active into inactive centers.
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22
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Henrysson T, Sundby C. Characterization of photosystem II in stroma thylakoid membranes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1990; 25:107-117. [PMID: 24420277 DOI: 10.1007/bf00035459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/1989] [Accepted: 02/26/1990] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The functional state of the PS II population localized in the stroma exposed non-appressed thylakoid region was investigated by direct analysis of the PS II content of isolated stroma thylakoid vesicles. This PS II population, possessing an antenna size typical for PS IIβ, was found to have a fully functional oxygen evolving capacity in the presence of an added quinone electron acceptor such as phenyl-p-benzoquinone. The sensitivity to DCMU for this PS II population was the same as for PS II in control thylakoids. However, under more physiological conditions, in the absence of an added quinone acceptor, no oxygen was evolved from stroma thylakoid vesicles and their PS II centers were found to be incapable to pass electrons to PS I and to yield NADPH. By comparison of the effect of a variety of added quinone acceptors with different midpoint potentials, it is concluded that the inability of PS II in the stroma thylakoid membranes to contribute to NADPH formation probably is due to that QA of this population is not able to reduce PQ, although it can reduce some artificial acceptors like phenyl-p-benzoquinone. These data give further support to the notion of a discrete PS II population in the non-appressed stroma thylakoid region, PS IIβ, having a higher midpoint potential of QA than the PS II population in the appressed thylakoid region, PS IIα. The physiological significance of a PS II population that does not produce any NADPH is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Henrysson
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Lund, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00, LUND, Sweden
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23
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Ort DR, Whitmarsh J. Inactive photosystem II centers: A resolution of discrepencies in photosystem II quantitation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1990; 23:101-104. [PMID: 24420998 DOI: 10.1007/bf00030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/1988] [Accepted: 01/01/1989] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of photosystem II in chloroplast thylakoid membranes has been a contentious issue because different techniques give quite different estimates of photosystem II titer. This discrepancy led in turn to disagreements regarding the stoichiometry of photosystem II to photosystem I in these membranes. We believe that the discrepancy in photosystem II quantitation is resolved by evidence which shows that a large population of photosystem II centers with negligible turnover rates are present in isolated thylakoid membranes as well as in normally developed leaves of healthy plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Ort
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, University of Illinois, 289 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., 61801, Urbana, IL, USA
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Properties of the Photosystem II electron acceptor complex of Phormidium laminosum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(89)80013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Drechsler Z, Neumann J. Evidence for two types of electron transfer processes through Photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1989; 21:187-195. [PMID: 24424614 DOI: 10.1007/bf00037183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/1988] [Accepted: 11/09/1988] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of electron flow from H2O to methylviologen by 3-(3'4' dichlorophenyl)-1,1 dimethyl urea (DCMU), yields a biphasic curve - an initial high sensitivity phase and a subsequent low sensitivity phase. The two phases of electron flow have a different pH dependence and differ in the light intensity required for saturation.Preincubation of chloroplasts with ferricyanide causes an inhibition of the high sensitivity phase, but has no effect on the low sensitivity phase. The extent of inhibition increases as the redox potential during preincubation becomes more positive. Tris-treatment, contrary to preincubation with ferricyanide, affects, to a much greater extent, the low sensitivity phase.Trypsin digestion of chloroplasts is known to block electron flow between Q A and Q B, allowing electron flow to ferricyanide, in a DCMU insensitive reaction. We have found that in trypsinated chloroplasts, electron flow becomes progressively inhibited by DCMU with increase in pH, and that DCMU acts as a competitive inhibitor with respect to [H(+)]. The sensitivity to DCMU rises when a more negative redox potential is maintained during trypsin treatment. Under these conditions, only the high sensitivity, but not the low sensitivity phase is inhibited by DCMU.The above results indicate the existence of two types of electron transport chains. One type, in which electron flow is more sensitive to DCMU contains, presumably Fe in a Q A Fe complex and is affected by its oxidation state, i.e., when Fe is reduced, it allows electron flow to Q B in a DCMU sensitive step; and a second type, in which electron transport is less sensitive to DCMU, where Fe is either absent or, if present in its oxidized state, is inaccessible to reducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Drechsler
- Department of Botany, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
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26
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Hsu BD, Lee YS, Jang YR. A method for analysis of fluorescence induction curve from DCMU-poisoned chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(89)80199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Albertsson PÅ, Yu SG. Heterogeneity among photosystem IIα. Isolation of thylakoid membrane vesicles with different functional antennae size of photosystem IIα. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Joliot P, Joliot A. The low-potential electron-transfer chain in the cytochrome bf complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Masojidek J, Droppa M, Horváth G. Analysis of the polypeptide composition of grana and stroma thylakoids by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Distribution of photosystem II between grana and stroma lamellae. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 169:283-8. [PMID: 3319610 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The polypeptide composition of whole thylakoids and membrane subfragments was studied by using a modified two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technique of O'Farrell [J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4007-4021 (1975)]. The modifications were lithium dodecyl sulphate solubilization instead instead of SDS, reverse isofocusing and sensitive silver staining procedure. This high-resolution technique allowed us to separate and identify about 170 polypeptides of thylakoid membranes. After separating grana and stroma thylakoids it was found that both types of lamellae contained nearly equal amounts of polypeptides, but about 70 polypeptides were different in the two preparations. In grana thylakoids, 54 polypeptides out of 95 were found to be mainly present in grana and 31 of them were only present in grana preparations. In stroma membranes, 43 polypeptides out of 99 were mainly present in stroma lamellae and 38 of these polypeptides were exclusively present in stroma lamellae. In a functional photosystem II preparation, 61 individual polypeptides could be distinguished. Most of these polypeptides were present in both grana and stroma lamellae, but 22 of them were more pronounced in grana than in stroma lamellae. 9 polypeptides of photosystem II were distinctly different in grana and stroma lamellae, and these differences may connect closely with the functional differences of photosystem II in the two types of thylakoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Masojidek
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
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30
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Hodges M, Mova I. Time-resolved chlorophyll fluorescence studies on photosynthetic mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: origin of the kinetic decay components. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1987; 13:125-141. [PMID: 24435782 DOI: 10.1007/bf00035236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/1986] [Accepted: 03/23/1987] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The room temperature chlorophyll fluorescence decay kinetics of photosynthetic mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been measured as a function of Photosystem 2 (PS2) trap closure, DNB-induced quenching at FM, and time-resolved emission spectra. The overall decays have been analyzed in terms of three or four kinetic components where necessary. A comparison of the characteristics of the decay components exhibited by the mutants with the wild-type has been carried out to elucidate the precise origins of the different emissions in relation to the observed pigment-protein complexes. It is shown that a) charge recombination in PS2 is not necessary for the presence of long-lived decay components, b) there are two rapid PS1-associated emissions (τ=30 and 150-200 ps), c) a slow PS1 decay is observed (τ=1.73 ns) in the absence of PS1 reaction centres, d) the two variable components (τ=0.25-1.2 and 0.5-2.2 ns) observed in the wild-type arise from LHC2 and e) a rapid (τ=50-250 ps) decay is associated with the PS2 core antenna (CP3 and CP4). These results show that the intact thylakoid membrane system is too complex to distinguish all of the individual kinetic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hodges
- Laboratoire de Photosynthèse, C.N.R.S., 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Detection of oxygen-evolving Photosystem II centers inactive in plastoquinone reduction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(86)90238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Sundby C, Melis A, Mäenpää P, Andersson B. Temperature-dependent changes in the antenna size of Photosystem II. Reversible conversion of Photosystem IIα to Photosystem IIβ. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(86)90084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Hodges M, Moya I. Time-resolved chlorophyll fluorescence studies of photosynthetic membranes: Resolution and characterisation of four kinetic components. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(86)90025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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Black MT, Brearley TH, Horton P. Heterogeneity in chloroplast photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1986; 8:193-207. [PMID: 24443258 DOI: 10.1007/bf00037128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/1985] [Revised: 07/01/1985] [Accepted: 07/15/1985] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem-two (PSII) in the chloroplasts of higher plants and green algae is not homogeneous. A review of PSII heterogeneity is presented and a model is proposed which is consistent with much of the data presented in the literature. It is proposed that the non-quinone electron acceptor of PSII is preferentially associated with the sub-population of PSII known as PSIIß.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Black
- Research Institute for Photosynthesis, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, Sheffield, UK
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Eaton-Rye JJ. Electron transfer through photosystem II acceptors: Interaction with anions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1986; 10:365-379. [PMID: 24435384 DOI: 10.1007/bf00118302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present an overview of anionic interactions with the oxidation-reduction reactions of photosystem II (PSII) acceptors. In section 1, a framework is laid for the electron acceptor side of PSII: the overview begins with a current scheme of the electron transport pathway and of the localization of components in the thylakoid membrane, which is followed by a brief description of the electron acceptor Q or QA and the various heterogeneities associated with it. In section 2, we review briefly the nature of the active species of the bicarbonate (HCO3 (-)) effect, the location of the site of action of HCO3 (-), and its relationship to interactions with other anions. In section 3, we review data on the anion effects on the reoxidation of QA (-) and on the various reactions involved in the two-electron gate mechanism of PSII, and provide a hypothesis as to the action of HCO3 (-) on the protonation reactions. New data obtained by one of us (G) in collaboration with J.J.S. van Rensen, J.F.H Snel and W. Tonk for HCO3 (-)-depleted thylakoids, demonstrating the abolition of the binary oscillations contained within the periodicity of 4 observed for proton release, are also reviewed. In section 4, we comment on the measured binding constant of HCO3 (-) at the anion binding site. And, in section 5, we review our current concept of the mechanism of the HCO3 (-) effect on the electron acceptor side of PSII, and comment on the possible physiological roles for HCO3 (-). Measurements of HCO3 (-) reversible anionic inhibition in intact cells of a green alga Scenedesmus are also reviewed.
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36
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Rich PR. Mechanisms of quinol oxidation in photosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1985; 6:335-348. [PMID: 24442953 DOI: 10.1007/bf00054107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/1984] [Accepted: 03/27/1985] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which para-benzoquinols can be oxidized is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the information available from chemical and electrochemical studies which may provide insight into the biochemical mechanisms of plastoquinol oxidation in the chloroplast. Three mechanisms of quinol oxidation are possible: (1) The removal of an electron from the quinol, QH inf2 (sup·t) , directly to produce the radical cation, QH 2 (·+) . This may be achieved electrochemically only at very high potential in acidic media. The reaction may be of relevance to D1, the donor to P-680. (2) The removal of an electron from the anionic quinol. QH(-), formed by quinol deprotonation. It is likely that the catalytic mechanism of the cytochrome bf complex involves this mechanism. (3) The removal of an electron from the dianionic quinol, Q(2-). This route will be dominant only under basic or aprotic conditions and at very low potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Rich
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 1QW, Cambridge, UK
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37
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Berens SJ, Scheele J, Butler WL, Magde D. TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE STUDIES OF SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS–EVIDENCE FOR THE HETEROGENEOUS BIPARTITE MODEL. Photochem Photobiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1985.tb03547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Time-resolved picosecond fluorescence spectra of the antenna chlorophylls in Chlorella vulgaris. Resolution of Photosystem I fluorescence. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Bell DH, Hipkins MF. Analysis of fluorescence induction curves from pea chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Golbeck JH, Warden JT. Redox study of electron donation to P-680 in Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 806:116-23. [PMID: 3967006 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Flash-induced absorption changes at 820 nm were studied as a function of redox potential in Tris-extracted Photosystem II oxygen-evolving particles and Triton subchloroplast fraction II particles. The rereduction kinetics of P-680+ in both preparations showed biphasic recovery phases with half-times of 42 and 625 microseconds at pH 4.5. The magnitude of the 42 microseconds phase of P-680+ rereduction was strongly dependent on the redox potential of the medium. This absorption transient, attributed to electron donation from D1 (the secondary electron donor in oxygen-inhibited chloroplasts), titrated as a single redox component with a midpoint potential of +240 +/- 35 mV. The experimentally determined midpoint potential was found to be independent of pH over the tested range 4.5-6.0. In contrast, the magnitude of the 625 microseconds phase of P-680+ rereduction was independent of redox potential between +350 and +100 mV. These results are interpreted in terms of a model in which an alternate electron donor with Em approximately equal to 240 mV, termed D0, serves as a rapid donor (t 1/2 less than or equal to 2 microseconds) to P-680+ in Tris-extracted and Triton-treated Photosystem-II preparations. According to this model, the slower electron donor, D1, is functional only when D0 becomes oxidized.
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41
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Comparison of ATP-induced and DCMU-induced increases of chlorophyll fluorescence. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Naidu R, Krishnan M, Ramanujam P, Gnanam A, Nayudu M. Studies on peanut green mosaic virus infected peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) leaves. I. Photosynthesis and photochemical reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0048-4059(84)90056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Krause GH, Weis E. Chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool in plant physiology : II. Interpretation of fluorescence signals. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1984; 5:139-57. [PMID: 24458602 DOI: 10.1007/bf00028527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/1983] [Revised: 12/21/1983] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G H Krause
- Botanisches Institut der Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-4000, Düsseldorf 1, Germany (F.R.G.)
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Staehelin LA, DeWit M. Correlation of structure and function of chloroplast membranes at the supramolecular level. J Cell Biochem 1984; 24:261-9. [PMID: 6330136 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240240307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Freeze-fracture electron microscopy has revealed that different size classes of intramembrane particles of chloroplast membranes are nonrandomly distributed between appressed grana and nonappressed stroma membrane regions. It is now generally assumed that thylakoid membranes contain five major functional complexes, each of which can give rise to an intramembrane particle of a defined size. These are the photosystem II complex, the photosystem I complex, the cytochrome f/b6 complex, the chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting complex, and the CF0 -CF1 ATP synthetase complex. By mapping the distribution of the different categories of intramembrane particles, information on the lateral organization of functional membrane units of thylakoid membranes can be determined. In this review, we present a brief summary of the evidence supporting the correlation of specific categories of intramembrane particles with known biochemical entities. In addition, we discuss studies showing that ions and phosphorylation of the membrane adhesion factor, the chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting complex, can affect the lateral organization of chloroplast membrane components and thereby regulate membrane function.
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Charge accumulation and recombination in Photosystem II studied by thermoluminescence. I. Participation of the primary acceptor Q and secondary acceptor B in the generation of thermoluminescence of chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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McCloskey M, Poo MM. Protein diffusion in cell membranes: some biological implications. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1984; 87:19-81. [PMID: 6325362 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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47
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Picosecond fluorescence kinetic studies of electron acceptor Q redox heterogeneity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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48
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Lavergne J. Membrane potential-dependent reduction of cytochrome b-6 in an algal mutant lacking Photosystem I centers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Lam E, Baltimore B, Ortiz W, Chollar S, Melis A, Malkin R. Characterization of a resolved oxygen-evolving Photosystem II preparation from spinach thylakoids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Bowes JM, Horton P, Bendall DS. Characterization of photosystem ii electron acceptors in Phormidium laminosum. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983; 225:353-9. [PMID: 6412632 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(83)90040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll a fluorescence has been used to monitor the redox state of the primary electron acceptor of photosystem II (PS II) in the blue-green alga Phormidium laminosum during equilibrium titrations. The shape of induction curves measured in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) have been analyzed. The induction curves were very similar in unfractionated thylakoid membranes and PS II particles. In both, the fast (alpha) phase was sigmoidal, and was followed by a slow (beta) exponential tail. Thus, the structural organization and complexity of the particles (J. M. Bowes and P. Horton, Biochim, Biophys. Acta 680, 127-133 (1982), as indicated by the occurrence of energy transfer between alpha centers and presence of beta centers, must preexist in the membranes. Redox titration of the initial level of fluorescence indicated the presence of a single quencher QH in the unfractionated thylakoids, midpoint potential: Em7.0 approximately -35 mV (n = 1). Thus, the occurrence of a single acceptor is characteristic for P. laminosum and the absence of a low potential acceptor in PS II particles (J.M. Bowes, P. Horton, and D.S. Bendall, FEBS Lett. 135, 261-264 (1981] was not the result of its removal during their preparation. The midpoint potential of Q varied by -60 mV/pH unit in PS II particles and membrane fragments, with a pK at pH greater than 8.5 (particles) and at pH 7.5 (fragments). In PS II particles, DCMU raised the pK by approximately 0.5 pH units. It is argued that the pH dependence of Q is conferred by protonation of a protein which accompanies its reduction rather than protonation of the semiquinone Q X itself.
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