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Piatkevich KD, Subach FV, Verkhusha VV. Far-red light photoactivatable near-infrared fluorescent proteins engineered from a bacterial phytochrome. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2153. [PMID: 23842578 PMCID: PMC3749836 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ability to modulate fluorescence of optical probes can be used to enhance signal-to-noise ratio for imaging within highly autofluorescent environments, such as intact tissues and living organisms. Here we report two phytochrome-based photoactivatable near-infrared fluorescent proteins, named PAiRFP1 and PAiRFP2. PAiRFPs utilize heme-derived biliverdin, ubiquitous in mammalian tissues, as the chromophore. Initially weakly fluorescent PAiRFPs undergo photoconversion into a highly fluorescent state with excitation/emission at 690 nm/717 nm following a brief irradiation with far-red light. After photoactivation, PAiRFPs slowly revert back to initial state, enabling multiple photoactivation-relaxation cycles. Low-temperature optical spectroscopy reveals several intermediates involved in PAiRFP photocycles, which all differ from that of the bacteriophytochrome precursor. PAiRFPs can be photoactivated in a spatially selective manner in mouse tissues, and optical modulation of their fluorescence allows for substantial contrast enhancement, making PAiRFPs advantageous over permanently fluorescent probes for in vivo imaging conditions of high autofluorescence and low signal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiryl D Piatkevich
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Rüdiger W, Thümmler F, Cmiel E, Schneider S. Chromophore structure of the physiologically active form (P(fr)) of phytochrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 80:6244-8. [PMID: 16593380 PMCID: PMC394272 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.20.6244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromopeptides were prepared by proteolytic digestion of phytochrome (far-red absorbing form, P(fr)) and of phycocyanin. The phycocyanobilin peptide, the chromophore of which is Z,Z,Z-configurated, was modified to the Z,Z,E isomeric chromophore. It has been demonstrated earlier that the P(fr) chromopeptide and the Z,Z,E-configurated phycocyanin chromopeptide behave similarly with regard to spectral and chromatographic properties and reactivity. We present evidence here, obtained by high-resolution (1)H NMR spectroscopy, that both the modified phycocyanobilin chromophore and the phytochrome chromophore obtained directly from P(fr) are 15E-configurated.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Rüdiger
- Botanisches Institut der Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-8000 München 19
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Abstract
To characterize the nature of primary photoprocesses of phytochrome which serves as the red-far red reversible photoreceptor for photomorphogenesis in plants, viscosity dependence of the fluorescence lifetimes of phytochrome isolated from etiolated oat seedling (Avena sativa L.) has been investigated. The fluorescence decay of phytochrome exhibited approximately two components, one with lifetime in the range of 50-70 ps and another with 1.1-1.2 ns in phosphate buffer with or without 40-67% glycerol. However, relative amplitudes of these decay components were found to be strongly viscosity dependent. Thus, the longer decay component increased from 2-5% in phosphate buffer to approximately 20% in 67% glycerol-phosphate buffer. These results have been interpreted in terms of primary reaction from the excited singlet state of phytochrome, yielding a photoreversible intermediate whose rate of formation and decay were apparently viscosity-dependent. Further, the viscosity dependence is consistent with the primary reaction involving conformational changes of the chromophore/its apoprotein environment.
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Teuchner K, Schulz-Evers M, Stiel H, Strehlow D, Rüdiger W. Excited-state properties of biliproteins: I. Phytochrome Pr. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(99)00136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Teuchner K, Schulz-Evers M, Leupold D, Strehlow D, Rüdiger W. The complex excited state dynamics of the early photocycle of photochrome. Chem Phys Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(97)00173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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MORI TSUKASA, SAKURAI MIEI. Riboflavin Affects Anthocyanin Synthesis in Nitrogen Culture using Strawberry Suspended Cells. J Food Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1996.tb12184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sineshchekov VA. Photobiophysics and photobiochemistry of the heterogeneous phytochrome system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA (BBA) - BIOENERGETICS 1995; 1228:125-164. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(94)00173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
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Photobiophysics and photobiochemistry of the heterogeneous phytochrome system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)00173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Savikhin S, Wells T, Song PS, Struve WS. Ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy of native etiolated oat phytochrome. Biochemistry 1993; 32:7512-8. [PMID: 8338849 DOI: 10.1021/bi00080a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Absorption difference profiles were obtained at wavelengths from 640 to 700 nm with 1-2-ps resolution in a study of primary photoprocesses in the Pr-->Pfr transformation in native oat phytochrome. These experiments were performed using low-intensity laser pulses at high repetition rate; fast sample recycling ensured that essentially all phytochrome species were excited from the Pr ground state. The Pr*-stimulated emission decay at wavelengths > 670 nm exhibits major components with lifetimes of approximately 16 and 50-60 ps. Formation of the asymptotic 695-nm lumi-R absorption spectrum rapidly follows stimulated emission decay. Photoexcitation of one or both of the lumi-R intermediates instantaneously recreates fluorescing Pr* phytochrome, which is spectroscopically and kinetically indistinguishable from that generated by direct illumination of ground-state Pr. This is consistent with assignment of lumi-R as a species in which the chromophore has isomerized from the Z,Z,Z to the Z,Z,E conformation. Anisotropy studies indicate that the orientations of the Pr and lumi-R absorption transition moments are nearly parallel, since little anisotropy decay occurs during the 500-ps time window of these experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Savikhin
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory-USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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Sineshchekov VA, Akhobadze VV. PHYTOCHROME STATES IN ETIOLATED PEA SEEDLINGS: FLUORESCENCE AND PRIMARY PHOTOREACTIONS AT LOW TEMPERATURES. Photochem Photobiol 1992; 56:743-749. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb02229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract—Emission spectra of the red phytochrome form (Pr) and fluence time‐response curves of the Pr fluorescence intensity changes were measured in etiolated pea seedlings at low temperatures (80–150 K) in connection with its phototransformations into the initial photoproduct (Lr) and back upon actinic red (667 nm) and far‐red (696 nm) illumination. The variable fluorescence reaches 45% at 85 K and decreases with the rise of temperature. Three kinetic components of the changes were found in the direct (Pr→Lr) and back (Lr→Pr) photoreactions belonging to three states of phytochrome: “slow”, “fast” and “very fast” (respective indices: s, f and vf). The amplitudes of the components and rate constants to reach photoequilibrium were determined in the direct and back photoreactions at different temperatures, and from this, their quantum yields, extent of the Pr↔Lr phototransformation and activation energy of the reactions were evaluated for the three Pr and Lr states. The yields differ from each other by approximately a factor of 10 and those for the direct and back photoreactions are close to each other. The proportion of the amplitudes of the variable fluorescence of the three phytochrome states changes with temperature and upon the Pr→Lr photo‐transformation and the Pr states differ in the position of their emission spectra by 3–5 nm. A close similarity between the Pr and Lr properties was observed, which implies a symmetrical scheme of their photoreactions. It is suggested that the three phytochrome species may originate in different conformational states of the chromophore and they independently transform in parallel photoreactions into the respective photoproducts: Prvf↔Lrvf, Prf↔Lrf and Prs↔Lrs.
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Sineshchekov VA, Akhobadze VV. PHYTOCHROME STATES IN ETIOLATED PEA SEEDLINGS: FLUORESCENCE AND PRIMARY PHOTOREACTIONS AT LOW TEMPERATURES. Photochem Photobiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb02229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hermann G, Lippitsch ME, Brunner H, Aussenegg FR, Müller E. PICOSECOND DYNAMICS OF THE EXCITED STATE RELAXATIONS IN PHYTOCHROME. Photochem Photobiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1990.tb01748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Song PS, Singh BR, Tamai N, Yamazaki T, Yamazaki I, Tokutomi S, Furuya M. Primary photoprocesses of phytochrome. Picosecond fluorescence kinetics of oat and pea phytochromes. Biochemistry 1989; 28:3265-71. [PMID: 2742837 DOI: 10.1021/bi00434a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The primary photoprocesses of etiolated oat and pea phytochromes (Pr forms) are diffusion-modulated by the microscopic viscosity within the chromophore pocket. The chromophore pocket is preferentially accessible to glycerol but not to Ficoll. Glycerol preferentially retarded the rate (rate constant ca. 1-2 X 10(10) s-1) of the initial reaction from the Qy excited state of phytochrome, whereas it increased the long fluorescence lifetime (nanosecond) component that can be attributed to either an emitting intermediate or to modified/conformationally heterogeneous phytochrome populations. The picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectra of different phytochrome preparations (i.e., full-length vs 6/10-kDa NH2-terminus truncated forms of phytochromes from monocot and dicot plants) revealed no significant differences. The spectra in the picosecond time scale showed no spectral shifts, but at longer time scales of up to approximately 1.90 ns, significant blue spectral shifts were observed. The shifts were more in the truncated than in the full-length pea phytochrome. Comparison of the fluorescence decay data and the picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectra suggests differences in conformational flexibility/heterogeneity among the preparations of the monocot vs dicot phytochromes and the full-length native vs the amino terminus truncated phytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Song
- Molecular Plant Biology Section, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588
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SINESHCHEKOV VITALYA, SINESHCHEKOV ALEXEIV. FLUORESCENCE OF PHYTOCHROME IN THE CELLS OF DARK-GROWN PLANTS AND ITS CONNECTION WITH THE PHOTOTRANSFORMATIONS OF THE PIGMENT. Photochem Photobiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb04114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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SINESHCHEKOV VITALYA, SINESHCHEKOV ALEXEIV. FLUORESCENCE OF PHYTOCHROME IN THE CELLS OF DARK‐GROWN PLANTS AND ITS CONNECTION WITH THE PHOTOTRANSFORMATIONS OF THE PIGMENT. Photochem Photobiol 1989; 49:325-330. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb04114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Fluorescence of phytochrome is found in the cells of etiolated monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. The red light‐absorbing form of phytochrome (Pr) fluoresces at 77 K with a yield 0.3±0.1 and maxima at 672–673 nm and 684–686 nm in the excitation and emission spectra, respectively. The emission is characterized by the sharp temperature dependence of its intensity, its high (∼ 40%) polarization, and the violation of the mirror symmetry rule. Connection of the fluorescence with Pr photoreactions is followed in the interval 77–293 K. A P, photoproduct, lumi‐R, is fluorescent with maxima at 696 nm and 705 nm in the excitation and emission spectra; the far‐red light absorbing form of phytochrome (Pfr) is practically nonfluorescent. Three isochromic emitting Pr species are present differing in their photochemical properties: Pr1 and Pr2 which phototransform irreversibly and reversibly at T 170 K into lumi‐R, and lumi‐R2, respectively, and Pr3 which undergoes photoconversion only at T > 240 K. The activation energies of Pr2 and Pr3 photoreactions are evaluated to be 2.9–3.3 kJ/mol and 26 kJ/mol. Complex dynamics of changes of Pr fluorescence and of the extent of its decrease in the photoconversion Pr? Pfr in germinating pea and bean seeds suggests the existence of two Pr pools one of which is incapable of Pr? Pfr phototransformation. Thus, the developed fluorescent method of phytochrome assay and investigation in the cell revealing multiplicity of phytochrome states in vivo proves to be very sensitive (about 1 ng) and informative.
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Lippitsch M, Riegler H, Aussenegg F, Hermann G, Müller E. Picosecond Absorption and Fluorescence Studies on Large Phytochrome from Rye. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(88)80061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Moon DK, Jeen GS, Song PS. THE EFFECT OF DEUTERIUM OXIDE ON THE FLUORESCENCE AND PHOTOTRANSFORMATION OF 124 kDALTON PHYTOCHROME. Photochem Photobiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1985.tb01624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Inoue Y, Hamaguchi HO, Yamamoto KT, Tasumi M, Furuya M. LIGHT INDUCED FLUORESCENCE SPECTRAL CHANGES IN NATIVE PHYTOCHROME FROM Secale cereale L. AT LIQUID NITROGEN TEMPERATURE. Photochem Photobiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1985.tb01590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jabben M, Heihoff K, Braslavsky SE, Schaffner K. STUDIES ON PHYTOCHROME PHOTOCONVERSIONS IN VITRO WITH LASER-INDUCED OPTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY. Photochem Photobiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1984.tb04599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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MANDOLI DINAF, BRIGGS WINSLOWR. FIBER-OPTIC PLANT TISSUES: SPECTRAL DEPENDENCE IN DARK-GROWN AND GREEN TISSUES. Photochem Photobiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1984.tb08199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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H. Pratt LEE, SMMAZAKIT Y, Inoue Y, Furuya M. ANALYSIS OF PHOTOTRANSFORMATION INTERMEDIATES IN THE PATHWAY FROM THE RED-ABSORBING TO THE FAR-RED-ABSORBING FORM OF AVENA PHYTOCHROME BY A MULTICHANNEL TRANSIENT SPECTRUM ANALYZER. Photochem Photobiol 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1982.tb04404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sarkar HK, Song PS. BLUE LIGHT INDUCED PHOTOTRANSFORMATION OF PHYTOCHROME IN THE PRESENCE OF FLAVIN*. Photochem Photobiol 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1982.tb03840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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