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Weisz DA, Gross ML, Pakrasi HB. The Use of Advanced Mass Spectrometry to Dissect the Life-Cycle of Photosystem II. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:617. [PMID: 27242823 PMCID: PMC4862242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a photosynthetic membrane-protein complex that undergoes an intricate, tightly regulated cycle of assembly, damage, and repair. The available crystal structures of cyanobacterial PSII are an essential foundation for understanding PSII function, but nonetheless provide a snapshot only of the active complex. To study aspects of the entire PSII life-cycle, mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a powerful tool that can be used in conjunction with biochemical techniques. In this article, we present the MS-based approaches that are used to study PSII composition, dynamics, and structure, and review the information about the PSII life-cycle that has been gained by these methods. This information includes the composition of PSII subcomplexes, discovery of accessory PSII proteins, identification of post-translational modifications and quantification of their changes under various conditions, determination of the binding site of proteins not observed in PSII crystal structures, conformational changes that underlie PSII functions, and identification of water and oxygen channels within PSII. We conclude with an outlook for the opportunity of future MS contributions to PSII research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Weisz
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael L. Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Himadri B. Pakrasi
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
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Michel H, Bennett J. Identification of the phosphorylation site of an 8.3 kDa protein from photosystem II of spinach. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)81565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Andronis C, Kruse O, Deák Z, Vass I, Diner BA, Nixon PJ. Mutation of residue threonine-2 of the D2 polypeptide and its effect on photosystem II function in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 117:515-24. [PMID: 9625704 PMCID: PMC34971 DOI: 10.1104/pp.117.2.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/1997] [Accepted: 02/19/1998] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The D2 polypeptide of the photosystem II (PSII) complex in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is thought to be reversibly phosphorylated. By analogy to higher plants, the phosphorylation site is likely to be at residue threonine-2 (Thr-2). We have investigated the role of D2 phosphorylation by constructing two mutants in which residue Thr-2 has been replaced by either alanine or serine. Both mutants grew photoautotrophically at wild-type rates, and noninvasive biophysical measurements, including the decay of chlorophyll fluorescence, the peak temperature of thermoluminescence bands, and rates of oxygen evolution, indicate little perturbation to electron transfer through the PSII complex. The susceptibility of mutant PSII to photoinactivation as measured by the light-induced loss of PSII activity in whole cells in the presence of the protein-synthesis inhibitors chloramphenicol or lincomycin was similar to that of wild type. These results indicate that phosphorylation at Thr-2 is not required for PSII function or for protection from photoinactivation. In control experiments the phosphorylation of D2 in wild-type C. reinhardtii was examined by 32P labeling in vivo and in vitro. No evidence for the phosphorylation of D2 in the wild type could be obtained. [14C]Acetate-labeling experiments in the presence of an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis also failed to identify phosphorylated (D2.1) and nonphosphorylated (D2.2) forms of D2 upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Our results suggest that the existence of D2 phosphorylation in C. reinhardtii is still in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Andronis
- Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AY, United Kingdom.
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Harrison MA, Allen JF. Differential phosphorylation of individual LHC-II polypeptides during short-term and long-term acclimation to light regime in the green alga Dunaliella salina. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(93)90186-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Allen JF. Protein phosphorylation in regulation of photosynthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1098:275-335. [PMID: 1310622 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(09)91014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J F Allen
- Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway
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6
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Pramanik AM, Bingsmark S, Lindahl M, Baltscheffsky H, Baltscheffsky M, Andersson B. Inorganic-pyrophosphate-dependent phosphorylation of spinach thylakoid proteins. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 198:183-6. [PMID: 1645647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown for the first time that several photosystem-II thylakoid proteins and the main chlorophyll-a/b light-harvesting complex can be phosphorylated with inorganic pyrophosphate as phosphate donor. With pyrophosphate, as with ATP, the protein-kinase reaction is dependent on light or a strong reducing agent. The reaction which can be demonstrated in well-washed spinach thylakoids is dependent on electron transport and is controlled by the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. It is suggested that the pyrophosphate-dependent thylakoid protein phosphorylation is mediated by the same kinase which is responsible for the ATP-dependent protein phosphorylation. This pyrophosphate-dependent kinase activity may be derived from an evolutionary precursor from which ATP-dependent protein phosphorylation also developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Pramanik
- Department of Biochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Sweden
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7
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Dynamics of Photosystem II heterogeneity during photoinhibition: depletion of PS IIβ from non-appressed thylakoids during strong-irradiance exposure of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Role of the cytochrome b6.f complex in the redox-controlled activity of Acetabularia thylakoid protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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9
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Williams WP, Allen JF. State 1/State 2 changes in higher plants and algae. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1987; 13:19-45. [PMID: 24435719 DOI: 10.1007/bf00032263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/1986] [Accepted: 01/21/1987] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Current ideas regarding the molecular basis of State 1/State 2 transitions in higher plants and green algae are mainly centered around the view that excitation energy distribution is controlled by phosphorylation of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHC-II). The evidence supporting this view is examined and the relationship of the transitions occurring in these systems to the corresponding transitions seen in red and blue-green algae is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, King's College London (KQC), Kensington Campus, Campden Hill, W8 7AH, London
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Reisman S, Michaels A, Ohad I. Lack of recovery from photoinhibition in a temperature-sensitive Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant T44 unable to synthesize and/or integrate the QB protein of Photosystem II at 37°C. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(86)90094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Hei WG, Senger H. Thylakoid-protein phosphorylation during the life cycle of Scenedesmus obliquus in synchronous culture. PLANTA 1986; 167:233-239. [PMID: 24241856 DOI: 10.1007/bf00391420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/1985] [Accepted: 10/12/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The phosphorylation of thylakoid proteins, which comprise apoproteins of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex (LHCP), was investigated in vivo and in vitro during the development of Scenedesmus obliquus in synchronous cultures. The in-vitro and in-vivo protein phosphorylation exhibited a maximum activity in cells with maximum photosynthetic capacity (8th hour) and miximum activity in cells with minimum photosynthetic capacity (16th hour). The major phosphorylated polypeptides in vivo were the 24/25-kDa and 28-30-kDa apoprotein of the LHCP, a protein of about 32 kDa, and some smaller polypeptides within the range 10 to 20 kDa. In vitro, the main phosphoproteins were the 28-30-kDa apoprotein and the protein characterized by an apparent molecular weight of 32 kDa. Pulse-chase experiments in vivo established that the latter had the fastest radioactivity turnover of the thylakoidal phosphoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Hei
- Fachbereich Biologie-Botanik, Philipps-Universität, Lahnberge, D-3550, Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Wettern M, Galling G. Degradation of the 32-kilodalton thylakoid-membrane polypeptide of Chlamydomonas reinhardi Y-1. PLANTA 1985; 166:474-482. [PMID: 24241612 DOI: 10.1007/bf00391271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/1985] [Accepted: 08/01/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Isolated thylakoid membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardi Y-1 with the 32-kDa polypeptide either radioactively labelled or unlabelled were incubated in vitro under various conditions in order to gain information about the degradation of the 32-kDa polypeptide. The degradation was higher at pH 6 compared with pH 7 and pH 8 and exhibited a temperature maximum between 20° C and 25° C (pH 6, pH 8). A light-dependent part of the total degradation was linearly dependent on white light of energy fluence rate between 1 and 20 mW·cm(-2) at 25° C and leveled out at higher fluence rates. The degradation in light was only slightly stimulated by ATP but was reduced by 3-(3'-4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. Adenosine-5'-diphosphate and heparin (2.7 mM and 200 μg per 100 μl, respectively) known to inhibit kinases, caused a 50% decrease in degradation indicating that a phosphorylation step is involved in degradating the 32-kDa polypeptide. Out of various inhibitors specific for different types of proteases, only those for thiol- and endoproteases showed intense effects. These results point to a proteolytic degradation of the 32-kDa polypetide by a thylakoid-membrane-bound thiol-endoprotease. Its activity yields soluble breakdown products with relative molecular masses (Mrs) of 23, 16.5, 11.3 and 10.7 kDa, and these are accumulated in the in-vitro system. Partial proteolytic digestion of thylakoids with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease results in at least two labelled breakdown products (Mrs 23, and 16.5 kDa). It is assumed that cleaving at identical amino-acid residues of the 32-kDa polypeptide by the thylakoid-membrane-bound thiolendoprotease and the V8 protease results in these two breakdown products. They are derived from subsequent cleavage at amino-acid residues 60-242 and 60-189 according to the deduced protein sequence (Erickson et al. 1984, EMBO J. 3, 2753-2762).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wettern
- Botanisches Institut der Technischen Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-3300, Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany
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Larsson UK, Andersson B. Different degrees of phosphorylation and lateral mobility of two polypeptides belonging to the light-harvesting complex of Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Schuster G, Ohad I, Martineau B, Taylor WC. Differentiation and development of bundle sheath and mesophyll thylakoids in maize. Thylakoid polypeptide composition, phosphorylation, and organization of photosystem II. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Correlations between fluorescence and phosphorylation changes in thylakoid membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in vivo: A kinetic analysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(85)90071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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An investigation into the ATP requirement for phosphorylation of thylakoid proteins and for the ATP-induced decrease in the yield of chlorophyll fluorescence in chloroplasts at different stages of development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Larsson UK, Jergil B, Andersson B. Changes in the lateral distribution of the light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b--protein complex induced by its phosphorylation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 136:25-9. [PMID: 6352263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of protein phosphorylation on the distribution of chlorophyll-protein complexes between appressed and non-appressed thylakoid regions of spinach chloroplasts has been investigated. Stroma lamellae vesicles and inside-out vesicles, representative of non-appressed and appressed thylakoids, respectively, were isolated from thylakoid membranes before and after phosphorylation. The fractions were analyzed with respect to the yield of vesicles, incorporation of [32P]phosphate into the light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b--protein complex, chlorophyll composition, and the relative content of the main chlorophyll-protein complexes. The yield of inside-out vesicles from phosphorylated thylakoids was 20% lower than that from control thylakoids, indicating a partial destacking. The specific incorporation of [32P]phosphate into the light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b--protein complex was at least four times higher in stroma lamellae vesicles than in inside-out vesicles. The proportion of the light-harvesting chlorophyll-a/b--protein complex in stroma lamellae vesicles increased from 13% to 21% of their total chlorophyll after phosphorylation of the thylakoids. There was also a corresponding increase in the level of chlorophyll b. These observations strongly suggest that phosphorylated light-harvesting complexes migrate from appressed thylakoids rich in photosystem 2 to non-appressed thylakoids rich in photosystem 1. In contrast, there was no evidence for a lateral migration of the chlorophyll-a--protein complex of photosystem 2 after phosphorylation. Our results indicate that a lateral migration of phosphorylated light-harvesting complexes in combination with a lateral separation of photosystem 1 and 2 to the different thylakoid regions, is a basis for the regulation of excitation energy between the two photosystems.
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In vitro reassociation of phycobiliproteins and membranes to form functional membrane-bound phycobilisomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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