1
|
Chukhutsina VU, Holzwarth AR, Croce R. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements on leaves: principles and recent developments. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 140:355-369. [PMID: 30478711 PMCID: PMC6509100 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis starts when a pigment in the photosynthetic antennae absorbs a photon. The electronic excitation energy is then transferred through the network of light-harvesting pigments to special chlorophyll (Chl) molecules in the reaction centres, where electron transfer is initiated. Energy transfer and primary electron transfer processes take place on timescales ranging from femtoseconds to nanoseconds, and can be monitored in real time via time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. This method is widely used for measurements on unicellular photosynthetic organisms, isolated photosynthetic membranes, and individual complexes. Measurements on intact leaves remain a challenge due to their high structural heterogeneity, high scattering, and high optical density, which can lead to optical artefacts. However, detailed information on the dynamics of these early steps, and the underlying structure-function relationships, is highly informative and urgently required in order to get deeper insights into the physiological regulation mechanisms of primary photosynthesis. Here, we describe a current methodology of time-resolved fluorescence measurements on intact leaves in the picosecond to nanosecond time range. Principles of fluorescence measurements on intact leaves, possible sources of alterations of fluorescence kinetics and the ways to overcome them are addressed. We also describe how our understanding of the organisation and function of photosynthetic proteins and energy flow dynamics in intact leaves can be enriched through the application of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy on leaves. For that, an example of a measurement on Zea mays leaves is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volha U Chukhutsina
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and LaserLaB Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred R Holzwarth
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and LaserLaB Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and LaserLaB Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Timpmann K, Chenchiliyan M, Jalviste E, Timney JA, Hunter CN, Freiberg A. Efficiency of light harvesting in a photosynthetic bacterium adapted to different levels of light. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:1835-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
3
|
Vassiliev S, Bruce D. Toward understanding molecular mechanisms of light harvesting and charge separation in photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 97:75-89. [PMID: 18443918 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of light energy in photosynthesis is extremely fast and efficient, and understanding the nature of this complex photophysical process is challenging. This review describes current progress in understanding molecular mechanisms of light harvesting and charge separation in photosystem II (PSII). Breakthroughs in X-ray crystallography have allowed the development and testing of more detailed kinetic models than have previously been possible. However, due to the complexity of the light conversion processes, satisfactory descriptions remain elusive. Recent advances point out the importance of variations in the photochemical properties of PSII in situ in different thylakoid membrane regions as well as the advantages of combining sophisticated time-resolved spectroscopic experiments with atomic level computational modeling which includes the effects of molecular dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serguei Vassiliev
- Department of Biology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada L2S 3A1.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Komura M, Shibata Y, Itoh S. A new fluorescence band F689 in photosystem II revealed by picosecond analysis at 4–77 K: Function of two terminal energy sinks F689 and F695 in PS II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2006; 1757:1657-68. [PMID: 17070496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We performed picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy in spinach photosystem II (PS II) particles at 4, 40, and 77 K and identified a new fluorescence band, F689. F689 was identified in addition to the well-known F685 and F695 bands in both analyses of decay-associated spectra and global Gaussian deconvolution of time-resolved spectra. Its fast decay suggests the energy transfer directly from F689 to the reaction center chlorophyll P680. The contribution of F689, which increases only at low temperature, explains the unusually broad and variable bandwidth of F695 at low temperature. Global analysis revealed the three types of excitation energy transfer/dissipation processes: (1) energy transfer from the peripheral antenna to the three core antenna bands F685, F689, and F695 with time constants of 29 and 171 ps at 77 and 4 K, respectively; (2) between the three core bands (0.18 and 0.82 ns); and (3) the decays of F689 (0.69 and 3.02 ns) and F695 (2.18 and 4.37 ns). The retardations of these energy transfer rates and the slow F689 decay rate produced the strong blue shift of the PS II fluorescence upon the cooling below 77 K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Komura
- Division of Material Science (Physics), Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saito K, Kikuchi T, Nakayama M, Mukai K, Sumi H. A single chlorophyll in each of the core antennas CP43 and CP47 transferring excitation energies to the reaction center in Photosystem II of photosynthesis. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
6
|
|
7
|
Abstract
The excited states of a structurally well-determined photosystem II (PSII) reaction center are obtained using an effective Hamiltonian for the interaction between the Q(y) states. The latter are calculated using the time-dependent density functional theory (DFT) method in DFT-optimized geometries, but with conserved side group orientations. Of particular importance is the orientation of the vinyl group of ring I. Couplings are calculated using actual transition charge distributions via the INDO/S model. Good agreement with experimental spectra is obtained. The lowest excited state is mainly located on the inactive B-side, but with a large component on P(A) too, making charge separation to H(A) possible at low temperature. The "trap state" and triplet state are localized on the inactive B-side. Since the spin singlet Q(y) states of the reaction center are all within a rather small energy range, the state with the highest component of B(A)*, on the blue side of the Q(y) absorption, has a rather high Boltzmann population at room temperature. The charge-transfer states, however, have a rather large spread and cannot be calculated accurately at present. The orientation of the phytyl chains is important and has as a consequence that the energy for the charge-separated B(A)+ H(A)- state is significantly lower than the corresponding state on the B-side. It follows that the B(A)* and P(A)* states are both possible origins for a fast charge separation in PSII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Ivashin
- Department of Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Andrizhiyevskaya EG, Frolov D, van Grondelle R, Dekker JP. On the role of the CP47 core antenna in the energy transfer and trapping dynamics of Photosystem II. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b411977k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Andreeva A, Stoitchkova K, Busheva M, Apostolova E. Changes in the energy distribution between chlorophyll-protein complexes of thylakoid membranes from pea mutants with modified pigment content. I. Changes due to the modified pigment content. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2003; 70:153-62. [PMID: 12962639 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(03)00075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The low-temperature (77 K) emission and excitation chlorophyll fluorescence spectra in thylakoid membranes isolated from pea mutants were investigated. The mutants have modified pigment content, structural organization, different surface electric properties and functions [Dobrikova et al., Photosynth. Res. 65 (2000) 165]. The emission spectra of thylakoid membranes were decomposed into bands belonging to the main pigment protein complexes. By an integration of the areas under them, the changes in the energy distribution between the two photosystems as well as within each one of them were estimated. It was shown that the excitation energy flow to the light harvesting, core antenna and RC complexes of photosystem II increases with the total amount of pigments in the mutants, relative to the that to photosystem I complexes. A reduction of the fluorescence ratio between aggregated trimers of LHC II and its trimeric and monomeric forms with the increase of the pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and lutein) was observed. This implies that the closer packing in the complexes with a higher extent of aggregation regulates the energy distribution to the PS II core antenna and reaction centers complexes. Based on the reduced energy flow to PS II, i.e., the relative increased energy flow to PS I, we hypothesize that aggregation of LHC II switches the energy flow toward LHC I. These results suggest an additive regulatory mechanism, which redistributes the excitation energy between the two photosystems and operates at non-excess light intensities but at reduced pigment content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atanaska Andreeva
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, 5 J. Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zehetner A, Scheer H, Siffel P, Vacha F. Photosystem II reaction center with altered pigment-composition: reconstitution of a complex containing five chlorophyll a per two pheophytin a with modified chlorophylls. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1556:21-8. [PMID: 12351215 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(02)00282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pigment-depleted Photosystem II reaction centers (PS II-RCs) from a higher plant (pea) containing five chlorophyll a (Chl) per two pheophytin a (Phe), were treated with Chl and several derivatives under exchange conditions [FEBS Lett. 434 (1998) 88]. The resulting reconstituted complexes were compared to those obtained by pigment exchange of "conventional" PS II-RCs containing six Chl per two Phe. (1) The extraction of one Chl is fully reversible. (2) The site of extraction is the same as the one into which previously extraneous pigments have been exchanged, most likely the peripheral D1-H118. (3) Introducing an efficient quencher (Ni-Chl) into this site results in only 25% reduction of fluorescence, indicating incomplete energy equilibration among the "core" and peripheral chlorophylls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zehetner
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, D-80638, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Freiberg A, Lin S, Timpmann K, Blankenship RE. Exciton dynamics in FMO bacteriochlorophyll protein at low temperatures. J Phys Chem B 2001; 101:7211-20. [PMID: 11542264 DOI: 10.1021/jp9633761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A time response over almost 5 decades (from 10(-13) to about 10(-8) s) to a (sub)picosecond laser pulse excitation has been observed in the Fenna, Matthews, and Olson (FMO) antenna protein trimer. The FMO protein is unique in having a fine-structured bacteriochiorophyll a Qy exciton absorption spectrum over the whole investigated temperature range between 6 and 160 K. As measured by a two-color pump-probe differential absorption, the population decay of the exciton states of seven strongly coupled bacteriochlorophyll a molecules in a protein monomer is the dominant dynamical process in the subpicosecond time domain. The through-band scattering takes a few picoseconds and depends only weakly on temperature, probably because of a low density of exciton states. At low temperatures, evidence for a slow pico-nanosecond relaxation process has also been obtained via time-dependent red-shift and broadening of the exciton emission spectrum. Two nonexclusive tentative interpretations to this effect have been provided. The phenomenon may be due to exciton solvation in the surrounding protein and water-glycerol matrix or/and due to slow scattering of closely spaced bacteriochlorophyll a exciton states in a protein trimer. The shape of the excited-state absorption spectrum (arising from transitions between singly and doubly excited exciton states) and its oscillator strength has been roughly estimated from the analysis of the pump-probe spectrum. The spectrum peaks at around 805 nm and is less featured compared to the ground-state absorption spectrum. Both spectra have comparable strength.
Collapse
|
12
|
Busheva M, Andreeva A, Apostolova E. Effect of modification of light-harvesting complex II on fluorescence properties of thylakoid membranes of Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2000; 56:78-84. [PMID: 11073319 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(00)00063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The 77 K chlorophyll fluorescence spectra of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants deficient in lipid fatty acid desaturation have been used in order to further explore the influence of the modification of LHC II after mutation and proteolitic treatment on the energy transfer between the chlorophyll-protein complexes, as well as on the structure-function relationship in the supramolecular complex of Photosystem II. The gaussian decomposition and analysis of the fluorescence bands associated with PS II complex show the controversial action of the trypsin in the investigated thylakoid membranes. This reveals that the organization of PS II complexes is different in the wild type and both mutants indicating altered connection between the LHC II and the RC core complexes of PS II in both mutants. The results obtained demonstrate that different amounts of oligomer and monomer forms of LHC II in the mutants (LK3 and JB67), arising from lipid modification, are responsible for different proteolytic action in their thylakoid membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Busheva
- Institute of Biophysics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Donovan B, Walker LA, Kaplan D, Bouvier M, Yocum CF, Sension RJ. Structure and Function in the Isolated Reaction Center Complex of Photosystem II. 1. Ultrafast Fluorescence Measurements of PSII. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp971112o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brent Donovan
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biology, and Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, MEDOX ELECTRO-OPTICS, 3940 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108, and Alliage, 77 rue de Cardinal Lemoine, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Larry A. Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biology, and Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, MEDOX ELECTRO-OPTICS, 3940 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108, and Alliage, 77 rue de Cardinal Lemoine, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biology, and Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, MEDOX ELECTRO-OPTICS, 3940 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108, and Alliage, 77 rue de Cardinal Lemoine, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marcel Bouvier
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biology, and Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, MEDOX ELECTRO-OPTICS, 3940 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108, and Alliage, 77 rue de Cardinal Lemoine, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Charles F. Yocum
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biology, and Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, MEDOX ELECTRO-OPTICS, 3940 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108, and Alliage, 77 rue de Cardinal Lemoine, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Roseanne J. Sension
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biology, and Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, MEDOX ELECTRO-OPTICS, 3940 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108, and Alliage, 77 rue de Cardinal Lemoine, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wavelength and intensity dependent primary photochemistry of isolated Photosystem II reaction centers at 5°C. Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(96)00185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
15
|
Vasil'ev S, Bergmann A, Redlin H, Eichler HJ, Renger G. On the role of exchangeable hydrogen bonds for the kinetics of P680+. QA−. formation and P680+. Pheo−. recombination in photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(96)00027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
16
|
Greenfield SR, Wasielewski MR. Excitation energy transfer and charge separation in the isolated Photosystem II reaction center. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1996; 48:83-97. [PMID: 24271289 DOI: 10.1007/bf00040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/1996] [Accepted: 01/22/1996] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The nature of excitation energy transfer and charge separation in isolated Photosystem II reaction centers is an area of considerable interest and controversy. Excitation energy transfer from accessory chlorophyll a to the primary electron donor P680 takes place in tens of picoseconds, although there is some evidence that thermal equilibration of the excitation between P680 and a subset of the accessory chlorophyll a occurs on a 100-fs timescale. The intrinsic rate for charge separation at low temperature is accepted to be ca. (2 ps)(-1), and is based on several measurements using different experimental techniques. This rate is in good agreement with estimates based on larger sized particles, and is similar to the rate observed with bacterial reaction centers. However, near room temperature there is considerable disagreement as to the observed rate for charge separation, with several experiments pointing to a ca. (3 ps)(-1) rate, and others to a ca. (20 ps)(-1) rate. These processes and the experiments used to measure them will be reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Greenfield
- Argonne National Laboratory, Chemistry Division, 60439-4831, Argonne, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dau H, Sauer K. Exciton equilibration and Photosystem II exciton dynamics — a fluorescence study on Photosystem II membrane particles of spinach. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(95)00141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
18
|
Donovan B, Walker LA, Yocum CF, Sension RJ. Transient Absorption Studies of the Primary Charge Separation in Photosystem II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp951984v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brent Donovan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Larry A. Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Charles F. Yocum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Identification of a photochemically inactive pheophytin molecule in the spinach D1-D2-cyt b559 complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(95)00116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
20
|
Schelvis J, Germano M, Aartsma T, van Gorkom H. Energy transfer and trapping in Photosystem II core particles with closed reaction centers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(95)00048-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
21
|
Klug DR, Rech T, Melissa Joseph D, Barber J, Durrant JR, Porter G. Primary processes in isolated Photosystem II reaction centres probed by magic angle transient absorption spectroscopy. Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(95)00037-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
22
|
Zucchelli G, Garlaschi FM, Croce R, Bassi R, Jennings RC. A Stepanov relation analysis of steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectra in the isolated D1/D2/cytochrome b-559 complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)00184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
23
|
|