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Marinho Righetto G, Alves Santos-Filho N, Oliveira Catarin Nunes L, André C, Souza JM, Andricopulo AD, Martins Bispo PJ, Cilli EM, Camargo ILBDC. Optimizing Bothropstoxin-I-Derived Peptides: Exploring the Antibacterial Potential of p-BthW. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23662-23674. [PMID: 38854567 PMCID: PMC11154919 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are an emerging class of antibiotics that present a series of advantageous characteristics such as wide structural variety, broad spectrum of activity, and low propensity to select for resistance. They are found in all classes of life as defense molecules. A group of peptides derived from the protein Bothropstoxin-I has been previously studied as an alternative treatment against multi-drug-resistant bacteria. The peptide p-BthTX-I (sequence: KKYRYHLKPFCKK) and its homodimer, linked by disulfide oxidation through the residues of Cys11 and the serum degradation product [sequence: (KKYRYHLKPFC)2], were evaluated and showed similar antimicrobial activity. In this study, we synthesized an analogue of p-BthTX-I that uses the strategy of Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH in the C-terminal region for dimerization and tryptophan for all aromatic amino acids to provide better membrane interactions. This analogue, named p-BthW, displayed potent antibacterial activity at lower concentrations and maintained the same hemolytic levels as the original molecule. Our assessment revealed that p-BthW has a quick in vitro bactericidal action and prolonged post-antibiotic effect, comparable to the action of polymyxin B. The mode of action of p-BthW seems to rely not only on membrane depolarization but also on necrosis-like effects, especially in Gram-negative bacteria. Overall, the remarkable results regarding the propensity to develop resistance reaffirmed the great potential of the developed molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Marinho Righetto
- Laboratory
of Molecular Epidemiology and Microbiology, Department of Physics
and Interdisciplinary Science, University
of Sao Paulo, 13563-120 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Norival Alves Santos-Filho
- Department
of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, 14800-060 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Letícia Oliveira Catarin Nunes
- Department
of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, 14800-060 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Camille André
- Infectious
Disease Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye
and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Julia Medeiros Souza
- Laboratory
of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry, Department of Physics and
Interdisciplinary Science, University of
Sao Paulo, 13563-120 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Adriano Defini Andricopulo
- Laboratory
of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry, Department of Physics and
Interdisciplinary Science, University of
Sao Paulo, 13563-120 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Paulo José Martins Bispo
- Infectious
Disease Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye
and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- Department
of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, 14800-060 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ilana Lopes Baratella da Cunha Camargo
- Laboratory
of Molecular Epidemiology and Microbiology, Department of Physics
and Interdisciplinary Science, University
of Sao Paulo, 13563-120 São Carlos, Brazil
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Nanninga N. Molecular Cytology of 'Little Animals': Personal Recollections of Escherichia coli (and Bacillus subtilis). Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1782. [PMID: 37629639 PMCID: PMC10455606 DOI: 10.3390/life13081782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This article relates personal recollections and starts with the origin of electron microscopy in the sixties of the previous century at the University of Amsterdam. Novel fixation and embedding techniques marked the discovery of the internal bacterial structures not visible by light microscopy. A special status became reserved for the freeze-fracture technique. By freeze-fracturing chemically fixed cells, it proved possible to examine the morphological effects of fixation. From there on, the focus switched from bacterial structure as such to their cell cycle. This invoked bacterial physiology and steady-state growth combined with electron microscopy. Electron-microscopic autoradiography with pulses of [3H] Dap revealed that segregation of replicating DNA cannot proceed according to a model of zonal growth (with envelope-attached DNA). This stimulated us to further investigate the sacculus, the peptidoglycan macromolecule. In particular, we focused on the involvement of penicillin-binding proteins such as PBP2 and PBP3, and their role in division. Adding aztreonam (an inhibitor of PBP3) blocked ongoing divisions but not the initiation of new ones. A PBP3-independent peptidoglycan synthesis (PIPS) appeared to precede a PBP3-dependent step. The possible chemical nature of PIPS is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanne Nanninga
- Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Antibacterial activity of supernatants of Lactoccocus lactis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Pediococcus pentosaceus and curcumin against Aeromonas hydrophila. In vitro study. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:459-470. [PMID: 34997440 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Secretions of beneficial intestinal bacteria can inhibit the growth and biofilm formation of a wide range of microorganisms. Curcumin has shown broad spectrum antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial potential. It is important to evaluate the influence of these secretions with bioactive peptides, in combination with curcumin, to limit growth and inhibit biofilm formation of pathogenic bacteria of importance in aquaculture. In the present study, the supernatants of Lactoccocus lactis NZ9000, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Pediococcus pentosaceus NCDO 990, and curcumin (0,1,10,25 and 50 μM) were used to evaluate their efficacy in growth, inhibition biofilm and membrane permeability of Aeromonas hydrophila CAIM 347 (A. hydrophila). The supernatants of probiotics and curcumin 1,10 and 25 μM exerted similar effects in reducing the growth of A. hydrophila at 12 h of interaction. The supernatants of the probiotics and curcumin 25 and 50 μM exerted similar effects in reducing the biofilm of A. hydrophila. There is a significant increase in the membrane permeability of A. hydrophila in interaction with 50 μM curcumin at two hours of incubation and with the supernatants separately in the same period. Different modes of action of curcumin and bacteriocins separately were demonstrated as effective substitutes for antibiotics in containing A. hydrophila and avoiding the application of antibiotics. The techniques implemented in this study provide evidence that there is no synergy between treatments at the selected concentrations and times.
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Grados-Torrez RE, López-Iglesias C, Ferrer JC, Campos N. Loose Morphology and High Dynamism of OSER Structures Induced by the Membrane Domain of HMG-CoA Reductase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179132. [PMID: 34502042 PMCID: PMC8430881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane domain of eukaryotic HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) has the conserved capacity to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proliferation and membrane association into Organized Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (OSER) structures. These formations develop in response to overexpression of particular proteins, but also occur naturally in cells of the three eukaryotic kingdoms. Here, we characterize OSER structures induced by the membrane domain of Arabidopsis HMGR (1S domain). Immunochemical confocal and electron microscopy studies demonstrate that the 1S:GFP chimera co-localizes with high levels of endogenous HMGR in several ER compartments, such as the ER network, the nuclear envelope, the outer and internal membranes of HMGR vesicles and the OSER structures, which we name ER-HMGR domains. After high-pressure freezing, ER-HMGR domains show typical crystalloid, whorled and lamellar ultrastructural patterns, but with wide heterogeneous luminal spaces, indicating that the native OSER is looser and more flexible than previously reported. The formation of ER-HMGR domains is reversible. OSER structures grow by incorporation of ER membranes on their periphery and progressive compaction to the inside. The ER-HMGR domains are highly dynamic in their formation versus their disassembly, their variable spherical-ovoid shape, their fluctuating borders and their rapid intracellular movement, indicating that they are not mere ER membrane aggregates, but active components of the eukaryotic cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Enrique Grados-Torrez
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Department of Molecular Genetics, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Carmen López-Iglesias
- Scientific and Technological Centers, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Microscopy CORE Lab, Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan Carles Ferrer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Narciso Campos
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Department of Molecular Genetics, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Mehanny M, Koch M, Lehr CM, Fuhrmann G. Streptococcal Extracellular Membrane Vesicles Are Rapidly Internalized by Immune Cells and Alter Their Cytokine Release. Front Immunol 2020; 11:80. [PMID: 32117243 PMCID: PMC7034238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are membranous structures shed by almost every living cell. Bacterial gram-negative outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and gram-positive membrane vesicles (MVs) play important roles in adaptation to the surrounding environment, cellular components' exchange, transfer of antigens and virulence factors, and infection propagation. Streptococcus pneumoniae is considered one of the priority pathogens, with a global health impact due to the increase in infection burden and growing antibiotic resistance. We isolated MVs produced from the S. pneumoniae reference strain (R6) and purified them via size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to remove soluble protein impurities. We characterized the isolated MVs by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and measured their particle size distribution and concentration. Isolated MVs showed a mean particle size range of 130–160 nm and a particle yield of around 1012 particles per milliliter. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) images revealed a very heterogeneous nature of isolated MVs with a broad size range and various morphologies, arrangements, and contents. We incubated streptococcal MVs with several mammalian somatic cells, namely, human lung epithelial A549 and human keratinocytes HaCaT cell lines, and immune cells including differentiated macrophage-like dTHP-1 and murine dendritic DC2.4 cell lines. All cell lines displayed excellent viability profile and negligible cytotoxicity after 24-h incubation with MVs at concentrations reaching 106 MVs per cell (somatic cells) and 105 MVs per cell (immune cells). We evaluated the uptake of fluorescently labeled MVs into these four cell lines, using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Dendritic cells demonstrated prompt uptake after 30-min incubation, whereas other cell lines showed increasing uptake after 2-h incubation and almost complete colocalization/internalization of MVs after only 4-h incubation. We assessed the influence of streptococcal MVs on antigen-presenting cells, e.g., dendritic cells, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and observed enhanced release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a slight increase of interleukin (IL)-10 secretion, and no detectable effect on IL-12. Our study provides a better understanding of gram-positive streptococcal MVs and shows their potential to elicit a protective immune response. Therefore, they could offer an innovative avenue for safe and effective cell-free vaccination against pneumococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mehanny
- Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marcus Koch
- Leibniz-Institute for New Materials (INM) GmbH, Saarland University Saarbrücken, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Drug Delivery Department, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Saarbrücken, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Krychowiak M, Kawiak A, Narajczyk M, Borowik A, Królicka A. Silver Nanoparticles Combined With Naphthoquinones as an Effective Synergistic Strategy Against Staphylococcus aureus. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:816. [PMID: 30140226 PMCID: PMC6094968 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen responsible for many antibiotic-resistant infections, for instance burn wound infections, which pose a threat to human life. Exploring possible synergy between various antimicrobial agents, like nanoparticles and plant natural products, may provide new weapons to combat antibiotic resistant pathogens. The objective of this study was to examine the potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to enhance the antimicrobial activity of selected naphthoquinones (NQs): plumbagin (PL), ramentaceone (RAM), droserone (DR), and 3-chloroplumbagin (3ChPL). We also attempted to elucidate the mechanism by which the AgNPs enhance the antimicrobial activity of NQs. We analyzed the interaction of AgNPs with bacterial membrane and its effect on membrane stability (TEM analysis, staining with SYTO9 and propidium iodide), as well as aggregation of NQs on the surface of nanoparticles (UV-Vis spectroscopy and DLS analysis). Our results demonstrated clearly a synergistic activity of AgNPs and three out of four tested NQs (FBC indexes ≤ 0.375). This resulted in an increase in their combined bactericidal effect toward the S. aureus reference strain and the clinical isolates, which varied in resistance profiles. The synergistic effect (FBC index = 0.375) resulting from combining 3ChPL with silver nitrate used as a control, emphasized the role of the ionic form of silver released from nanoparticles in their bactericidal activity in combination with NQs. The role of membrane damage and AgNPs-NQ interactions in the observed synergy of silver nanoparticles and NQs was also confirmed. Moreover, the described approach, based on the synergistic interaction between the above mentioned agents enables a reduction of their effective doses, thus significantly reducing cytotoxic effect of NQs toward eukaryotic HaCaT cells. Therefore, the present study on the use of a combination of agents (AgNPs-NQs) suggests its potential use as a possible strategy to combat antibiotic-resistant S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Krychowiak
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Kawiak
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Narajczyk
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Borowik
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Królicka
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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8
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Li X, Tang Z, Pang X, Zhang M, Liu Y. Mesosomes associated with hydrogen peroxide in bacteria. Microbiology (Reading) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261717060108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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9
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Two-peptide bacteriocin PlnEF causes cell membrane damage to Lactobacillus plantarum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:274-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Olaya-Abril A, Prados-Rosales R, McConnell MJ, Martín-Peña R, González-Reyes JA, Jiménez-Munguía I, Gómez-Gascón L, Fernández J, Luque-García JL, García-Lidón C, Estévez H, Pachón J, Obando I, Casadevall A, Pirofski LA, Rodríguez-Ortega MJ. Characterization of protective extracellular membrane-derived vesicles produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Proteomics 2014; 106:46-60. [PMID: 24769240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Extracellular vesicles are produced by many pathogenic microorganisms and have varied functions that include secretion and release of microbial factors, which contribute to virulence. Very little is known about vesicle production by Gram-positive bacteria, as well as their biogenesis and release mechanisms. In this work, we demonstrate the active production of vesicles by Streptococcus pneumoniae from the plasma membrane, rather than being a product from cell lysis. We biochemically characterized them by proteomics and fatty acid analysis, showing that these vesicles and the plasma membrane resemble in essential aspects, but have some differences: vesicles are more enriched in lipoproteins and short-chain fatty acids. We also demonstrate that these vesicles act as carriers of surface proteins and virulence factors. They are also highly immunoreactive against human sera and induce immune responses that protect against infection. Overall, this work provides insights into the biology of this important Gram-positive human pathogen and the role of extracellular vesicles in clinical applications. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Pneumococcus is one of the leading causes of bacterial pneumonia worldwide in children and the elderly, being responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates in developing countries. The augment of pneumococcal disease in developed countries has raised major public health concern, since the difficulties to treat these infections due to increasing antibiotic resistance. Vaccination is still the best way to combat pneumococcal infections. One of the mechanisms that bacterial pathogens use to combat the defense responses of invaded hosts is the production and release of extracellular vesicles derived from the outer surface. Little is known about this phenomenon in Gram-positives. We show that pneumococcus produces membrane-derived vesicles particularly enriched in lipoproteins. We also show the utility of pneumococcal vesicles as a new type of vaccine, as they induce protection in immunized mice against infection with a virulent strain. This work will contribute to understand the role of these structures in important biological processes such as host-pathogen interactions and prevention of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Olaya-Abril
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain; Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Prados-Rosales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Michael J McConnell
- Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Reyes Martín-Peña
- Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Antonio González-Reyes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Irene Jiménez-Munguía
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain; Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Gómez-Gascón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain; Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José L Luque-García
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Lidón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Estévez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Pachón
- Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ignacio Obando
- Sección de Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas e Inmunopatología, Hospital Universitario Infantil Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Liise-Anne Pirofski
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Manuel J Rodríguez-Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain; Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Delgado L, Carrión O, Martínez G, López-Iglesias C, Mercadé E. The stack: a new bacterial structure analyzed in the Antarctic bacterium Pseudomonas deceptionensis M1(T) by transmission electron microscopy and tomography. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73297. [PMID: 24039905 PMCID: PMC3767748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, improvements in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques and the use of tomography have provided a more accurate view of the complexity of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells. Cryoimmobilization of specimens by rapid cooling followed by freeze substitution (FS) and sectioning, freeze fracture (FF) and observation of replica, or cryoelectron microscopy of vitreous sections (CEMOVIS) now allow visualization of biological samples close to their native state, enabling us to refine our knowledge of already known bacterial structures and to discover new ones. Application of these techniques to the new Antarctic cold-adapted bacterium Pseudomonasdeceptionensis M1T has demonstrated the existence of a previously undescribed cytoplasmic structure that does not correspond to known bacterial inclusion bodies or membranous formations. This structure, which we term a “stack”, was mainly visualized in slow growing cultures of P. deceptionensis M1T and can be described as a set of stacked membranous discs usually arranged perpendicularly to the cell membrane, but not continuous with it, and found in variable number in different locations within the cell. Regardless of their position, stacks were mostly observed very close to DNA fibers. Stacks are not exclusive to P. deceptionensis M1T and were also visualized in slow-growing cultures of other bacteria. This new structure deserves further study using cryoelectron tomography to refine its configuration and to establish whether its function could be related to chromosome dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Delgado
- Crio-Microscòpia Electrònica. Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratori de Microbiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ornella Carrión
- Laboratori de Microbiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gema Martínez
- Crio-Microscòpia Electrònica. Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen López-Iglesias
- Crio-Microscòpia Electrònica. Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: ; (CLL)
| | - Elena Mercadé
- Laboratori de Microbiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: ; (CLL)
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BLECK C, MERZ A, GUTIERREZ M, WALTHER P, DUBOCHET J, ZUBER B, GRIFFITHS G. Comparison of different methods for thin section EM analysis of Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Microsc 2010; 237:23-38. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Sorokin DY, Tourova TP, Braker G, Muyzer G. Thiohalomonas denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Thiohalomonas nitratireducens sp. nov., novel obligately chemolithoautotrophic, moderately halophilic, thiodenitrifying Gammaproteobacteria from hypersaline habitats. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007; 57:1582-1589. [PMID: 17625198 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.65112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel group of moderately halophilic, obligately chemolithoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria was found in sediments of various inland hypersaline lakes and a solar saltern. These bacteria were enriched and isolated with thiosulfate as electron donor and nitrate as electron acceptor at 2 M NaCl. Ten isolates (HLD strains) were long non-motile rods. They grew anaerobically as complete denitrifiers, and aerobically under micro-oxic conditions. Sulfate was the final product of thiosulfate and sulfide oxidation, and nitrite and N2O were intermediates of nitrate reduction to N2. The HLD strains grew optimally at pH 7.3–7.8, and at NaCl concentrations of 1.5–2.0 M. On the basis of phenotypic and genetic analysis, the moderately halophilic, thiodenitrifying isolates are proposed to be assigned to a new genus and species, Thiohalomonas denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is HLD 2T (=DSM 15841T=UNIQEM U222T ). A single strain, HRhD 3spT, with vibrio-shaped cells, was obtained from a co-culture capable of complete denitrification of nitrate in the presence of either thiocyanate or thiosulfate as electron donor. It grew anaerobically with thiosulfate, reducing nitrate to nitrite, or under micro-oxic conditions at 1.0–2.5 M NaCl with an optimum at 1.0 M. Strain HRhD 3spT was genetically related to the HLD strains at the level of a separate species and is described as Thiohalomonas nitratireducens sp. nov. The type strain is HRhD 3spT (=DSM 16925T=UNIQEM U248T).
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MESH Headings
- Aerobiosis
- Anaerobiosis
- Base Composition
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Fatty Acids/analysis
- Gammaproteobacteria/classification
- Gammaproteobacteria/genetics
- Gammaproteobacteria/isolation & purification
- Gammaproteobacteria/metabolism
- Genes, rRNA
- Geologic Sediments/microbiology
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Locomotion
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nitrates/metabolism
- Nitrites/metabolism
- Nitrogen/metabolism
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Sodium Chloride/metabolism
- Sulfur/metabolism
- Thiosulfates/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry Yu Sorokin
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 60-let Octyabrya 7/2, 117811 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatjana P Tourova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 60-let Octyabrya 7/2, 117811 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gesche Braker
- MPI für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerard Muyzer
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
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Norris V, Woldringh C, Mileykovskaya E. A hypothesis to explain division site selection in Escherichia coli by combining nucleoid occlusion and Min. FEBS Lett 2004; 561:3-10. [PMID: 15013745 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Revised: 01/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The positioning of the site of cell division in Escherichia coli results, it is generally believed, from the operation of nucleoid occlusion in combination with the Min system. Nucleoid occlusion prevents division over the nucleoids and directs it by default to the mid-cell region between segregating nucleoids or to polar regions while the Min system prevents division in polar regions. Unresolved questions include how these systems interact to control the earliest known event in division, the assembly at the membrane of the tubulin-like protein, FtsZ, and, more importantly, what exactly constitutes a division site. Evidence exists that (1) the coupled transcription, translation and insertion of proteins into membrane (transertion), can structure the cytoplasmic membrane into phospholipid domains, (2) the MinD protein can convert vesicles into tubes and (3) a variety of membranous structures can be observed at mid-cell. These data support a model in which transertion from the segregating daughter chromosomes leads to the formation of a distinct proteolipid domain between them at mid-cell; the composition of this domain allows phospholipid tubes to extend like fingers into the cytoplasm; these tubes then become the substrate for the dynamic assembly and disassembly of FtsZ which converts them into the invaginating fold responsible for division; the Min system inhibits division at unwanted sites and times by removing these tubes especially at the cell poles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vic Norris
- Assemblages Moléculaires: Modélisation et Imagerie SIMS, FRE CNRS 2829, Faculté des Sciences and Techniques, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
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15
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Endosomal compartments serve multiple hippocampal dendritic spines from a widespread rather than a local store of recycling membrane. J Neurosci 2002. [PMID: 11896161 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-06-02215.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomes are essential to dendritic and synaptic function in sorting membrane proteins for degradation or recycling, yet little is known about their locations near synapses. Here, serial electron microscopy was used to ascertain the morphology and distribution of all membranous intracellular compartments in distal dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in juvenile and adult rats. First, the continuous network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) was traced throughout dendritic segments and their spines. SER occupied the cortex of the dendritic shaft and extended into 14% of spines. Several types of non-SER compartments were then identified, including clathrin-coated vesicles and pits, large uncoated vesicles, tubular compartments, multivesicular bodies (MVBs), and MVB-tubule complexes. The uptake of extracellular gold particles indicated that these compartments were endosomal in origin. Small, round vesicles and pits that did not contain gold were also identified. The tubular compartments exhibited clathrin-coated tips consistent with the genesis of these small, presumably exosomal vesicles. Approximately 70% of the non-SER compartments were located within or at the base of dendritic spines. Overall, only 29% of dendritic spines had endosomal compartments, whereas 20% contained small vesicles. Small vesicles did not colocalize in spines with endosomes or SER. Three-dimensional reconstructions revealed that up to 20 spines shared a recycling pool of plasmalemmal proteins rather than maintaining independent stores at each spine.
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16
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Arora HK, Chapman GB. Transmission electron microscope study of bacterial morphotypes on the anterior dorsal surface of human tongues. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 2000; 259:276-87. [PMID: 10861361 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0185(20000701)259:3<276::aid-ar50>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The human tongue has been the subject of many cytological and histological studies. When a literature search disclosed no reports of the ultrastructure of the morphotypes of bacteria residing on the tongue's surface, a transmission electron microscope study of ultrathin sections of bacteria obtained by scraping eight human tongues was undertaken. The scrapings from the anterior dorsal tongue surfaces, processed conventionally for electron microscope study, revealed 33-35 different bacterial morphotypes. Several of the morphotypes were unique to a tongue. Morphotype differences were also related to donor characteristics such as smoking, tongue site, location in centrifuge pellet, diet, and medications. The predominant morphotypes were Gram-positive cocci. These preliminary findings suggest that the microbiota of the human tongue and variations in that microbiota, related to physical condition, lifestyle, medications, and dietary preferences, merit more attention from anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Arora
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1229, USA
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17
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18
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Corre J, Lucchini JJ, Mercier GM, Cremieux A. Antibacterial activity of phenethyl alcohol and resulting membrane alterations. Res Microbiol 1990; 141:483-97. [PMID: 1697975 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(90)90074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of phenethyl alcohol (PEA) towards Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium) was investigated. This activity was expressed as IC (inhibitory concentration) and BC (bactericidal concentration). PEA was bactericidal in the concentration range of 90 to 180 mM, these concentrations being 4- to 5-fold higher than the corresponding IC. The mechanism of action of PEA upon the cell membrane of bacteria was also studied. Morphological examination with a transmission electron microscope showed that Gram-negative cell envelopes were permeabilized; for Gram-positive bacteria, the plasmic membrane in S. aureus was solubilized, whereas lesser changes were observed in E. faecium. At lethal concentrations, PEA also induced a rapid and total leakage of K+ ions from the four strains studied. Despite the correlation between alterations in the structural integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane in Gram-negative cells and the loss of cell viability, it cannot be inferred that membrane damage is the only cause of the lethal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Corre
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hygiène Microbienne, Immunologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
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19
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Nakasone N, Masuda K, Kawata T. Characterization of mesosomes of Micrococcus luteus: isolation and properties of mesosomal ribosomes, and localization of penicillin-binding proteins in mesosomal membranes. Microbiol Immunol 1987; 31:403-15. [PMID: 3657608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1987.tb03103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesosomes were isolated and purified from Micrococcus luteus under hypertonic conditions throughout preparation processes. The purified mesosomal preparation was composed of closed tubules and vesicles. Electron-dense ribosome-like particles were observed within the isolated mesosomal vesicles by electron microscopy. The ribosome-like particles were isolated from the purified mesosomes by a procedure involving solubilization of the membranes with detergents followed by centrifugation on a linear density gradient of sucrose. The isolated particles have a sedimentation coefficient of 70S in the presence of 10 mM Mg2+, when Mg2+ concentration was lowered to 0.1 mM, the particles were dissociated into two sub-particles of 30S and 50S. The 70S particles had the same appearance as cytoplasmic 70S ribosome particles upon observations of negatively stained preparations. These findings indicate that mesosomal tubules contain ribosomes. The isolated mesosomal ribosomes had the ability for protein synthesis when polyuridylic acid-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis was assayed. The sensitivity of mesosomal ribosomes to inhibitors, chloramphenicol and streptomycin, for protein synthesis was significantly lower than that of both cytoplasmic and cytoplasmic membrane-bound ribosomes. In addition, three penicillin-binding proteins were detected in the mesosomal membranes. One of these was localized predominantly in the mesosomal membranes and the other two were distributed almost equally in both mesosomal and cytoplasmic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nakasone
- Department of Food Microbiology, Tokushima University School of Medicine
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20
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Sonnenfeld EM, Doyle RJ. Energized membrane may regulate nucleoid conformation inBacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1985.tb00855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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21
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Bechtel DB, Bulla LA. Ultrastructural analysis of membrane development during Bacillus thuringiensis sporulation. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1982; 79:121-32. [PMID: 7077740 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(82)90024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Abstract
The occurrence of mesosomes was investigated during septum formation of vegetative and sporulating cells of Bacillus cereus. It has been demonstrated that bacterial mesosomes which are considered by numerous microbiologists as an integrated constituent of Gram positive bacteria, are in reality artifacts arising during the preparation for electron microscopy. The conventional fixation methods allowed enough time for the cytoplasmic membrane to react to the changed conditions and to form the typical pocket-like membrane invaginations. With cryofixation followed by freeze-substitution it was shown in ultrathin sections that mesosomes do not occur. The extremely rapid freezing and the substitution of the ice by an organic solvent containing the fixative prevented the formation of membraneous artifacts.
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23
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Parks LC, Dicker DT, Conger AD, Daneo-Moore L, Higgins ML. Effect of chromosomal breaks induced by x-irradiation on the number of mesosomes and the cytoplasmic organization of Streptococcus faecalis. J Mol Biol 1981; 146:413-31. [PMID: 6792362 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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24
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van Eykelenburg C. Ecophysiological studies on Spirulina platensis. Effect of temperature, light intensity and nitrate concentration on growth and ultrastructure. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1980; 46:113-27. [PMID: 6776891 DOI: 10.1007/bf00444067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis was studied in relation to temperature, light intensity and nitrate concentration. The organism was able to grow in media supplied with nitrate in concentrations up to 250 mM. High nitrate concentrations increased the yield and growth rate at temperatures above 35 degeees C. Occurrence, distribution and abundance of cyanophycin granules, polyglucan granules, cylindrical bodies, carboxysomes and mesosomes varied widely in relation to the factors studied. At low temperatures (up to 17 degrees C) cyanophycin was the abundant organelle, especially at high nitrate concentrations, whereas in the temperature range 17--20 degrees C polyglucan was found in large quantities particularly at low nitrate concentrations. Special attention was paid to the cylindrical bodies, the ultrastructure of which was dependent on temperature. Three types of ultrastructure were distinguished each with several possible shapes.
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25
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Bulla LA, Bechtel DB, Kramer KJ, Shethna YI, Aronson AI, Fitz-James PC. Ultrastructure, physiology, and biochemistry of Bacillus thuringiensis. Crit Rev Microbiol 1980; 8:147-204. [PMID: 7000441 DOI: 10.3109/10408418009081124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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26
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27
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Hitchins AD. Polarity and topology of DNA segregation and septation in cells and sporangia of the bacilli. Can J Microbiol 1978. [DOI: 10.1139/m78-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Walther-Mauruschat A, Aragno M, Mayer F, Schlegel HG. Micromorphology of Gram-negative hydrogen bacteria. II. Cell envelope, membranes, and cytoplasmic inclusions. Arch Microbiol 1977; 114:101-10. [PMID: 199126 DOI: 10.1007/bf00410770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fine structure of the cell envelope, of membrane systems and of cytoplasmic inclusions of Gram-negative aerobic hydrogen bacteria has been studied. The results have been tabulated, and three main groups could be recognized: Group 1: Alcaligenes eutrophus, A.paradoxus, A.ruhlandii, Pseudomonas facilis, P.flava, P.pseudoflava, P.palleronii, and Aquaspirillum autotrophicum; Group 2: "Corynebacterium" autotrophicum and strains MA 2 and SA 35; Group 3: Paracoccus denitrificans. Special structures related to the chemoautotrophic way of life of the hydrogen bacteria were not observed.
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