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Weizenmann N, Huster D, Scheidt HA. Interaction of local anesthetics with lipid bilayers investigated by 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:3010-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Paiva JG, Paradiso P, Serro AP, Fernandes A, Saramago B. Interaction of local and general anaesthetics with liposomal membrane models: A QCM-D and DSC study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 95:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Takeda K, Sano Y, Ichikawa S, Hirata Y, Matsuki H, Kaneshina S. Effect of a Local Anesthetic Lidocaine Hydrochloride on the Bilayer Structure of Phospholipids. J Oleo Sci 2009; 58:369-77. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.58.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Takeda
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima
- Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc
| | - You Sano
- Department of Physics, Kansai Medical University
| | - Sosaku Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Yuuki Hirata
- Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc
| | - Hitoshi Matsuki
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima
| | - Shoji Kaneshina
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima
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Foldvari M, Gesztes A, Mezei M, Cardinal L, Kowalczyk I, Behl M. Topical Liposomal local Anesthetics: Design, Optimization and Evaluation of Formulations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049309047198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Marcotte I, Ouellet M, Auger M. Insights on the interaction of met-enkephalin with negatively charged membranes—an infrared and solid-state NMR spectroscopic study. Chem Phys Lipids 2004; 127:175-87. [PMID: 14726000 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2003.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enkephalins are pentapeptides found in the human nervous system, where they are involved in the relief of pain. The interaction of these neuropeptides with the nerve cell membranes would be a key-step in the receptor binding. We have used both Fourier-transform infrared and solid-state NMR spectroscopies to shed light on the interactions responsible for the association of enkephalins with negatively charged membranes. More specifically, we have investigated the interaction of methionine-enkephalin (Menk) with DMPG and DMPS vesicles. Our results suggest that Menk interacts electrostatically with both model membranes via its terminal NH3+ group. However, the peptide induced the formation of elongated DMPG vesicles in the magnetic field. On the other hand, the association of Menk with DMPS bilayers was concentration-dependent and disrupted the membrane at high peptide concentrations. The different effect of methionine-enkephalin with the two types of anionic membranes is most likely related to the different fluidity of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Marcotte
- Département de Chimie, Centre de Recherche en Sciences et Ingénierie des Macromolécules (CERSIM), Université Laval, Québec, Qué., Canada G1K 7P4
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Matsuki H, Hata T, Yamanaka M, Kaneshina S. Partitioning of uncharged local anesthetic benzocaine into model biomembranes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2001; 22:69-76. [PMID: 11438242 DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7765(01)00159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The partitioning of uncharged local anesthetic benzocaine (BzC) into molecular aggregates formed by cationic surfactant decylammonium chloride (DeAC) and phospholipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) was studied from the surface tension and light transmittance measurements. The quantities concerning the partitioning of BzC, the compositions of BzC in the surface-adsorbed film and micelle and three kinds of differential partition coefficients corresponding to phase transitions of the DPPC bilayer membrane were evaluated from thermodynamic analysis of the experimental data. The surface-adsorbed film and micelle were more abundant in BzC than the aqueous solution and significantly large differential partition coefficients for the DPPC membranes were observed. The results clearly showed that the BzC molecules greatly partitioned into hydrophobic environments produced by surfactant-monolayer and phospholipid-bilayer membranes. The partitioning behavior of BzC was also compared with that of charged local anesthetic procaine hydrochloride (PC.HCl). It was shown that the PC.HCl molecule did not or hardly partition into such hydrophobic environments. The contrasting results of the partitioning between BzC and PC.HCl are attributable to the drastic decrease of hydrophilicity of BzC due to the lacking of ionic polar head group in comparison with PC.HCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matsuki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, Minamijosanjima, 770-8506, Tokushima, Japan
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Arias C, López-Cabarcos E, Galera P, Rueda C. Changes in the flow properties of phospholipid dispersions induced by procaine hydrochloride. Effect of pH and temperature. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2001; 56:533-9. [PMID: 11482791 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(01)01105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since local anaesthetics are known to interact with membrane lipids, we have examined the changes taken place by procaine hydrochloride in lipid matrices as a function of pH. Rheological methods might give useful information on the association of this anaesthetic with soybean lecithin. The procaine interacted with negatively charged phospholipid polar head groups at pH 4. This system exhibits a loosening in the tight arrangement of phospholipid molecules caused by the addition of procaine as a function of this anaesthetic's concentration. The flow enthalpy values as a function of procaine-lipid ratio shows biphasic behaviour and suggests a phase transition when the anaesthetic concentration goes from 10 to 14 mM and temperatures dip below 10 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arias
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain.
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Matsuki H, Kaneshina S, Kamaya H, Ueda I. Partitioning of Charged Local Anesthetics into Model Membranes Formed by Cationic Surfactant: Effect of Hydrophobicity of Local Anesthetic Molecules. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9804190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Matsuki
- Department of Anesthesia, Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, and University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84148, and Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770, Japan
| | - Shoji Kaneshina
- Department of Anesthesia, Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, and University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84148, and Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamaya
- Department of Anesthesia, Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, and University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84148, and Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770, Japan
| | - Issaku Ueda
- Department of Anesthesia, Department of Veterans Administration Medical Center, and University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84148, and Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770, Japan
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Encapsulation of lidocaine base and hydrochloride into non-ionic surfactant vesicles (NSVs) and diffusion through human stratum corneum in vitro. Eur J Pharm Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0928-0987(95)00043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shimooka T, Shibata A, Terada H. The local anesthetic tetracaine destabilizes membrane structure by interaction with polar headgroups of phospholipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1104:261-8. [PMID: 1547263 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(92)90039-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the local anesthetic tetracaine at less than 10 mM on the water permeability of the phospholipid membrane was examined using liposomes composed of various molar ratios of negatively charged cardiolipin to electrically neutral phosphatidylcholine by monitoring their osmotic shrinkage in hypertonic glucose solution at 30 degrees C. The concentration of tetracaine causing the maximum velocity of shrinkage of liposomes increased with increase in the molar ratio of cardiolipin. Tetracaine increased the zeta-potential of the negatively charged liposomal membrane toward the positive side due to the binding of its cationic form to the negatively charged polar headgroups in the membrane. The maximum velocity of water permeation induced by osmotic shock was observed at essentially the same tetracaine concentration giving a zeta-potential of the liposomal membrane of 0 mV. These concentrations were not affected by change in the sort of acyl-chain of phospholipids in the liposomes when their negative charges were the same. These results suggests that the membrane integrity is governed mainly by the electrical charge of phospholipid polar headgroups when phospholipid bilayers are in the highly fluid state, and that positively charged tetracaine molecules neutralize the negative surface charge, lowering the barrier for water permeation through phospholipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shimooka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Japan
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11
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Some aspects of the use of liposomes to store neurotropic drugs. Bull Exp Biol Med 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00840422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Burt AY, Aksenov SI. Interaction between neurotropic drugs and the phosphatidylcholine bilayer effect on sorption of polyvalent cations. Bull Exp Biol Med 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00840601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Choi YW, Rogers JA. Characterization of distribution behavior of 2-imidazolines into multilamellar liposomes. J Pharm Sci 1991; 80:757-60. [PMID: 1791536 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600800810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of 2-imidazolines in neutral dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) liposomes, in negatively charged liposomes containing dicetylphosphate (DCP) or phosphatidylserine (PS), and in positively charged liposomes containing stearylamine (STA), has been investigated. Electrophoretic mobilities of multilamellar liposomes have also been measured as a function of drug concentration. Apparent equilibrium partition coefficients (log K'm) increased as a function of the DCP or PS concentration in DMPC liposomes whereas log K'm decreased with STA concentration, except for lofexidine and clonidine. Similarly, the electrokinetic parameters increased in DMPC liposomes that exhibited a small, positive surface charge, decreased in DMPC/cholesterol/DCP (7:1:2 mole ratio) liposomes, and increased in DMPC/STA (3:1 mole ratio) liposomes, except for clonidine which showed a decrease, as a function of the 2-imidazoline concentration. Surface potential change (delta psi o) due to drug inclusion in the liposomes obtained from theoretical considerations exhibited a positive linear relationship with log K'm. Values of delta psi o were greater but less sensitive to log K'm in negatively charged than in neutral or positively charged liposomes at 1 mM drug concentration. Likewise, surface charge densities varied in the same order as the surface potentials as a function of log K'm of the 2-imidazolines, except for clonidine and lofexidine. These data indicate the relative importance of the membrane surface characteristics on the partitioning behavior, and also possibly the membrane transport behavior, of the 2-imidazoline drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y W Choi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Kaminoh Y, Kamaya H, Ueda I. Differential affinity of charged local anesthetics to solid-gel and liquid-crystalline states of dimyristoylphosphatidic acid vesicle membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 987:63-8. [PMID: 2597687 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(89)90455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cationic local anesthetics decreased the transition temperature of the anionic phospholipid (dimyristoylphosphatidic acid, DMPA) vesicles. The counterion concentration changes the electrical double layer effect, and affects the magnitude of temperature depression caused by anesthetics. From the counterion effect on the transition-temperature depression, the partition coefficients of cationic local anesthetics to liquid-crystalline and solid-gel DMPA membranes were separately estimated. The differences in the partition coefficients between solid-gel and liquid-crystalline membranes correlated to the nerve blocking potencies. There are at least two states in the nerve membranes: resting state at higher temperature and excited state at lower temperature. We speculate that the resting state corresponds to the liquid-crystalline state, and the excited state to the solid-gel state. The difference in the partition coefficients to the resting and excited states is the cause of local anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kaminoh
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
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Miller TL, Smith RJ. Thermotropic properties of human erythrocyte membrane proteins as affected by hydroxychloroaromatic compounds. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 250:128-38. [PMID: 3767368 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90709-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The thermal stability of the anion transport protein (band 3) and other proteins of the human erythrocyte membrane, as influenced by hydroxychloroaromatic (HO-Cl2-Ar) compounds, was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Various hydroxychlorodiphenyl ethers (HO-Clx-DPEs) and hexachlorophene, but not pentachlorophenol, caused a marked decrease in the thermal stability of band 3. Most of the other calorimetric transitions of the erythrocyte membrane were only slightly affected. The activity of HO-Clx-DPEs toward lowering the transition temperature of band 3 generally increased with the degree of chlorination, and was somewhat dependent on the position of hydroxyl substitution. At higher concentrations of HO-Clx-DPEs, there was a decrease in the enthalpy change and a broadening of the endothermic transition of band 3. The order of effectiveness of these compounds, as determined from band 3 denaturation temperatures, was similar to the order of potency previously observed for hemolysis of human erythrocytes.
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Kelusky EC, Boulanger Y, Schreier S, Smith IC. A 2H-NMR study on the interactions of the local anesthetic tetracaine with membranes containing phosphatidylserine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 856:85-90. [PMID: 3955036 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(86)90013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of the local anesthetic tetracaine with phosphatidylserine-containing model membranes has been studied by 2H-NMR. Charged tetracaine exhibited an unusually large partition coefficient into multilamellar dispersions of phosphatidylserine. The 2H-NMR spectra consisted of a Pake doublet and a narrow line, with the former corresponding to tetracaine in the bilayer and the latter to tetracaine free in solution. A strong pH dependence of the quadrupole splittings indicated different membrane locations for charged and uncharged tetracaine. In equimolar mixtures of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine the partition coefficients and 2H-NMR spectra were much more like those observed in neat phosphatidylcholine than in neat phosphatidylserine. Dilution studies at pH 5.5 indicated that in phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine mixtures tetracaine experiences a three-site exchange similar to that found earlier for tetracaine in phosphatidylcholine. Tetracaine is in fast exchange between sites weakly bound to membrane and free in solution, and in slow exchange with a strongly bound site in the membrane.
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Stelzer KJ, Gordon MA. Interactions of pyrethroids with phosphatidylcholine liposomal membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 812:361-8. [PMID: 3967018 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(85)90310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of several pyrethroids with membrane lipids in the form of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes have been studied using fluorescent membrane probes. Fluorescence anisotropy values and lifetimes (determined by phase-shift and demodulation techniques) of the fluorescent probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, were decreased in gel phase liposomes by pyrethroids at concentrations on the order of 10 microM. The pyrethroids containing a cyano substituent were also observed to cause collisional quenching of diphenylhexatriene fluorescence. Pyrethroids differed in their effectiveness at lowering the phase transition temperature of DPPC, and in their ability to broaden the temperature range of this transition. The fluorescence intensity of DPPC-incorporated chlorophyll a was used to monitor the pretransition of DPPC and the lateral diffusion of a membrane component located in the polar headgroup region. Permethrin did not affect chlorophyll a fluorescence intensity at any temperature. It may be concluded from these results that pyrethroids are preferentially located in the interior hydrophobic regions of the lipid bilayer, and that these compounds can disorder hydrocarbon packing in the bilayer core. However, polar headgroups were not disordered, and diffusion of membrane components in the polar headgroup region was not altered.
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Mayer LD, Bally MB, Hope MJ, Cullis PR. Uptake of dibucaine into large unilamellar vesicles in response to a membrane potential. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)71169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Low PS, Ort DR, Cramer WA, Whitmarsh J, Martin B. Search for an endotherm in chloroplast lamellar membranes associated with chilling-inhibition of photosynthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 231:336-44. [PMID: 6732236 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The phase transition of chloroplast lamellar membrane lipids has been proposed to be the underlying cause of chilling-induced inhibition of photosynthesis in sensitive plants. Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to search for any endotherms arising from lipid state changes in chloroplast lamellar membranes of the chilling-sensitive plants cantaloupe , kidney bean, domestic tomato, and soybean. For comparison, calorimetric scans of chloroplast lamellar membranes from the chilling-insensitive plants spinach, pea, and wild tomato were made. A large reversible endotherm, extending from below 10 degrees to nearly 40 degrees C, was observed in chloroplast membranes from tomatoes of both chilling-sensitive (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Floramerica ) and chilling-insensitive (L. hirsutum LA 1361) species. A much smaller endotherm, approximately 5 to 10% of the area of that seen in the two tomato species, and extending over a similar temperature range, was detected in chloroplasts from chilling-insensitive spinach and peas, and also was generally observed in chloroplasts from chilling-sensitive cantaloupe , kidney bean, and soybean. The enthalpy of these smaller endotherms indicates that, if the endotherm arose entirely from a lipid transition, then it corresponded to the melting of less than about 10% of the total membrane polar lipid. On the basis of these data it is concluded that there is no correlation between chilling sensitivity of photosynthesis and the presence or absence of a phase transition of bulk membrane lipids of the chloroplast lamellar membrane at temperatures above 5 degrees C.
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Badger CR, Helmkamp GM. Modulation of phospholipid transfer protein activity. Inhibition by local anesthetics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 692:33-40. [PMID: 7171587 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(82)90499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The transfer of phospholipid molecules between biological and synthetic membranes is facilitated by the presence of soluble catalytic proteins, such as those isolated from bovine brain which interacts with phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine and from bovine liver which is specific for phosphatidylcholine. A series of tertiary amine local anesthetics decreases the rates of protein-catalyzed phospholipid transfer. The potency of inhibition is dibucaine greater than tetracaine greater than lidocaine greater than procaine, an order which is compared with and identical to those for a wide variety of anesthetic-dependent membrane phenomena. Half-maximal inhibition of phosphatidylinositol transfer by dibucaine occurs at a concentration of 0.18 mM, significantly lower than the concentration of 1.9 mM required for half-maximal inhibition of phosphatidylcholine transfer activity of the brain protein. Comparable inhibition of liver protein phosphatidylcholine transfer activity is observed at 1.6 mM dibucaine. For activity measurements performed at different pH, dibucaine is more potent at the lower pH values which favor the equilibrium toward the charged molecular species. With membranes containing increasing molar proportions of phosphatidate, dibucaine is increasingly more potent. No effect of Ca2+ on the control transfer activity or the inhibitory action of dibucaine is noted. These results are discussed in terms of the formation of specific phosphatidylinositol or phosphatidylcholine complexes with the amphiphilic anesthetics in the membrane bilayer.
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Davio SR, Low PS. Anesthetic-ion channel interactions: the effect of lidocaine on the stability and transport properties of the membrane-spanning domain of band 3. Arch Biochem Biophys 1982; 218:421-8. [PMID: 6297396 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(82)90363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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