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Ge J, Huang M, Zhou Y, Liu C, Han C, Gao Q, Dong Y, Dong S. Effects of different temperatures on seawater acclimation in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: osmoregulation and branchial phospholipid fatty acid composition. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:669-679. [PMID: 33818627 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of different temperatures on seawater acclimation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), in terms of growth performance, osmoregulatory capacity, and branchial phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition. The fish (initial weight, 94.73 g) were reared at 9, 12.5, and 16 °C for 28 days, then acclimated to seawater, and subsequently reared for 14 days. Sampling points were on the last day in freshwater, and the 1st, 4th, 7th, and 14th days after the salinity reached 30. The results showed the final weight, percent weight gain, and specific growth rate of rainbow trout at 12.5 °C were significantly higher than those at 9 °C, while the thermal growth coefficient at 16 °C was significantly lower than that in other treatments. The branchial PLFA composition in rainbow trout changed more rapidly at 9 and 12.5 °C than at 16 °C. The branchial PLFA composition was significantly affected by temperature and salinity and their interaction. The polyunsaturated fatty acid content of phospholipids in the gill at 9 and 12.5 °C was significantly higher than those at 16 °C. Low temperature (9 °C) and seawater acclimation significantly increased the degree of unsaturation of membrane, enhancing membrane fluidity, which is related to Na+-K+ ATPase activity. Responses of plasma ion, Na+-K+ ATPase activity, and plasma glucose followed a similar pattern at different temperatures. Overall, the study suggests that 12.5 °C is the ideal temperature for seawater acclimation in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ge
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, China
| | - Yangen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, China. .,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, Shandong, China.
| | - Chengyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, Guangdong, China
| | - Cui Han
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, China
| | - Qinfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, Shandong, China
| | - Yunwei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, Shandong, China
| | - Shuanglin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, Shandong, China
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Ge J, Huang M, Zhou Y, Deng Q, Liu R, Gao Q, Dong Y, Dong S. Effects of seawater acclimation at constant and diel cyclic temperatures on growth, osmoregulation and branchial phospholipid fatty acid composition in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:313-325. [PMID: 33575866 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of seawater acclimation at constant and diel temperatures on the growth, osmoregulation, and branchial phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The fish (initial weight, 62.28 ± 0.41 g) were reared at a constant 13.0 °C (CT) or with a diel cycle of either 13.0 ± 1.0 °C (VT2) or 13.0 ± 2.0 °C (VT4) for 6 weeks, and subsequently subjected to seawater acclimation. Diel temperature variations (of up to 4 °C) did not affect the growth rate of rainbow trout maintained in freshwater, but alleviated the impairment on the growth after seawater challenge. Under all temperature conditions, rainbow trout were well prepared to seawater acclimation. The diel cyclic temperature resulted in fish with reduced fluctuations in plasma electrolyte levels, branchial Na+-K+ ATPase activity, and plasma osmolality. In freshwater, the sum of the monounsaturated fatty acids was significantly higher in the VT4 relative to CT and VT2 treatment. Conversely, the sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly lower in the VT4 fish. After seawater transfer, the branchial PLFA profiles of the fish significantly changed, but those in CT and VT2 did not recover afterwards (the degree of unsaturation was downregulated). The PLFA composition of fish in the VT4 treatment appeared to be steadier under seawater acclimation. This study suggests that a diel cyclic temperature (13.0 ± 2.0 °C) can alleviate the impairment of growth, enhance osmoregulation capability, and improve the stability of the branchial PLFA composition in rainbow trout after seawater acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ge
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yangen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Qianlong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rongxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qinfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yunwei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuanglin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong Province, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, Shandong Province, China
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Barbanera F, Erra F, Banchetti R. Not-adaptive behavior of isotropically heated, inert populations of Oxytricha bifaria (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2002; 49:54-62. [PMID: 11908899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The physiological effects on isotropically heated populations of Oxytricha bifaria cultured at 24 degrees C were investigated. At 34.6 degrees C ciliates became inert, and did not adaptively react to either cold or warm microgradients; they neither moved towards the favorable cold thermal source nor escaped from the unfavorable warm one. The inert oxytrichas were only able to perform the Side-Stepping Reaction (SSR) on the same spot. However, mobile ciliates at 31.6 degrees C reacted to the cold microgradient by immediately orienting themselves towards its source, without accelerating but reducing their SSR frequency. Moreover, in a warm microgradient such ciliates immediately increased their SSR frequency, then moved away from the thermal source. At 34.6 degrees C the behavior of ciliates was not-adaptive--not acting to guide the organisms to more favorable conditions--whereas at 31.6 degrees C it was still clearly adaptive. Therefore, the locomotory inertness of the oxytrichas at 34.6 degrees C was the result of thermal stress rather than their behavioral response to the environmental isotropy, in contrast to populations of the same species made inert at 9 degrees C.
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Barbanera F, Erra F, Ricci N. The effects of heating on the behaviour ofOxytricha bifaria(Ciliophora, Hypotrichida). CAN J ZOOL 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/z99-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental populations of the ciliate Oxytricha bifaria grown at 24°C were exposed to progressively higher temperatures in a thermally isotropic environment. Their behaviour was monitored and an ethogram was drawn for each step of the warming process (24, 29, and 34°C), as well as for three further periods of time after the temperature was brought back to the initial 24°C. As the temperature increased, (i) the percentage of mobile cells decreased (significantly at 34°C), (ii) their periods of immobilisation were more frequent; (iii) their average creeping velocity did not change; (iv) the radius of the arcs and the length of both the linear segments and the arcs decreased; (v) the frequency of the "side-stepping reaction" increased progressively, and (vi) it was often performed as bursts of reactions. Moreover, (vii) a new behavioural pattern, the "maximum-rotation reaction," was performed. When the ciliates were brought back to 24°C, their behavioural parameters, except for general mobility, did not return to normal values during the first 90 min. Linear heating of the experimental populations of O. bifaria induced nonlinear and time-stable effects on their behaviour (12 out of 17 parameters actually changed at 34°C).
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Ricci N, Barbanera F, Erra F. The Effects of Cooling Conditions on the Behavior of Oxytricha bifaria (Ciliophora Hypotrichida). J Eukaryot Microbiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1998.tb05088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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The Lipid Moiety of the GPI-Anchor of the Major Plasma Membrane Proteins in Paramecium primaurelia is a Ceramide: Variation of the Amide-Linked Fatty Acid Composition as a Function of Growth Temperature. Protist 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1434-4610(98)70008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Leman J. Oleaginous microorganisms: an assessment of the potential. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1997; 43:195-243. [PMID: 9097415 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Leman
- Institute of Food Biotechnology, University of Agriculture and Technology, Olsztyn, Poland
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Popp B, Schmid A, Benz R. Role of sterols in the functional reconstitution of water-soluble mitochondrial porins from different organisms. Biochemistry 1995; 34:3352-61. [PMID: 7533536 DOI: 10.1021/bi00010a026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were performed on lipid bilayer membranes with water-soluble mitochondrial porins from different eukaryotic organisms, such as Dictyostelium discoideum, Paramecium, and rat liver, to study the requirements of functional reconstitution of the porins. The water-soluble porins lost their associated lipids and sterols and are unable to form channels in lipid bilayer membranes. We demonstrate that the water-soluble porins regain their channel-forming ability after preincubation of the polypeptides with sterols in the presence of detergents. Mitochondrial porin from Dictyostelium discoideum maintained after this procedure its original properties, in particular the voltage dependence. Water-soluble mitochondrial porins from Paramecium tetraurelia and from rat liver were also activated upon preincubation with different sterols in detergent but showed voltage-dependences that were different from those of detergent-purified porins. Furthermore, the voltage dependence depended on the sterol used for preincubation. Interestingly, the preincubation with sterols can likewise be used to activate detergent-purified mitochondrial porins that may have lost associated sterol during isolation and purification procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Popp
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg, Germany
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Sikora J, Baranowski Z, Zajaczkowska M. Two-state model of Paramecium bursaria thigmotaxis. EXPERIENTIA 1992; 48:789-92. [PMID: 1516689 DOI: 10.1007/bf02124305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical framework has been developed for analysis of the interaction between Paramecium bursaria and a glass surface. Adhesion to and detachment from a solid substrate were considered in the model as transitions between alternative states in cell behavior: (a) swimming, and (b) motionless (positive thigmotactic) state. According to the model and experimental data, a change in the fraction of swimming cells is described by a negative exponential course. The proposed model allows positive thigmotaxis, generally referred to in the literature simply as thigmotaxis, to be considered as the rate-constant of transition into the motionless state. This approach permits quantitative determination of thigmotaxis, and reveals its dependence on the phase of culture growth and the type of medium surrounding the cells. In the mineral maintenance solution, paramecia from the stationary phase of growth swim more slowly than those in the logarithmic phase of growth, and show enhanced thigmotaxis. However, a general relationship between thigmotaxis and swimming speed was not established.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sikora
- Cell Biology Department, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warszawa, Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Hennessey
- Department of Biological Sciences State University of New York, Buffalo 14260
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Gunstone
- Chemistry Department, University, St Andrews, Fife, U.K
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Park CC, Hennessey T, Ahmed Z. Manipulation of plasma membrane fatty acid composition of fetal rat brain cells grown in a serum-free defined medium. J Neurochem 1990; 55:1537-45. [PMID: 2213009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb04936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Modifications of plasma membrane acyl-linked phospholipid fatty acid composition were produced by supplementing the culture medium with essential fatty acids. The plasma membrane fraction was purified by Percoll gradient centrifugation from dissociated fetal rat brain cells grown in a serum-free culture medium. Both the concentration dependence and the time course of the modifications were examined. Supplementation of the medium with essential polyunsaturated fatty acid, linolenic acid (18:3 omega 3) or linoleic acid (18:2 omega 6), produced incorporation of the elongated and desaturated products of omega 3 or omega 6 class, respectively, i.e., the incorporation was class specific. Within each class, the most unsaturated and elongated members, i.e., terminal members, were preferentially incorporated until they reached a maximum concentration within 6-7 days. At higher concentrations of supplemented fatty acids, additional class specific incorporation in plasma membrane was produced by an increase in the concentration of intermediate members. At the same time, the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids declined and that of saturated fatty acids remained unchanged. The modifications in fatty acid composition were reversible, with the time course similar to that of incorporation. The total plasma membrane phospholipid and sterol contents did not change with alterations of fatty acid composition, but did change with time in culture. This preparation should prove useful for investigating the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain cell functions, including neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Park
- Departments of Physiology, State University of New York, Buffalo
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Weglar D, Howe-Mcdonald S, Hennessey TM. The inward calcium current is increased by sterol supplementation in Paramecium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(89)90778-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hazel JR, Carpenter R. Rapid changes in the phospholipid composition of gill membranes during thermal acclimation of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J Comp Physiol B 1985; 155:597-602. [PMID: 3837031 DOI: 10.1007/bf00694450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The phospholipid composition of gill tissue was determined in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) undergoing thermal acclimation between 5 degrees C and 20 degrees C for a period of up to 28 days. Proportions of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cardiolipin (CL) increased during cold acclimation and decreased during warm acclimation; proportions of phosphatidylcholine (PC) changed in the opposite direction (i.e., decreased during cold acclimation). In contrast, levels of phosphatidylserine, -inositol, and sphingomyelin did not vary significantly. Thermal modulation of headgroup composition occurred rapidly as reflected by changes in the ratio of PC-to-PE, which rose significantly from 2.40 +/- 0.09 to 2.92 +/- 0.09 within 72 h of transfer from 5 to 20 degrees C; adaptation to 5 degrees C was equally rapid. Proportions of PE changed more rapidly than those of PC during cold adaptation, whereas the opposite was true during warm acclimation. Both the time course and the direction of the observed changes in phospholipid composition suggest that such adjustments may contribute to the homeoviscous regulation of membrane properties, particularly during the initial stages of thermal adaptation.
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Connolly JG, Brown ID, Lee AG, Kerkut GA. Changes in lipid fluidity and fatty acid composition with altered culture temperature in Tetrahymena pyriformis-NT1. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1985; 81:287-92. [PMID: 2864170 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(85)90137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cultures of T. pyriformis-NT1 were grown at 20 degrees C (Tg 20 degrees C) and 38 degrees C (Tg 38 degrees C). G.L.C. analysis and D.P.H. fluorescence polarization measurements in extracted phospholipids indicated that there was increased saturation of fatty acids and relatively reduced fluidity as growth temperature was increased. Breakpoints occurred in the Arrhenius plots of fluorescence polarization at 16 degrees C for Tg 38 degrees C total extracted phospholipids and 9 degrees C for Tg 20 degrees C lipids.
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Connolly JG, Brown ID, Lee AG, Kerkut GA. The effects of temperature upon the electrophysiological properties of Tetrahymena pyriformis-NT1. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1985; 81:293-302. [PMID: 2864171 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(85)90138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis--NT1 were cultured at 38 degrees C (Tg 38 degrees C) and 20 degrees C (Tg 20 degrees C) and their properties investigated over the range 0-40 degrees C. Tg 20 degrees C cells were viable in the range 3-33 degrees C and changes in their properties were readily reversible between 10 degrees C and 30 degrees C. Tg 38 degrees cells were viable in the range 40-10 degrees C and their property changes were immediately reversible in the range 40-23 degrees C. The I-V relations of Tg 38 degrees C cells showed increased excitability as the cells were cooled from 40 degrees C. At 10 degrees C there was a considerable loss of excitability and slope resistance. Cooling Tg 20 degrees C cells from 20 degrees C gave a similar pattern, although over a narrower temperature range. Warming Tg 20 degrees C Tetrahymena above 20 degrees C led to a progressive loss of excitability and the cells were markedly less viable above 35 degrees C. Within physiological limits the regenerative spike magnitude, repolarization time, time to peak and input resistance increased as temperature was lowered, whereas resting potential was diminished. When compared at their growth temperatures and most intermediate temperatures, the value of the various parameters monitored were generally different for the two cultures. The Q10 value for resting potential changes of Tg 20 degrees C cells about 20 degrees C was 1.20. As in T. vorax this was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than that predicted for a diffusion potential and suggested that T. pyriformis--NT1 may have an electrogenic pump component in its membrane potential.
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Connolly JG, Brown ID, Lee AG, Kerkut GA. Temperature-dependent changes in the swimming behaviour of Tetrahymena pyriformis-NT1 and their interrelationships with electrophysiology and the state of membrane lipids. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1985; 81:303-10. [PMID: 2864172 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(85)90139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The swimming velocity and the amplitude of the helical swimming path of T. pyriformis-NT1 cells grown at 20 degrees C (Tg 20 degrees C) and 38 degrees C (Tg 38 degrees C) were monitored between 0 and 40 degrees C in the presence and absence of electric fields. Within physiological limits the swimming velocity increased and the amplitude decreased as temperature was raised. The temperature profiles of these properties were not linear, and showed discontinuities at different temperatures for the different cultures. The break points in Arrhenius plots of the resting potential, regenerative spike magnitude, repolarization time, swimming velocity and swimming amplitude are tabulated and compared. The initial breakpoints upon cooling were clustered about the breakpoints in fluorescence polarization of D.P.H. in extracted phospholipids, and around the transition temperatures estimated from the literature for the pellicular membrane of these cells. The average of the initial breakpoints on cooling was 22.9 degrees C for Tg 38 degrees C cells and 13.7 degrees C for Tg 20 degrees C cells, a shift of 9.2 degrees C. Unlike Paramecium there is no depolarizing receptor potential in Tetrahymena upon warming. It is suggested that this may be the basis of a behavioural difference between Tetrahymena and Paramecium--namely that in Tetrahymena maximum swimming velocity occurs above growth temperature whereas in Paramecium the two points coincide. Swimming velocity and resting potential were correlated with membrane fluidity within physiological limits, but for other parameters the relationship with fluidity was more complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Hennessey TM, Andrews D, Nelson DL. Biochemical studies of the excitable membrane of Paramecium tetraurelia. VII. Sterols and other neutral lipids of cells and cilia. J Lipid Res 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37962-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Hennessey TM, Saimi Y, Kung C. A heat-induced depolarization ofParamecium and its relationship to thermal avoidance behavior. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00610340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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