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Kolomiytseva IK, Perepelkina NI, Zakharova NM. Blood Plasma Phospholipids and Cholesterol during Hibernation of the Long-Tailed Ground Squirrel. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350918030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Kolomiytseva IK. Lipids in mammalian hibernation and artificial hypobiosis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:1291-9. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911120029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mitochondrial metabolism in hibernation and daily torpor: a review. J Comp Physiol B 2008; 178:811-27. [PMID: 18551297 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-008-0282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hibernation and daily torpor involve substantial decreases in body temperature and metabolic rate, allowing birds and mammals to cope with cold environments and/or limited food. Regulated suppression of mitochondrial metabolism probably contributes to energy savings: state 3 (phosphorylating) respiration is lower in liver mitochondria isolated from mammals in hibernation or daily torpor compared to normothermic controls, although data on state 4 (non-phosphorylating) respiration are equivocal. However, no suppression is seen in skeletal muscle, and there is little reliable data from other tissues. In both daily torpor and hibernation, liver state 3 substrate oxidation is suppressed, especially upstream of electron transport chain complex IV. In hibernation respiratory suppression is reversed quickly in arousal even when body temperature is very low, implying acute regulatory mechanisms, such as oxaloacetate inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase. Respiratory suppression depends on in vitro assay temperature (no suppression is evident below approximately 30 degrees C) and (at least in hibernation) dietary polyunsaturated fats, suggesting effects on inner mitochondrial membrane phospholipids. Proton leakiness of the inner mitochondrial membrane does not change in hibernation, but this also depends on dietary polyunsaturates. In contrast proton leak increases in daily torpor, perhaps limiting reactive oxygen species production.
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Sommer AM, Pörtner HO. Mitochondrial Function in Seasonal Acclimatization versus Latitudinal Adaptation to Cold in the LugwormArenicola marina(L.). Physiol Biochem Zool 2004; 77:174-86. [PMID: 15095238 DOI: 10.1086/381468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in marine ectotherms from a latitudinal cline have led to the hypothesis that eurythermal adaptation to low mean annual temperatures is energetically costly. To obtain more information on the trade-offs and with that the constraints of thermal adaptation, mitochondrial functions were studied in subpolar lugworms (Arenicola marina L.) adapted to summer cold at the White Sea and were compared with those in boreal specimens from the North Sea, either acclimatized to summer temperatures or to winter cold. During summer, a comparison of mitochondria from subpolar and boreal worms revealed higher succinate oxidation rates and reduced Arrhenius activation energies (Ea) in state 3 respiration at low temperatures, as well as higher proton leakage rates in subpolar lugworms. These differences reflect a higher aerobic capacity in subpolar worms, which is required to maintain motor activity at low but variable environmental temperatures--however, at the expense of an elevated metabolic rate. The lower activity of citrate synthase (CS) found in subpolar worms may indicate a shift in metabolic control within mitochondria. In contrast, acclimatization of boreal lugworms to winter conditions elicited elevated mitochondrial CS activities in parallel with enhanced mitochondrial respiration rates. With falling acclimation temperatures, the significant Arrhenius break temperature in state 3 respiration (11 degrees C) became insignificant (5 degrees C) or even disappeared (0 degrees C) at lower levels of Arrhenius activation energies in the cold, similar to a phenomenon known from hibernating vertebrates. The efficiency of aerobic energy production in winter mitochondria rose as proton leakage in relation to state 3 decreased with cold acclimation, indicated by higher respiratory control ratio values and increased adenosine diphosphate/oxygen (ADP/O) ratios. These transitions indicate reduced metabolic flexibility, possibly paralleled by a loss in aerobic scope and metabolic depression during winter cold. Accordingly, these patterns contrast those found in summer-active, cold-adapted eurytherms at high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sommer
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Ecophysiology/Ecotoxicology, Columbusstrasse, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.
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Geiser F. The effect of unsaturated and saturated dietary lipids on the pattern of daily torpor and the fatty acid composition of tissues and membranes of the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus. J Comp Physiol B 1991; 161:590-7. [PMID: 1783690 DOI: 10.1007/bf00260749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dietary lipids strongly influence the pattern of torpor and the body lipid composition of mammalian hibernators. The object of the present study was to investigate whether these diet-induced physiological and biochemical changes also occur in species that show shallow, daily torpor. Deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, were fed with rodent chow (control diet) or rodent chow with either 10% sunflower seed oil (unsaturated diet) or 10% sheep fat (saturated diet). Animals on the unsaturated diet showed a greater occurrence of torpor (80-100% vs 26-43%), longer torpor bouts (4.5 vs 2.25 h), a lower metabolic rate during torpor (0.96 vs 2.25 ml O2.g-1.h-1), and a smaller loss of body mass during withdrawal of food (2.35 vs 3.90 g) than animals on the saturated diet; controls were intermediate. These diet-induced physiological changes were associated with significant alterations in the fatty acid composition of depot fat, leg muscle and brain total lipids, and heart mitochondrial phospholipids. Significant differences in the total unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content between animals on saturated and unsaturated diet were observed in depot fat (55.7% vs 81.1%) and leg muscle (56.4% vs 72.1%). Major compositional differences between diet groups also occurred in the concentration of n6 and/or n3 fatty acids of brain and heart mitochondria. The study suggests that dietary lipids may play an important role in the seasonal adjustment of physiology in heterothermic mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Geiser
- Department of Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Tormanen CD. Comparison of the properties of purified mitochondrial and cytosolic rat kidney transamidinase. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 22:1243-50. [PMID: 2257950 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(90)90305-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1. Mitochondrial rat kidney transamidinase was solubilized by two extractions with the surfactant Zwittergent 3-14. 2. Mitochondrial and cytosolic forms of rat kidney transamidinase were purified by chromatography on DEAE-Trisacryl M, phenyl-Sepharose Cl-4B and hydroxylapatite columns. 3. The specific activity of purified mitochondrial enzyme was significantly higher than purified cytosolic enzyme. 4. The subunit molecular mass, the electrophoretic mobility under nondenaturing conditions, and the activation energy were similar for purified mitochondrial and cytosolic transamidinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Tormanen
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant
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Abstract
For homeotherms the maintenance of a high, uniform body temperature requires a constant energy supply and food intake. For many small mammals, the loss of heat in winter exceeds energy supply, particularly when food is scarce. To survive, some animals have developed a capacity for adaptive hypothermia in which they lower their body temperature to a new regulatory set-point, usually a few degrees above the ambient. This process, generally known as hibernation, reduces the temperature differential, metabolic activity, as well as the energy demand, and thus facilitates survival during winter. Successful hibernation in mammals requires that the enzymatic processes are regulated in such a manner that metabolic balance is maintained at both the high body temperature of the summer-active animal (37 degrees C) and the low body temperature of the winter-torpid animal (approx. 5 degrees C). This means that the cellular membranes have thermal properties capable of maintaining a balanced metabolism at these extreme physiological temperatures. The available evidence indicates that, for some tissues, preparation for hibernation involves an alteration in the lipid composition and thermal properties of cellular membranes. Marked differences in the thermal response of cellular membranes have been observed on a seasonal basis and, in some membranes, differences in lipid composition have been associated with the torpid state. However, to date, no consistent changes in lipid composition which would account for, or explain, the changes in membrane thermal response, have been detected. An important point to emphasize is that the process of 'homeoviscous adaptation', which occurs in procaryotes and some poikilotherms during acclimation to low temperatures, is not a characteristic feature of most membranes of mammalian hibernators.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Aloia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA 92350
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Ecological, Physiological, and Biochemical Aspects of Torpor in Mammals and Birds. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-74078-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pehowich DJ, Macdonald PM, McElhaney RN, Cossins AR, Wang LC. Calorimetric and spectroscopic studies of lipid thermotropic phase behavior in liver inner mitochondrial membranes from a mammalian hibernator. Biochemistry 1988; 27:4632-8. [PMID: 3167006 DOI: 10.1021/bi00413a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Arrhenius plots of various enzyme and transport systems associated with the liver mitochondrial inner membranes of ground squirrels exhibit changes in slope at temperatures of 20-25 degrees C in nonhibernating but not in hibernating animals. It has been proposed that the Arrhenius breaks observed in nonhibernating animals are the result of a gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition of the mitochondrial membrane lipids, which also occurs at 20-25 degrees C, and that the absence of such breaks in hibernating animals is due to a major depression of this lipid phase transition to temperatures below 4 degrees C. In order to test this hypothesis, we have examined the thermotropic phase behavior of liver inner mitochondrial membranes from hibernating and nonhibernating Richardson's ground squirrels, Spermophilus richardsonii, by differential scanning calorimetry and by 19F nuclear magnetic resonance and fluorescence polarization spectroscopy. Each of these techniques indicates that no lipid phase transition occurs in the membranes of either hibernating or nonhibernating ground squirrels within the physiological temperature range of this animal (4-37 degrees C). Moreover, differential scanning calorimetric measurements indicate that only a small depression of the lipid gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition, which is centered at about -5 degrees C in nonhibernating animals and at about -9 degrees C in hibernators, occurs. We thus conclude that the Arrhenius plot breaks observed in some membrane-associated enzymatic and transport activities of nonhibernating animals are not the result of a lipid phase transition and that a major shift in the gel to liquid-crystalline lipid phase transition temperature is not responsible for seasonal changes in the thermal behavior of these inner mitochondrial membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Pehowich
- Department of Zoology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Raison JK, Augee ML, Aloia RC. Mitochondrial membrane transitions in heart and other organs of a hibernator. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1988; 254:E378-83. [PMID: 3348394 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1988.254.3.e378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Critical temperatures (T) for transitions in both lipid structure and enzyme function of mitochondrial membranes from liver, kidney, brown fat, and heart tissues were determined for the hibernator Spermophilus lateralis at two weekly intervals from early summer to late autumn and during hibernation. For all tissues T fell into one of three groups: those below 4 degrees C (the minimal level of accurate determination), those centered about a mean of 11.9 +/- 1.4 degrees C, and those centered about a mean of 20.9 +/- 1.8 degrees C. The T for tissues from torpid animals and from heart, at all sampling periods, was below 4 degrees C. For liver, kidney, and brown fat the mean T was approximately 21 degrees C in early summer but was lowered later in the season in a two-step process, falling to below 4 degrees C before the animals were exposed to cold and entering torpor. It is concluded that for mitochondria the thermal response of the membrane lipids is altered such that the transition in structure and function is always below the minimum body temperature likely to be experienced by this animal. Heart tissue is exceptional in that the transition is at a temperature consistent with a body temperature of torpor even in summer-active animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Raison
- CSIRO Division of Food Research and School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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Brown MA, Raison JK. The influence of storage temperature on the transition, activation enthalpy, and activity of enzymes associated with inner mitochondrial membranes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1988; 260:798-805. [PMID: 2829742 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of storage at low temperature on the transition in enzyme function, Tf*, and the Arrhenius activation energy, Ea, were determined for several enzymes associated with the inner membrane of rat liver mitochondria. The enzymes studied were succinate:cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome c oxidase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and oligomycin-sensitive, Mg2+-activated ATPase. For freshly isolated mitochondria the Tf*, for succinate:cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome c oxidase, occurred at approximately 23 degrees C and was coincident with a transition in structure, Ts*, determined as the change in temperature coefficient of motion for a spin label intercalated with the membrane lipids. This suggest that the change in thermal response of the membrane-associated enzymes is related to a change in molecular ordering of the membrane lipids. When mitochondria were stored at -12 degrees C, the specific activities of succinate:cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome c oxidase decreased. Concomitant with these changes the Ea, above Tf*, increased. After 100 days storage at -12 degrees C, Ea above Tf* approached the value for Ea below Tf* such that the transition in thermal response could no longer be detected. In contrast, for mitochondria stored at -196 degrees C, although the specific activity declined over the 100 days storage, no changes in either Ea or Tf* were evident. The results indicate a need for caution in evaluating comparative studies of Tf and Ea, for membrane-associated enzymes, using mitochondria which have been frozen and stored.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Brown
- Plant Physiology Group, CSIRO Division of Food Research, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
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Wang LCH. Mammalian Hibernation: An Escape from the Cold. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-73375-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Seasonal changes in the critical arousal temperature of the marsupialSminthopsis crassicaudata correlate with the thermal transition in mitochondrial respiration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01946695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Montaudon D, Robert J, Canguilhem B. Fluorescence anisotropy of kidney lipids and membranes of a hibernating mammal. Cryobiology 1986; 23:177-83. [PMID: 3698645 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(86)90009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence anisotropy of lipids and membranes isolated from kidneys of European hamsters (Cricetus cricetus L.) has been estimated using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as a probe. We have compared in this study the results obtained for two critical periods for a hibernator: winter (torpid state), and summer (active state). The differences were of very low magnitude. A slight increase in anisotropy was noticed in the kidney lipids and microsomal membrane preparations from torpid animals. In contrast, a small decrease in anisotropy was observed in the microsomal lipid extracts of torpid animals. A difference in triglyceride content of winter and summer total kidney lipids was detected, as well as a difference in microsomal protein content between winter and summer membrane preparations. It is hypothesized that the latter observations may explain why the behavior of kidney total lipids and microsomal preparations were different from that presented by kidney microsomal lipids in respect to fluorescence anisotropy. Therefore, only a little, if any, homeoviscous adaptation is exhibited by kidney membranes during hibernation of this mammal.
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Geiser F, McMurchie EJ. Arrhenius parameters of mitochondrial membrane respiratory enzymes in relation to thermoregulation in endotherms. J Comp Physiol B 1985; 155:711-5. [PMID: 3016042 DOI: 10.1007/bf00694585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the body temperature (Tb), the Arrhenius critical temperature (T*), and the apparent activation energy above T* (Ea1), of liver and heart mitochondrial respiratory enzymes from eleven homeothermic and eight heterothermic species was determined using a linear regression analysis. An inverse relation was observed between T* and Ea1 during torpor and hibernation. In all thermoregulatory states, T* decreased with Tb and T* was equal to or below Tb. During torpor Ea1 increased in a linear manner as Tb was lowered. It appears that the above Arrhenius parameters are closely linked to the thermoregulatory state of endotherms and thus may represent an adaptation for function at low Tb's.
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