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Solsona R, Pavlin L, Bernardi H, Sanchez AMJ. Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Growth and Organelle Biosynthesis: Practical Recommendations for Exercise Training. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2741. [PMID: 33800501 PMCID: PMC7962973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of skeletal muscle mass and organelle homeostasis is dependent on the capacity of cells to produce proteins and to recycle cytosolic portions. In this investigation, the mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle mass regulation-especially those associated with proteosynthesis and with the production of new organelles-are presented. Thus, the critical roles of mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway and its regulators are reviewed. In addition, the importance of ribosome biogenesis, satellite cells involvement, myonuclear accretion, and some major epigenetic modifications related to protein synthesis are discussed. Furthermore, several studies conducted on the topic of exercise training have recognized the central role of both endurance and resistance exercise to reorganize sarcomeric proteins and to improve the capacity of cells to build efficient organelles. The molecular mechanisms underlying these adaptations to exercise training are presented throughout this review and practical recommendations for exercise prescription are provided. A better understanding of the aforementioned cellular pathways is essential for both healthy and sick people to avoid inefficient prescriptions and to improve muscle function with emergent strategies (e.g., hypoxic training). Finally, current limitations in the literature and further perspectives, notably on epigenetic mechanisms, are provided to encourage additional investigations on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Solsona
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, UR 4640, 7 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 66120 Font-Romeu, France;
| | - Laura Pavlin
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE UMR866, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; (L.P.); (H.B.)
| | - Henri Bernardi
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE UMR866, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; (L.P.); (H.B.)
| | - Anthony MJ Sanchez
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, UR 4640, 7 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 66120 Font-Romeu, France;
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Recent Data on Cellular Component Turnover: Focus on Adaptations to Physical Exercise. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060542. [PMID: 31195688 PMCID: PMC6627613 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has expanded our knowledge of the signaling pathways coordinating muscle protein turnover during various conditions including exercise. In this manuscript, the multiple mechanisms that govern the turnover of cellular components are reviewed, and their overall roles in adaptations to exercise training are discussed. Recent studies have highlighted the central role of the energy sensor (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), forkhead box class O subfamily protein (FOXO) transcription factors and the kinase mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin complex (MTOR) in the regulation of autophagy for organelle maintenance during exercise. A new cellular trafficking involving the lysosome was also revealed for full activation of MTOR and protein synthesis during recovery. Other emerging candidates have been found to be relevant in organelle turnover, especially Parkin and the mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (Mul1) pathways for mitochondrial turnover, and the glycerolipids diacylglycerol (DAG) for protein translation and FOXO regulation. Recent experiments with autophagy and mitophagy flux assessment have also provided important insights concerning mitochondrial turnover during ageing and chronic exercise. However, data in humans are often controversial and further investigations are needed to clarify the involvement of autophagy in exercise performed with additional stresses, such as hypoxia, and to understand the influence of exercise modality. Improving our knowledge of these pathways should help develop therapeutic ways to counteract muscle disorders in pathological conditions.
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Abou Sawan S, van Vliet S, West DWD, Beals JW, Paluska SA, Burd NA, Moore DR. Whole egg, but not egg white, ingestion induces mTOR colocalization with the lysosome after resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C537-C543. [PMID: 30133322 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00225.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that whole egg ingestion induces a greater muscle protein synthetic (MPS) response when compared with isonitrogenous egg white ingestion after resistance exercise in young men. Our aim was to determine whether whole egg or egg white ingestion differentially influenced colocalization of key regulators of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) as means to explain our previously observed divergent postexercise MPS response. In crossover trials, 10 healthy resistance-trained men (21 ± 1 yr; 88 ± 3 kg; body fat: 16 ± 1%; means ± SE) completed lower body resistance exercise before ingesting whole eggs (18 g protein, 17 g fat) or egg whites (18 g protein, 0 g fat). Muscle biopsies were obtained before exercise and at 120 and 300 min after egg ingestion to assess, by immunofluorescence, protein colocalization of key anabolic signaling molecules. After resistance exercise, tuberous sclerosis 2-Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb) colocalization decreased ( P < 0.01) at 120 and 300 min after whole egg and egg white ingestion with concomitant increases ( P < 0.01) in mTOR-Rheb colocalization. After resistance exercise, mTOR-lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) colocalization significantly increased at 120 and 300 min only after whole egg ingestion ( P < 0.01), and mTOR-LAMP2 colocalization correlated with rates of MPS at rest and after exercise ( r = 0.40, P < 0.05). We demonstrated that the greater postexercise MPS response with whole egg ingestion is related in part to an enhanced recruitment of mTORC1-Rheb complexes to the lysosome during recovery. These data suggest nonprotein dietary factors influence the postexercise regulation of mRNA translation in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Abou Sawan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Stephan van Vliet
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Daniel W D West
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Joseph W Beals
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
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Gardiner J, Marc J. Phospholipases may play multiple roles in anisotropic plant cell growth. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:391-5. [PMID: 22270827 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Both the cortical microtubule cytoskeleton and cellulose microfibrils are important for the anisotropic growth of plant cells. Although the two systems interact, the details of this interaction are far from clear. It has been shown the inhibitors of phospholipase D, phospholipase A(2) and phospholipase C all cause disorganisation of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Since the phospholipases act on the plasma membrane, which links cortical microtubules to cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall, they may play a key role in the communication between the two structures. This communication may take various forms. Microtubule-linked phospholipase activity may cause the organisation of underlying cellulose microfibril liquid crystals. Alternatively, phospholipases may co-operate in the regulation of plasma membrane fluidity, affecting the movement of cellulose synthase complexes in the underlying plasma membrane. GPI-anchored proteins in the plasma membrane, which are cleaved by phospholipases, may possibly play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gardiner
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia.
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Mansfeld J, Ulbrich-Hofmann R. Modulation of phospholipase D activity in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:913-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wagner K, Brezesinski G. Phospholipase D activity is regulated by product segregation and the structure formation of phosphatidic acid within model membranes. Biophys J 2007; 93:2373-83. [PMID: 17557794 PMCID: PMC1965428 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.108787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus (scPLD) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholines (PC) to produce choline and phosphatidic acid (PA), a lipid messenger molecule within biological membranes. To scrutinize the influence of membrane structure on scPLD activity, three different substrate-containing monolayers are used as model systems: pure dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as well as equimolar mixtures of DPPC/n-hexadecanol (C(16)OH) and DPPC/dipalmitoylglycerol (DPG). The activity of scPLD toward these monolayers is tested by infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy and exhibits different dependencies on surface pressure. For pure DPPC, the catalytic turnover drastically drops above 20 mN/m. On addition of C(16)OH, this strong decrease starts at 5 mN/m. For the DPPC/DPG system, the reaction yield linearly decreases between 5 and 25 mN/m. The difference in scPLD activity is correlated to the phase state of the monolayers as examined by x-ray diffraction, Brewster angle microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Because the additives C(16)OH and DPG mediate the miscibility of PC and PA, only a basal activity of scPLD is observed toward the mixed systems at higher surface pressures. At pure DPPC monolayers, scPLD is activated after the segregation of initially formed PA. Furthermore, scPLD is inhibited when the lipids in the PA-rich domains adopt an upright orientation. This phenomenon offers a self-regulating mechanism for the concentration of the second messenger PA within biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wagner
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
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El Kirat K, Chauvet JP, Roux B, Besson F. Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D interaction with lipidic activators at the air–water interface. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2004; 1661:144-53. [PMID: 15003877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2003] [Revised: 12/17/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus (PLDSc) is a soluble enzyme that interacts with membranes to catalyse phosphatidylcholine (PC) transformation. In this work, we focused on the interaction between PLDSc and two lipid activators: a neutral lipid, diacylglycerol (DAG), and an anionic one, phosphatidic acid (PA). DAG is a naturally occurring alcohol, so it is a potent nucleophile for the transphosphatidylation reaction catalysed by PLD. Concerning PA, it is a widely described activator of PLDSc-catalysed hydrolysis of PC. The monolayer technique allowed us to define PLDSc interaction with DAG and PA. In the case of DAG, the results suggest an insertion of PLDSc within the acyl chains of the lipid with an exclusion pressure of approximately 45 mN/m. PLDSc-DAG interaction seemed to occur preferentially with the lipid in the liquid-expanded (LE) phase. PLDSc interaction with PA was found to be more effective at high surface pressures. The overall results obtained with PA show a preferential interaction of the protein with condensed PA domains. No exclusion pressure could be found for PLDSc-PA interaction indicating only superficial interaction with the polar head of this lipid. Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) images were acquired in order to confirm these results and to visualise the patterns induced by PLDSc adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim El Kirat
- University of Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5013, Bat. Chevreul, 43 Bd du 11/11/1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, UCB-Lyon 1, France.
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El Kirat K, Besson F, Prigent AF, Chauvet JP, Roux B. Role of calcium and membrane organization on phospholipase D localization and activity. Competition between a soluble and insoluble substrate. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:21231-6. [PMID: 11940565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106449200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase D (PLD) from Streptomyces chromofuscus is a soluble enzyme known to be activated by the phosphatidic acid-calcium complexes. PLD-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipids in aqueous medium leads to the formation of phosphatidic acid (PA). Previous studies concluded on an allosteric activation of PLD by the PA-calcium complexes. In this work, the role of PA and calcium was investigated in terms of membrane structure and dynamics. The role of calcium in PLD partitioning between the soluble phase and the water-lipid interface was tested. The monomolecular film technique was used to measure both membrane dynamics and PLD activity. These experiments provided information on PLD activity at a water-lipid interface. Moreover, the ability of PA to enhance PLD activity toward phosphatidylcholine was correlated to the physical properties of PA itself, affecting the rheology of the membrane. The effect of calcium was investigated on PLD binding to lipids and on the catalytic process by competition experiments between a soluble and a vesicular substrate. These experiments confirmed the absolute PLD requirement for calcium and pointed out the importance of calcium for PLD catalytic process and for the enzyme location at the water-lipid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim El Kirat
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Biologique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5013, Bâtiment Chevreul, 43 Boulevard du 11/11/1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, France.
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Virto C, Svensson I, Adlercreutz P. Hydrolytic and transphosphatidylation activities of phospholipase D from Savoy cabbage towards lysophosphatidylcholine. Chem Phys Lipids 2000; 106:41-51. [PMID: 10878234 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(00)00130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The hydrolysis and transphosphatidylation of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), with a partially purified preparation of phospholipase D (PL D) from Savoy cabbage, was investigated. These reactions were about 20 times slower than the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in a micellar system. For the transfer reaction, 2 M glycerol was included in the media, which suppressed the hydrolytic reaction. Both reactions presented similar V(max) values, suggesting that the formation of the phosphatidyl-enzyme intermediate is the rate-limiting step. The enzyme had an absolute requirement for Ca(2+), and the optimum concentration was approximately 40 mM CaCl(2). K(Ca)(app) was calculated to be 8.6+/-0.74 mM for the hydrolytic and 10+/-0.97 mM for the transphosphatidylation reaction. Both activities reached a maximum at pH 5.5, independent of Ca(2+) concentration. Kinetic studies showed that the Km(app) for the glycerol in the transphosphatidylation reaction is 388+/-37 mM. Km(app) for the lysophosphatidylcholine depended on Ca(2+) concentration and fell between 1 and 3 mM at CaCl(2) concentrations from 4 to 40 mM. SDS, TX-100, and CTAB did not activate the enzyme as reported for phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis; on the contrary, reaction rates decreased at detergent concentrations at or above that of lysophosphatidylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Virto
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-22100, Lund, Sweden.
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Abstract
Knowledge of the PLD superfamily is rapidly expanding and new insights into the mechanism and regulation of the superfamily are rapidly emerging. The recent structural analysis and use of mutant proteins suggest a mechanism that involves two active sites acting in concert. While a number of residues are required for activity, it appears most likely that a histidine is the residue that becomes covalently linked to phosphatidate in catalysis. Evidence for these proposals is covered in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Waite
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Dittrich N, Haftendorn R, Ulbrich-Hofmann R. Hexadecylphosphocholine and 2-modified 1,3-diacylglycerols as effectors of phospholipase D. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1391:265-72. [PMID: 9555051 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(97)00208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic behaviour of phospholipase D (PLD) from cabbage has been studied in the presence of several substrate-like compounds such as hexadecylphosphocholine (HPC) and 1,3-didodecanoylglycero-2-phosphatides. 1,3-Didodecanoyl- glycero-2-phosphocholine (1,3-DiC12PC) was found being not cleft by PLD, whereas HPC is hydrolyzed by PLD with small rate. The plot of initial velocity vs. substrate concentration for HPC is more sigmoidal than those for the common substrate phosphatidylcholine (PC)/sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) (1:0.5) or the short-chain 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DiC6PC). The anionic amphiphiles 1,3-didodecanoylglycero-2-sulfate and 1,3-didodecanoylglycero-2-phosphate act as activators of PLD towards PC similar to SDS. In contrast, 1,3-DiC12PC shows inhibitory properties with an increase in the sigmoidicity of the initial velocity as a function of substrate concentration in the PC/SDS assay. Also HPC inhibits the hydrolysis of PC/SDS, whereas it acts as activator or inhibitor in the hydrolysis of DiC6PC. The results suggest that PLD possesses two substrate-binding sites, where one binds substrate in function of an effector without catalytic activity while the other is the catalytic site. HPC and 1,3-DiC12PC are assumed to compete with the substrate for both binding sites with effects depending on the ratio of concentrations and affinities of substrates and effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dittrich
- Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle, Germany
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Effects of sphingomyelin and cholesterol on lipoprotein lipase-mediated lipolysis in lipid emulsions. J Lipid Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Yamamoto I, Nishii M, Tokuoka E, Handa T, Miyajima K. Product-retardation and -activation of catalytic hydrolysis by phospholipase D in small unilamellar vesicles of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine. Colloid Polym Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/s003960050128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Dittrich N, Nössner G, Kutscher B, Ulbrich-Hofmann R. Alkylphosphate esters as inhibitors of phospholipase D. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 1996; 11:67-75. [PMID: 9204397 DOI: 10.3109/14756369609038223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alkylphosphate esters were shown to be potent inhibitors of phospholipase D. Using phosphatidyl choline/sodium dodecylsulfate (2:1) as substrate, IC50 values were determined for alkylphosphocholines of different chain length (C10-C18) and for various octadecylphosphate esters with different polar head groups. The inhibitory potency strongly increased with increasing chain length of the alkyl chain. The substitution of choline for heterocyclic nitrogen compounds or for 2-trimethylarsonio-ethanol also affected the inhibition of phospholipase D. Octadecylphosphocholine proved to be the most efficient inhibitor (IC50 = 6.4 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dittrich
- Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University, Halle, Federal Republic of Germany
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Yamamoto I, Konto A, Handa T, Miyajima K. Regulation of phospholipase D activity by neutral lipids in egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine small unilamellar vesicles and by calcium ion in aqueous medium. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1233:21-6. [PMID: 7833345 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(94)00220-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolysis activity of phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus (PLD) was studied in small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC). The enzyme was associated with PC-SUV in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Both apparent maximum velocity, Vmax(app), and reciprocal of apparent Michaelis constant, i.e., apparent binding constant, 1/Km(app), increased with Ca2+ concentration, and the maximum values of these kinetic parameters were obtained at about 20 microM Ca2+. Incorporation of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG), cholesterol (Chol) or alpha-tocopherol (Toc) into PC-SUV induced shift of the antisymmetric PO2- stretching band of PC to lower frequency. The neutral lipids in SUV brought about increase of the Vmax(app) value (Yamamoto et al. (1993) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1145, 293-297). On the basis of these findings we discussed the regulation of PLD activity in terms of the Ca(2+)-dependent complex formation of PLD with SUV, and the enhancement of susceptibility of the P-O bond in PC molecule by neutral lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
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Yamamoto I, Mazumi T, Asai Y, Handa T, Miyajima K. Effects of ?-tocopherol and its acetate on the hydrolytic activity of phospholipase D in egg yolk phosphatidylcholine bilayers. Colloid Polym Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00653227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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