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Priti Sinha K, Das S, Karyappa RB, Thaokar RM. Electrohydrodynamics of Vesicles and Capsules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4863-4886. [PMID: 32275824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) made up of phospholipid bilayer membranes (liposomes) and elastic capsules with a cross-linked, polymerized membrane, have emerged as biomimetic alternatives to investigating biological cells such as leukocytes and erythrocytes. This feature article looks at the similarities and differences in the electrohydrodynamics (EHD) of vesicles and capsules under electric fields that determines their electromechanical response. The physics of EHD is illustrated through several examples such as the electrodeformation of single and compound, spherical and cylindrical, and charged and uncharged vesicles in uniform and nonuniform electric fields, and the relevance and challenges are discussed. Both small and large deformation results are discussed. The use of EHD in understanding complex interfacial kinetics in capsules and the synthesis of nonspherical capsules using electric fields are also presented. Finally, the review looks at the large electrodeformation of water-in-water capsules and the relevance of constitutive laws in their response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Priti Sinha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Sudip Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Rahul Bapusaheb Karyappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Rochish M Thaokar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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Katsuta S, Okano T, Koiwai K, Suzuki H. Ejection of Large Particulate Materials from Giant Unilamellar Vesicles Induced by Electropulsation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13196-13204. [PMID: 31498647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation or electropermealization is a technique to open pores in the lipid bilayer membrane of cells and vesicles transiently to increase its permeability to otherwise impermeable molecules. However, the upper size limit of the materials permeable through this operation has not been studied in the past. Here, we investigate the size of the material that can be released (ejected) from giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) upon electrical pulsation. We confirm that the volume of GUV shrinks in a stepwise manner upon periodical pulsation, in accordance with previous studies. When the same operation is applied to GUVs that encapsulate microbeads, we find that beads as large as 20 μm can be ejected across the membrane without rupturing the whole GUV structure. We also demonstrate that functional bioactive particulate materials, such as gel balls, vesicles, and cells can be encapsulated in and ejected from GUVs. We foresee that this phenomenon can be applied to precisely regulate the time and location of release of these particulate materials in the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Katsuta
- Dept. Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Chuo University , 1-13-27 Kasuga , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 112-8551 , Japan
| | - Taiji Okano
- Dept. Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Chuo University , 1-13-27 Kasuga , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 112-8551 , Japan
| | - Keiichiro Koiwai
- Dept. Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Chuo University , 1-13-27 Kasuga , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 112-8551 , Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) , 5-3-1 Kojimachi , Chiyoda-ku , Tokyo 102-0083 , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Dept. Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Chuo University , 1-13-27 Kasuga , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 112-8551 , Japan
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3
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Hadady H, Montiel C, Wetta D, Geiger EJ. Liposomes as a model for the study of high frequency dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1423-8. [PMID: 25820457 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes were used as a physical model to study the dielectrophoretic response of single-shelled particles at high frequencies. For a typical particle, the single-shelled theoretical model predicts a lower cross-over frequency that depends upon the dielectric properties of the shell and an upper crossover frequency that depends upon the dielectric properties of the interior. Dried liposomes were rehydrated in media with conductivity ranging from 100 to 2000 μS/cm. The high frequency dielectrophoresis response of the liposomes was observed in the range of 1-80 MHz at 30 volts peak-to-peak, and the upper cross-over frequency was recorded. The experimental results closely matched the theoretical expectations. In particular, the upper cross-over frequency ranged from 9 to 60 MHz and was found to depend linearly on the interior conductivity of the liposome. These results further confirm the single-shell model at high-frequencies. Moreover, they suggest liposomes may be a useful model particle for use during the development of dielectrophoresis-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Hadady
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Caroline Montiel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Daniel Wetta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Emil J Geiger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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4
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Spyratou E, Cunaj E, Tsigaridas G, Mourelatou EA, Demetzos C, Serafetinides AA, Makropoulou M. Measurements of liposome biomechanical properties by combining line optical tweezers and dielectrophoresis. J Liposome Res 2014; 25:202-210. [DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2014.987784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kodama T, Osaki T, Kawano R, Kamiya K, Miki N, Takeuchi S. Round-tip dielectrophoresis-based tweezers for single micro-object manipulation. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 47:206-12. [PMID: 23570681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present an efficient methodology to manipulate a single micro-object using round-tip positive dielectrophoresis-based tweezers. The tweezers consist of a glass needle with a round-tip and a pair of thin gold-film electrodes. The round-tip, which has a radius of 3µm, is formed by melting a finely pulled glass needle and concentrates the electric field at the tip of the tweezers, which allows the individual manipulation of single micro-objects. The tweezers successfully captured, conveyed, and positioned single cell-sized liposomes with diameters of 5-23µm, which are difficult to manipulate with conventional manipulation methodologies, such as optical tweezers or glass micropipettes, due to the similarities between their optical properties and those of the media, as well as the ease with which they are deformed or broken. We used Stokes' drag theory to experimentally evaluate the positive dielectrophoresis (pDEP) force generated by the tweezers as a function of the liposome size, the content of the surrounding media, and the applied AC voltage and frequency. The results agreed with the theoretically deduced pDEP force. Finally, we demonstrated the separation of labeled single cells from non-labeled cells with the tweezers. This device can be used as an efficient tool for precisely and individually manipulating biological micro-objects that are typically transparent and flexible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Kodama
- Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, KSP EAST 303, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
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IIGUNI Y, OHTANI H. Electromagnetophoretic Migration Velocity of Organic Microdroplets with Surfactants Using Permanent Magnets. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:35-9. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori IIGUNI
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
| | - Hajime OHTANI
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
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Spyratou E, Mourelatou E, Georgopoulos A, Demetzos C, Makropoulou M, Serafetinides A. Line optical tweezers: A tool to induce transformations in stained liposomes and to estimate shear modulus. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Simeonova M, Gimsa J. The influence of the molecular structure of lipid membranes on the electric field distribution and energy absorption. Bioelectromagnetics 2006; 27:652-66. [PMID: 16917873 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We consider the influence of the molecular structure of phospholipid membranes on their dielectric properties in the radio frequency range. Membranes have a stratified dielectric structure on the submolecular level, with the lipid chains forming a central hydrophobic layer enclosed by the polar headgroups (HGs) and bound water layers. In our numerical model, isotropic permittivities of 2.2 and 48.8 were assigned to the lipid chain and bound water layers, respectively. The HG region was assumed to possess an anisotropic static permittivity with 142.2 and 30.2 in the tangential and normal directions, respectively. The permittivities of the HG and bound water regions have been assumed to disperse at frequencies around 51 and 345 MHz to become 2.2 and 1.8, respectively, in both the normal and tangential directions. Electric field distribution and absorption were calculated for phospholipid vesicles with 75 nm radius as an example. Significant absorption has been obtained in the HG and bound water regions. Averaging the membrane absorption over the layers resulted in a decreased absorption below 1 GHz but a more than 10-fold increase above 1 GHz, compared to a model with a homogeneous membrane of averaged properties. We propose single particle dielectric spectroscopy by AC electrokinetics at low-bulk medium conductivities for an experimental verification of our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Simeonova
- Department of Biology, University of Rostock, Chair of Biophysics, Rostock, Germany
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Iiguni Y, Suwa M, Watarai H. High-magnetic-field electromagnetophoresis of micro-particles in a capillary flow system. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1032:165-71. [PMID: 15065793 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The electromagnetophoretic migration of micro-particles in a capillary flow system was demonstrated using a homogeneous magnetic field applied at right angles to an electric current. We utilized a high-magnetic-field of 10 T for observing this phenomenon. When the direction of the electric current was alternatively changed, polystyrene latex particles in a flowing aqueous medium migrated zigzag affected by a Lorentz force exerted on the medium. Carbon particles also migrated in the same manner with polystyrene particles. Further, we tried the electromagnetophoretic migration of biological particles, such as yeasts and human red blood cells. The migration velocity component perpendicular to the flow was proportional to both the electric current and the magnetic flux density. These results proved that the dominant force of the zigzag migration was an electromagnetophoretic buoyancy generated in the flowing medium. Moreover, it was found that the force exerted on the particles in the magnetic field of 10 T was sufficient for the desorption of particles adsorbed on the capillary wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Iiguni
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Gambari R, Borgatti M, Altomare L, Manaresi N, Medoro G, Romani A, Tartagni M, Guerrieri R. Applications to cancer research of "lab-on-a-chip" devices based on dielectrophoresis (DEP). Technol Cancer Res Treat 2003; 2:31-40. [PMID: 12625752 DOI: 10.1177/153303460300200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent development of advanced analytical and bioseparation methodologies based on microarrays and biosensors is one of the strategic objectives of the so-called post-genomic. In this field, the development of microfabricated devices could bring new opportunities in several application fields, such as predictive oncology, diagnostics and anti-tumor drug research. The so called "Laboratory-on-a-chip technology", involving miniaturisation of analytical procedures, is expected to enable highly complex laboratory testing to move from the central laboratory into non-laboratory settings. The main advantages of Lab-on-a-chip devices are integration of multiple steps of different analytical procedures, large variety of applications, sub-microliter consumption of reagents and samples, and portability. One of the requirement for new generation Lab-on-a-chip devices is the possibility to be independent from additional preparative/analytical instruments. Ideally, Lab-on-a-chip devices should be able to perform with high efficiency and reproducibility both actuating and sensing procedures. In this review, we discuss applications of dielectrophoretic(DEP)-based Lab-on-a-chip devices to cancer research. The theory of dielectrophoresis as well as the description of several devices, based on spiral-shaped, parallel and arrayed electrodes are here presented. In addition, in this review we describe manipulation of cancer cells using advanced DEP-based Lab-on-a-chip devices in the absence of fluid flow and with the integration of both actuating and sensing procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gambari
- Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, Italy, Via Fossato di Mortara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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NAMBA M, WATARAI H, TAKEUCHI T. Migration of Polystyrene Microparticles in Aqueous Media Caused by Electromagnetic Buoyancy. ANAL SCI 2000. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.16.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto NAMBA
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
| | - Hitoshi WATARAI
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
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12
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Naito S, Hoshi M, Yagihara S. Microwave dielectric analysis of human stratum corneum in vivo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1381:293-304. [PMID: 9729435 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(98)00041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dielectric properties of the human skin stratum corneum (SC) in the frequency range higher than 107 Hz are not well understood because of the difficulty in selective scanning of the SC area in vivo. The present study was carried out to make clear factors responsible for the dielectric properties using a measuring system specially developed for the study of SC [S. Naito, M. Hoshi, S. Mashimo, Anal. Biochem. 251 (1997) 163-172]. We found that the dielectric properties of SC can be expressed by the linear combination of two relaxation processes and d.c. conduction. The faster relaxation is that of free water. The slower relaxation and d. c. conduction were analyzed using a model assuming interfacial polarization between dissimilar materials. We concluded that the polarization is the origin of the slower relaxation process because the experimental data could be well interpreted according to the above mechanism. We also concluded that the polarization of swelled SC locates at the interface between SC cells and the intercellular lipid layer, or at the interface between the lipophilic and the hydrophilic part of the lamellar structured intercellular lipid layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Naito
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai, Haga, Tochigi 321-34, Japan
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Akashi K, Miyata H, Itoh H, Kinosita K. Formation of giant liposomes promoted by divalent cations: critical role of electrostatic repulsion. Biophys J 1998; 74:2973-82. [PMID: 9635751 PMCID: PMC1299638 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(98)78004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous formation of giant unilamellar liposomes in a gentle hydration process, as well as the adhesion energy between liposomal membranes, has been found to be dependent on the concentration of divalent alkali cations, Ca2+ or Mg2+, in the medium. With electrically neutral phosphatidylcholine (PC), Ca2+ or Mg2+ at 1-30 mM greatly promoted liposome formation compared to low yields in nonelectrolyte or potassium chloride solutions. When negatively charged phosphatidylglycerol (PG) was mixed at 10%, the yield was high in nonelectrolytes but liposomes did not form at 3-10 mM CaCl2. In the adhesion test with micropipette manipulation, liposomal membranes adhered to each other only in a certain range of CaCl2 concentrations, which agreed with the range where liposome did not form. The adhesion range shifted to higher Ca2+ concentrations as the amount of PG was increased. These results indicate that the divalent cations bind to and add positive charges to the lipids, and that membranes are separated and stabilized in the form of unilamellar liposomes when net charges on the membranes produce large enough electrostatic repulsion. Under the assumption that the maximum of adhesion energy within an adhesive range corresponds to exact charge neutralization by added Ca2+, association constants of PC and PG for Ca2+ were estimated at 7.3 M(-1) and 86 M(-1), respectively, in good agreement with literature values.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Akashi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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