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Arifuzzaman S, Khatun MR, Khatun R. Emerging of lysine demethylases (KDMs): From pathophysiological insights to novel therapeutic opportunities. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110392. [PMID: 32574968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there have been remarkable scientific advancements in the understanding of lysine demethylases (KDMs) because of their demethylation of diverse substrates, including nucleic acids and proteins. Novel structural architectures, physiological roles in the gene expression regulation, and ability to modify protein functions made KDMs the topic of interest in biomedical research. These structural diversities allow them to exert their function either alone or in complex with numerous other bio-macromolecules. Impressive number of studies have demonstrated that KDMs are localized dynamically across the cellular and tissue microenvironment. Their dysregulation is often associated with human diseases, such as cancer, immune disorders, neurological disorders, and developmental abnormalities. Advancements in the knowledge of the underlying biochemistry and disease associations have led to the development of a series of modulators and technical compounds. Given the distinct biophysical and biochemical properties of KDMs, in this review we have focused on advances related to the structure, function, disease association, and therapeutic targeting of KDMs highlighting improvements in both the specificity and efficacy of KDM modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarder Arifuzzaman
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh; Everest Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Dhaka-1208, Bangladesh.
| | - Mst Reshma Khatun
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Rabeya Khatun
- Department of Pediatrics, TMSS Medical College and Rafatullah Community Hospital, Gokul, Bogura, 5800, Bangladesh
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Blanquart C, Linot C, Cartron PF, Tomaselli D, Mai A, Bertrand P. Epigenetic Metalloenzymes. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2748-2785. [PMID: 29984644 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180706105903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics controls the expression of genes and is responsible for cellular phenotypes. The fundamental basis of these mechanisms involves in part the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of DNA and proteins, in particular, the nuclear histones. DNA can be methylated or demethylated on cytosine. Histones are marked by several modifications including acetylation and/or methylation, and of particular importance are the covalent modifications of lysine. There exists a balance between addition and removal of these PTMs, leading to three groups of enzymes involved in these processes: the writers adding marks, the erasers removing them, and the readers able to detect these marks and participating in the recruitment of transcription factors. The stimulation or the repression in the expression of genes is thus the result of a subtle equilibrium between all the possibilities coming from the combinations of these PTMs. Indeed, these mechanisms can be deregulated and then participate in the appearance, development and maintenance of various human diseases, including cancers, neurological and metabolic disorders. Some of the key players in epigenetics are metalloenzymes, belonging mostly to the group of erasers: the zinc-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs), the iron-dependent lysine demethylases of the Jumonji family (JMJ or KDM) and for DNA the iron-dependent ten-eleven-translocation enzymes (TET) responsible for the oxidation of methylcytosine prior to the demethylation of DNA. This review presents these metalloenzymes, their importance in human disease and their inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Blanquart
- CRCINA, INSERM, Universite d'Angers, Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Réseau Epigénétique du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, France
| | - Camille Linot
- CRCINA, INSERM, Universite d'Angers, Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre-François Cartron
- CRCINA, INSERM, Universite d'Angers, Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Réseau Epigénétique du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, France
| | - Daniela Tomaselli
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.,Pasteur Institute - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Philippe Bertrand
- Réseau Epigénétique du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, France.,Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, B27, 86073, Poitiers cedex 09, France
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Thinnes CC, England KS, Kawamura A, Chowdhury R, Schofield CJ, Hopkinson RJ. Targeting histone lysine demethylases - progress, challenges, and the future. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1839:1416-32. [PMID: 24859458 PMCID: PMC4316176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
N-Methylation of lysine and arginine residues has emerged as a major mechanism of transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes. In humans, N(ε)-methyllysine residue demethylation is catalysed by two distinct subfamilies of demethylases (KDMs), the flavin-dependent KDM1 subfamily and the 2-oxoglutarate- (2OG) dependent JmjC subfamily, which both employ oxidative mechanisms. Modulation of histone methylation status is proposed to be important in epigenetic regulation and has substantial medicinal potential for the treatment of diseases including cancer and genetic disorders. This article provides an introduction to the enzymology of the KDMs and the therapeutic possibilities and challenges associated with targeting them, followed by a review of reported KDM inhibitors and their mechanisms of action from kinetic and structural perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille C Thinnes
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Akane Kawamura
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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Sakurai M, Rose NR, Schultz L, Quinn A, Jadhav A, Ng SS, Oppermann U, Schofield CJ, Simeonov A. A miniaturized screen for inhibitors of Jumonji histone demethylases. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:357-64. [PMID: 20094655 PMCID: PMC3401096 DOI: 10.1039/b912993f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
2-Oxoglutarate- and Fe(ii)-dependent oxygenases are a major class of N(epsilon)-methyl lysine demethylases that are involved in epigenetic regulation. Assays suitable for implementation in a high-throughput manner have been lacking for these enzymes. Here, we describe the design and implementation of a robust and miniaturized high-throughput kinetic assay for inhibitors of JMJD2E using a formaldehyde dehydrogenase-coupled reaction with real-time fluorescence detection. Reactant compatibility studies resulted in simplification of the assay scheme to the mixing of two reagent solutions, both of which were stable overnight. The assay was miniaturized to a 4 microL volume in 1536-well format and was used to screen the library of pharmacologically active compounds (LOPAC(1280)). Inhibitors identified by the screen were further characterized in secondary assays including FDH counterscreen and demethylation assays that monitored demethylation by MALDI-TOF MS. The assay developed here will enable the screening of large compound libraries against the Jumonji demethylases in a robust and automated fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sakurai
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
| | - Nathan R. Rose
- Department of Chemistry and the Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, OX1 3TA, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lena Schultz
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
| | - Amy Quinn
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
| | - Stanley S. Ng
- The Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK, and the Botnar Research Centre, Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Udo Oppermann
- The Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK, and the Botnar Research Centre, Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Department of Chemistry and the Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, OX1 3TA, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anton Simeonov
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3370, USA
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Holme E, Lindstedt G, Lindstedt S, Nordin I. Does superoxide anion participate in 2-oxoglutarate-dependent hydroxylation? Biochem J 1982; 205:339-44. [PMID: 6291507 PMCID: PMC1158486 DOI: 10.1042/bj2050339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The possible role of superoxide anion in 2-oxoglutarate-coupled dioxygenase reactions has been investigated. gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.1) was inhibited by human erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), probably due to release of Cu(2+) or Zn(2+), as the inhibition was more pronounced after heat-inactivation of the dismutase and as Cu(2+) was a potent inhibitor. Bovine superoxide dismutase and the Mn(2+)-containing superoxide dismutase from Escherichia coli were not inhibitory. Superoxide anion generated from xanthine/xanthine oxidase was not stimulatory and could not replace ascorbate. Thymine 7-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.6) and thymidine 2'-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.3) were not inhibited by erythrocyte superoxide dismutase or stimulated by superoxide anion. gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase was inhibited by a number of low-molecular-weight compounds, such as tetranitromethane, Nitro Blue Tetrazolium, adrenaline and Tiron, which may act as scavengers of superoxide anion. Involvement of this radical in other oxygenase reactions has been inferred from the findings that they were inhibitory for the respective enzymes. Several of these compounds also inhibited gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase. It could be concluded from these experiments, however, that mechanisms other than disposal of superoxide anion might equally well be operative, such as hydrophobic interaction with the enzyme protein and interaction with compounds required for full enzymic activity, e.g. iron and ascorbate. The results appear to rule out a requirement for superoxide anion generated in free solution, and have not yielded evidence for participation of enzyme-bound superoxide anion in 2-oxoglutarate-dependent hydroxylations.
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Puistola U, Turpeenniemi-Hujanen TM, Myllylä R, Kivirikko KI. Studies on the lysyl hydroxylase reaction. II. Inhibition kinetics and the reaction mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 611:51-60. [PMID: 6766067 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(80)90041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Product inhibition of lysyl hydroxylase (peptidyllysine, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen 5-oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.11.4) was studied with succinate, CO2, dehydroascorbate and hydroxylysine-rich polypeptide chains. The product inhibition patterns and addition data are consistent with a reaction mechanism involving an ordered binding of Fe2+, alpha-ketoglutarate, O2 and the peptide substrate to the enzyme in this order, and an ordered release of the hydroxylated peptide, CO2, succinate and Fe2+, in which Fe2+ need not leave the enzyme during each catalytic cycle and in which the order of release of the hydroxylated peptide and CO2 is uncertain. Ascorbate probably reacts by a substitution mechanism, either after the release of the hydroxylated peptide, CO2 and succinate or after the release of all products, including Fe2+, and dehydroascorbate is released before the binding of Fe2+. It is suggested that the ascorbate reaction is required to reduce either the enzyme-iron complex or the free enzyme, which may be oxidized by a side-reaction during some catalytic cycles, but not the majority. The mechanisms of the prolyl 4-hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase reactions are suggested to be identical. Zn2+, several citric acid cycle intermediates, nitroblue tetrazolium and homogentisic acid inhibited lysyl hydroxylase competitively with regard to Fe2+, alpha-ketoglutarate, O2 and ascorbate respectively, and epinephrine non-competitively with regard to all cosubstrates. Apparent Ki values are given for the product and other inhibitors.
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Miller RL, Varner HH. Purification and enzymatic properties of lysyl hydroxylase from fetal porcine skin. Biochemistry 1979; 18:5828-32. [PMID: 117833 DOI: 10.1021/bi00593a026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl hydroxylase from fetal porcine skin is shown to bind in a highly specific manner to aminoethyl-Sepharose 4B. When coupled to ammonium sulfate fractionation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, chromatography of lysyl hydroxylase preparations on aminoethyl-Sepharose 4B has yielded a highly purified (greater than 95%) preparation of lysyl hydroxylase. The enzyme consists of two subunits with molecular weights of 70 000 and 115 000. The overall recovery of activity was 2.5%, yielding approximately to 3.5 mg of purified enzyme from 900 g of fetal porcine skin. The enzyme is more active at 30 degrees C than at 37 degrees C and has a pH optimum near 8.0. Both catalase and bovine serum albumin are required by the enzyme for maximum activity. The sulfhydryl reagents p-(chloromercuri)-benzoate, N-ethylmaleimide, and iodoacetamide are potent inhibitors of the enzyme, whereas dithiothreitol appears to be an activator.
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Lonati-Galligani M, Galligani L, Fuller GC. Effect of (+)-catechin on purified prolyl hydroxylase and on collagen synthesis in skin fibroblasts in culture. Biochem Pharmacol 1979; 28:2573-8. [PMID: 229857 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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