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Harris M, Sun J, Keeran K, Aponte A, Singh K, Springer D, Gucek M, Pirooznia M, Cockman ME, Murphy E, Kennedy LM. Ogfod1 deletion increases cardiac beta-alanine levels and protects mice against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2847-2858. [PMID: 34668514 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Prolyl hydroxylation is a post-translational modification that regulates protein stability, turnover, and activity. The proteins that catalyze prolyl hydroxylation belong to the 2-oxoglutarate- and iron-dependent oxygenase family of proteins. 2-oxoglutarate- and iron-dependent oxygenase domain-containing protein 1 (Ogfod1), which hydroxylates a proline in ribosomal protein s23 is a newly-described member of this family. The aims of this study were to investigate roles for Ogfod1 in the heart, and in the heart's response to stress. METHODS AND RESULTS We isolated hearts from wild type (WT) and Ogfod1 knockout (KO) mice and performed quantitative proteomics using Tandem Mass Tag labelling coupled to Liquid Chromatography and tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify protein changes. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified "Urate Biosynthesis/Inosine 5'-phosphate Degradation" and "Purine Nucleotides Degradation II (Aerobic)" as the most significantly-enriched pathways. We performed metabolomics analysis and found that both purine and pyrimidine pathways were altered with the purine nucleotide inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) showing a 3.5-fold enrichment in KO hearts (P = 0.011) and the pyrimidine catabolism product beta-alanine showing a 1.7-fold enrichment in KO hearts (P = 0.014). As changes in these pathways have been shown to contribute to cardioprotection, we subjected isolated perfused hearts to ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). KO hearts showed a 41.4% decrease in infarct size and a 34% improvement in cardiac function compared to WT hearts. This protection was also evident in an in vivo I/R model. Additionally, our data show that treating isolated perfused WT hearts with carnosine, a metabolite of beta-alanine, improved protection in the context of I/R injury, whereas treating KO hearts with carnosine had no impact on recovery of function or infarct size. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data show that Ogfod1 deletion alters the myocardial proteome and metabolome to confer protection against I/R injury. TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the US. In characterizing the cardiovascular effects of deleting the prolyl hydroxylase Ogfod1 and investigating its role in disease pathology, we found that deleting Ogfod1 protected hearts against ex vivo and in vivo I/R injury. Ogfod1-KO hearts showed significant metabolomic and proteomic changes that supported altered purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis and turnover. Beta-alanine, a precursor of the anti-oxidant carnosine and a product of pyrimidine degradation, accumulated in KO hearts to help confer cardioprotection. Altogether, these data suggest a role for Ogfod1 downregulation as a therapeutic strategy for heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Harris
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Junhui Sun
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Karen Keeran
- Animal Surgery and Resources Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Angel Aponte
- Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Komudi Singh
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Danielle Springer
- Murine Phenotyping Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Marjan Gucek
- Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mehdi Pirooznia
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Leslie M Kennedy
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Crystal structure and pH-dependent allosteric regulation of human β-ureidopropionase, an enzyme involved in anticancer drug metabolism. Biochem J 2018; 475:2395-2416. [PMID: 29976570 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
β-Ureidopropionase (βUP) catalyzes the third step of the reductive pyrimidine catabolic pathway responsible for breakdown of uracil-, thymine- and pyrimidine-based antimetabolites such as 5-fluorouracil. Nitrilase-like βUPs use a tetrad of conserved residues (Cys233, Lys196, Glu119 and Glu207) for catalysis and occur in a variety of oligomeric states. Positive co-operativity toward the substrate N-carbamoyl-β-alanine and an oligomerization-dependent mechanism of substrate activation and product inhibition have been reported for the enzymes from some species but not others. Here, the activity of recombinant human βUP is shown to be similarly regulated by substrate and product, but in a pH-dependent manner. Existing as a homodimer at pH 9, the enzyme increasingly associates to form octamers and larger oligomers with decreasing pH. Only at physiological pH is the enzyme responsive to effector binding, with N-carbamoyl-β-alanine causing association to more active higher molecular mass species, and β-alanine dissociation to inactive dimers. The parallel between the pH and ligand-induced effects suggests that protonation state changes play a crucial role in the allosteric regulation mechanism. Disruption of dimer-dimer interfaces by site-directed mutagenesis generated dimeric, inactive enzyme variants. The crystal structure of the T299C variant refined to 2.08 Å resolution revealed high structural conservation between human and fruit fly βUP, and supports the hypothesis that enzyme activation by oligomer assembly involves ordering of loop regions forming the entrance to the active site at the dimer-dimer interface, effectively positioning the catalytically important Glu207 in the active site.
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Janowitz T, Ajonina I, Perbandt M, Woltersdorf C, Hertel P, Liebau E, Gigengack U. The 3-ureidopropionase of Caenorhabditis elegans, an enzyme involved in pyrimidine degradation. FEBS J 2010; 277:4100-9. [PMID: 20840592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyrimidines are important metabolites in all cells. Levels of cellular pyrimidines are controlled by multiple mechanisms, with one of these comprising the reductive degradation pathway. In the model invertebrate Caenorhabditis elegans, two of the three enzymes of reductive pyrimidine degradation have previously been characterized. The enzyme catalysing the final step of pyrimidine breakdown, 3-ureidopropionase (β-alanine synthase), had only been identified based on homology. We therefore cloned and functionally expressed the 3-ureidopropionase of C. elegans as hexahistidine fusion protein. The purified recombinant enzyme readily converted the two pyrimidine degradation products: 3-ureidopropionate and 2-methyl-3-ureidopropionate. The enzyme showed a broad pH optimum between pH 7.0 and 8.0. Activity was highest at approximately 40 °C, although the half-life of activity was only 65 s at that temperature. The enzyme showed clear Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with a K(m) of 147 ± 26 μM and a V(max) of 1.1 ± 0.1 U·mg protein(-1). The quaternary structure of the recombinant enzyme was shown to correspond to a dodecamer by 'blue native' gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. The organ specific and subcellular localization of the enzyme was determined using a translational fusion to green fluorescent protein and high expression was observed in striated muscle cells. With the characterization of the 3-ureidopropionase, the reductive pyrimidine degradation pathway in C. elegans has been functionally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Janowitz
- Institut für Zoophysiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
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4
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Potential application of N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine amidohydrolase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 for beta-amino acid production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:514-20. [PMID: 19011069 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01128-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine amidohydrolase of industrial interest from Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 (beta car(At)) has been characterized. Beta car(At) is most active at 30 degrees C and pH 8.0 with N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine as a substrate. The purified enzyme is completely inactivated by the metal-chelating agent 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid (HQSA), and activity is restored by the addition of divalent metal ions, such as Mn(2+), Ni(2+), and Co(2+). The native enzyme is a homodimer with a molecular mass of 90 kDa from pH 5.5 to 9.0. The enzyme has a broad substrate spectrum and hydrolyzes nonsubstituted N-carbamoyl-alpha-, -beta-, -gamma-, and -delta-amino acids, with the greatest catalytic efficiency for N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine. Beta car(At) also recognizes substrate analogues substituted with sulfonic and phosphonic acid groups to produce the beta-amino acids taurine and ciliatine, respectively. Beta car(At) is able to produce monosubstituted beta(2)- and beta(3)-amino acids, showing better catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) for the production of the former. For both types of monosubstituted substrates, the enzyme hydrolyzes N-carbamoyl-beta-amino acids with a short aliphatic side chain better than those with aromatic rings. These properties make beta car(At) an outstanding candidate for application in the biotechnology industry.
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5
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Lundgren S, Lohkamp B, Andersen B, Piskur J, Dobritzsch D. The crystal structure of beta-alanine synthase from Drosophila melanogaster reveals a homooctameric helical turn-like assembly. J Mol Biol 2008; 377:1544-59. [PMID: 18336837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Beta-alanine synthase (betaAS) is the third enzyme in the reductive pyrimidine catabolic pathway, which is responsible for the breakdown of the nucleotide bases uracil and thymine in higher organisms. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-carbamyl-beta-alanine and N-carbamyl-beta-aminoisobutyrate to the corresponding beta-amino acids. betaASs are grouped into two phylogenetically unrelated subfamilies, a general eukaryote one and a fungal one. To reveal the molecular architecture and understand the catalytic mechanism of the general eukaryote betaAS subfamily, we determined the crystal structure of Drosophila melanogaster betaAS to 2.8 A resolution. It shows a homooctameric assembly of the enzyme in the shape of a left-handed helical turn, in which tightly packed dimeric units are related by 2-fold symmetry. Such an assembly would allow formation of higher oligomers by attachment of additional dimers on both ends. The subunit has a nitrilase-like fold and consists of a central beta-sandwich with a layer of alpha-helices packed against both sides. However, the core fold of the nitrilase superfamily enzymes is extended in D. melanogaster betaAS by addition of several secondary structure elements at the N-terminus. The active site can be accessed from the solvent by a narrow channel and contains the triad of catalytic residues (Cys, Glu, and Lys) conserved in nitrilase-like enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Lundgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Schnackerz KD, Dobritzsch D. Amidohydrolases of the reductive pyrimidine catabolic pathway purification, characterization, structure, reaction mechanisms and enzyme deficiency. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:431-44. [PMID: 18261476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the reductive pyrimidine catabolic pathway uracil and thymine are converted to beta-alanine and beta-aminoisobutyrate. The amidohydrolases of this pathway are responsible for both the ring opening of dihydrouracil and dihydrothymine (dihydropyrimidine amidohydrolase) and the hydrolysis of N-carbamyl-beta-alanine and N-carbamyl-beta-aminoisobutyrate (beta-alanine synthase). The review summarizes what is known about the properties, kinetic parameters, three-dimensional structures and reaction mechanisms of these proteins. The two amidohydrolases of the reductive pyrimidine catabolic pathway have unrelated folds, with dihydropyrimidine amidohydrolase belonging to the amidohydrolase superfamily while the beta-alanine synthase from higher eukaryotes belongs to the nitrilase superfamily. beta-Alanine synthase from Saccharomyces kluyveri is an exception to the rule and belongs to the Acyl/M20 family.
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7
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Lundgren S, Andersen B, Piskur J, Dobritzsch D. Crystal structures of yeast beta-alanine synthase complexes reveal the mode of substrate binding and large scale domain closure movements. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36037-47. [PMID: 17916556 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705517200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-alanine synthase is the final enzyme of the reductive pyrimidine catabolic pathway, which is responsible for the breakdown of uracil and thymine in higher organisms. The fold of the homodimeric enzyme from the yeast Saccharomyces kluyveri identifies it as a member of the AcyI/M20 family of metallopeptidases. Its subunit consists of a catalytic domain harboring a di-zinc center and a smaller dimerization domain. The present site-directed mutagenesis studies identify Glu(159) and Arg(322) as crucial for catalysis and His(262) and His(397) as functionally important but not essential. We determined the crystal structures of wild-type beta-alanine synthase in complex with the reaction product beta-alanine, and of the mutant E159A with the substrate N-carbamyl-beta-alanine, revealing the closed state of a dimeric AcyI/M20 metallopeptidase-like enzyme. Subunit closure is achieved by a approximately 30 degrees rigid body domain rotation, which completes the active site by integration of substrate binding residues that belong to the dimerization domain of the same or the partner subunit. Substrate binding is achieved via a salt bridge, a number of hydrogen bonds, and coordination to one of the zinc ions of the di-metal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Lundgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Lundgren S, Andersen B, Piškur J, Dobritzsch D. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray data analysis of beta-alanine synthase from Drosophila melanogaster. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:874-7. [PMID: 17909293 PMCID: PMC2339735 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107042984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Beta-alanine synthase catalyzes the last step in the reductive degradation pathway for uracil and thymine, which represents the main clearance route for the widely used anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil. Crystals of the recombinant enzyme from Drosophila melanogaster, which is closely related to the human enzyme, were obtained by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. They diffracted to 3.3 A at a synchrotron-radiation source, belong to space group C2 (unit-cell parameters a = 278.9, b = 95.0, c = 199.3 A, beta = 125.8 degrees) and contain 8-10 molecules per asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Lundgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgit Andersen
- Department of Organism and Cell Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jure Piškur
- Department of Organism and Cell Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Doreen Dobritzsch
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Gojković Z, Sandrini MP, Piskur J. Eukaryotic beta-alanine synthases are functionally related but have a high degree of structural diversity. Genetics 2001; 158:999-1011. [PMID: 11454750 PMCID: PMC1461717 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/158.3.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
beta-Alanine synthase (EC 3.5.1.6), which catalyzes the final step of pyrimidine catabolism, has only been characterized in mammals. A Saccharomyces kluyveri pyd3 mutant that is unable to grow on N-carbamyl-beta-alanine as the sole nitrogen source and exhibits diminished beta-alanine synthase activity was used to clone analogous genes from different eukaryotes. Putative PYD3 sequences from the yeast S. kluyveri, the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster complemented the pyd3 defect. When the S. kluyveri PYD3 gene was expressed in S. cerevisiae, which has no pyrimidine catabolic pathway, it enabled growth on N-carbamyl-beta-alanine as the sole nitrogen source. The D. discoideum and D. melanogaster PYD3 gene products are similar to mammalian beta-alanine synthases. In contrast, the S. kluyveri protein is quite different from these and more similar to bacterial N-carbamyl amidohydrolases. All three beta-alanine synthases are to some degree related to various aspartate transcarbamylases, which catalyze the second step of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. PYD3 expression in yeast seems to be inducible by dihydrouracil and N-carbamyl-beta-alanine, but not by uracil. This work establishes S. kluyveri as a model organism for studying pyrimidine degradation and beta-alanine production in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Gojković
- Section of Molecular Microbiology, BioCentrum DTU, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Traut
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7260, USA
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Walsh TA, Green SB, Larrinua IM, Schmitzer PR. Characterization of plant beta-ureidopropionase and functional overexpression in Escherichia coli. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 125:1001-11. [PMID: 11161056 PMCID: PMC64900 DOI: 10.1104/pp.125.2.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2000] [Revised: 10/16/2000] [Accepted: 11/06/2000] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pyrimidine bases are rapidly catabolized in growing plant tissues. The final enzyme of the catabolic pathway, beta-ureidopropionase (beta-UP; EC 3.5.1.6), was partially purified from the shoots of etiolated maize (Zea mays) seedlings. The enzyme had a K(m) for beta-ureidopropionate (the substrate derived from uracil) of 11 microM. Only one enantiomer of racemic beta-ureidoisobutyrate (derived from thymine) was processed with a K(m) of 6 microM. The enzyme was inactivated by dialysis against 1,10-phenanthroline and activity could be partially restored by addition of Zn(2+). Maize beta-UP was very sensitive to inactivation by iodoacetamide. This could be prevented by addition of substrate, indicating the presence of an active site Cys. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by short chain aliphatic acids and aryl propionates, the most potent inhibitor of which was 2-(2, 6-dinitrophenoxy)-propionate (I(50) = 0.5 microM). A gene for Arabidopsis beta-UP encodes a polypeptide of 405 amino acids and has about 55% homology with the enzymes from other eukaryotic organisms. Several highly conserved residues link the plant beta-UP with a larger class of prokaryotic and eukaryotic amidohydrolases. An Arabidopsis cDNA truncated at the N terminus by 14 residues was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme (43.7 kD) was soluble, functional, and purified to homogeneity with yields of 15 to 20 mg per 30 g fresh weight of E. coli cells. The recombinant enzyme from Arabidopsis and the native enzyme from maize had molecular masses of approximately 440 kD, indicating the enzyme is a decamer at pH 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Walsh
- Dow AgroSciences, Discovery Research, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, USA.
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12
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van Gennip AH, van Lenthe H, Abeling NG, Scholten EG, van Kuilenburg AB. Inhibition of beta-ureidopropionase by propionate may contribute to the neurological complications in patients with propionic acidaemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 1997; 20:379-82. [PMID: 9266360 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005338230321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A H van Gennip
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Ogawa J, Shimizu S. Diversity and versatility of microbial hydantoin-transforming enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(96)00020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shimizu S, Ogawa J, Kataoka M, Kobayashi M. Screening of novel microbial enzymes for the production of biologically and chemically useful compounds. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1997; 58:45-87. [PMID: 9103911 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0103302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes have been generally accepted as superior catalysts in organic synthesis. Micro-organisms in particular have been regarded as treasure sources of useful enzymes. The synthetic technology using microbial enzymes or micro-organisms themselves is called microbial transformation. In designing a microbial transformation process, one of the most important points is to find a suitable enzyme for the reaction of interest. Various kinds of novel enzymes for specific transformations have been discovered in micro-organisms and their potential characteristics revealed. This article reviews our current results on the discovery of novel enzymes for the production of biologically and chemically useful compounds, and emphasizes the importance of screening enzymes in a diverse microbial world.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shimizu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japan
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Ogawa J, Chung MC, Hida S, Yamada H, Shimizu S. Thermostable N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid amidohydrolase: screening, purification and characterization. J Biotechnol 1994; 38:11-9. [PMID: 7765578 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(94)90143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A thermostable N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid amidohydrolase was found in the cells of newly isolated bacterium. Blastobacter sp. A17p-4. The bacterium also showed D-specific hydantoinase activity. The N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid amidohydrolase activity of the cells exhibited a temperature optimum at 50-55 degrees C, and was stable up to 50 degrees C. The N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid amidohydrolase of Blastobacter sp. A17p-4 was purified to homogeneity and characterized. It has a relative molecular weight of about 120,000 and consists of three identical subunits with a relative molecular weight of about 40,000. N-Carbamoyl-D-amino acids having hydrophobic groups served as good substrates for the enzyme. It has been suggested that D-amino acid production from DL-5-substituted hydantoin involves the action of a series of enzymes involved in pyrimidine degradation, namely amide-ring opening enzyme, dihydropyrimidinase, and N-carbamoylamide hydrolyzing enzyme, beta-ureidopropionase. However, the purified enzyme did not hydrolyze beta-ureidopropionate; suggesting that the N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid amidohydrolase coexisting with D-specific hydantoinase, probably dihydropyrimidinase, in Blastobacter sp. A17p-4 is different from beta-ureidopropionase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ogawa
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japan
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Ogawa J, Shimizu S. Beta-ureidopropionase with N-carbamoyl-alpha-L-amino acid amidohydrolase activity from an aerobic bacterium, Pseudomonas putida IFO 12996. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 223:625-30. [PMID: 8055933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb19034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
beta-Ureidopropionase of aerobic bacterial origin was purified to homogeneity from Pseudomonas putida IFO 12996. The enzyme shows a broad substrate specificity. In addition to beta-ureidopropionate (Km 3.74 mM, Vmax 4.12 U/mg), gamma-ureido-n-butyrate (Km 11.6 mM, Vmax 19.4 U/mg), and several N-carbamoyl-alpha-amino acids, such as N-carbamoylglycine (Km 0.68 mM, Vmax 9.14 x 10(-2) U/mg), N-carbamoyl-L-alanine (Km 1.56 mM, Vmax 1.00 U/mg), N-carbamoyl-L-serine (Km 75.1 mM, Vmax 3.78 U/mg), and N-carbamoyl-DL-alpha-amino-n-butyrate (Km 2.81 mM, Vmax 1.08 U/mg), are also hydrolyzed. The hydrolysis of N-carbamoyl-alpha-amino acids is strictly L enantiomer specific. N-Formyl-L-alanine and N-acetyl-L-alanine are also hydrolyzed by the enzyme, but the rate of hydrolysis is lower than the rate for N-carbamoyl-L-alanine. The enzyme requires a divalent metal ion, such as Co2+, Ni2+ or Mn2+, for activity, and is significantly affected by sulfhydryl reagents. The enzyme consists of two polypeptide chains with identical relative molecular mass M(r) 45000. The broad substrate specificity and metal ion dependence of the enzyme show that the beta-ureidopropionase of this aerobic bacterium is quite different from the beta-ureidopropionases of mammals and anaerobic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ogawa
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japan
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Ogawa J, Shimizu S, Yamada H. N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid amidohydrolase from Comamonas sp. E222c purification and characterization. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 212:685-91. [PMID: 8462543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
N-Carbamoyl-D-amino acid amidohydrolase was purified 119-fold, with 36% overall recovery from a cell-free extract of Comamonas sp. E222c. The purified enzyme was homogeneous as judged by SDS/PAGE. The relative molecular mass of the native enzyme was 120,000 and that of the subunit was 40,000. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed various N-carbamoyl-D-amino acids to D-amino acids, ammonia and carbon dioxide. N-Carbamoyl-D-amino acids having hydrophobic groups served as good substrates for the enzyme. The Km and Vmax values for N-carbamoyl-D-phenylalanine were 19.7 mM and 13.1 units/mg, respectively, and those for N-carbamoyl-D-p-hydroxyphenylglycine were 13.1 mM and 0.56 units/mg, respectively. The enzyme strictly recognized the configuration of the substrate and only the D-enantiomer of the N-carbamoyl amino acid was hydrolyzed. The enzyme activity was not significantly affected by N-carbamoyl-L-amino acids and ammonia. The enzyme was sensitive to thiol reagents and did not require metal ions for its activity. The enzyme did not hydrolyze N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine or N-carbamoyl-DL-aspartate suggesting that the enzyme is different from the N-carbamoylamide-hydrolyzing enzymes involved in the pyrimidine degradation pathway. The enzyme did not hydrolyze allantoin and allantoic acid, which are intermediates in purine degradation, N-carbamoylsarcosine and citrulline, suggesting that it is a novel N-carbamoylamide amidohydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ogawa
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japan
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18
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Matthews MM, Liao W, Kvalnes-Krick KL, Traut TW. beta-Alanine synthase: purification and allosteric properties. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 293:254-63. [PMID: 1536562 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90393-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
beta-Alanine synthase has been purified greater than 1000-fold to homogeneity from rat liver. The enzyme has a subunit molecular weight of 42,000 and a native size of hexamer. The enzyme undergoes ligand-induced changes in polymerization: association in response to the substrate, N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine, and the inhibitor, propionate; and dissociation in response to the product, beta-alanine. The ability of the substrate to associate the pure native enzyme to a larger polymeric species was exploited in the final purification step. The purified enzyme had a pI of 6.7, a Km of 8 microM, and a kcat/Km of 7.9 x 10(4) M-1 s-1. Positive cooperativity was observed toward the substrate N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine, with nH = 1.9. Such cooperativity occurred at substrate concentrations below 12 nM, so that this activation most likely occurs at a regulatory site, with a significantly stronger affinity for N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine than that shown by the catalytic site. The enzyme was sensitive to denaturation, which could be minimized by avoiding heat steps during the purification and by the presence of reducing agents. Such denatured enzyme had little change in Vmax, but had much higher Km, and had also lost the ability to associate or dissociate in response to effectors. After purification, enzyme stability was achieved by the addition of glycerol and detergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Matthews
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7260
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19
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Abstract
A sensitive assay for beta-ureidopropionase based on derivatization of the reaction product beta-alanine with phenylisothiocyanate has been developed. Purification of the resulting phenylthiocarbamoyl-beta-alanine is achieved on a LiChrospher 100 C18 reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography column using an isocratic elution system. Phenylthiocarbamoyl-beta-alanine is detected by its absorbance at 245 nm and quantitated by automatic peak integration referring to a calibration curve. This technique offers a high degree of sensitivity as beta-alanine quantities in the picomole range can be identified. N-Carbamoyl-beta-alanine, the natural substrate of beta-ureidopropionase, does not interfere with the described assay system. The enzymatic reaction is linear for an incubation time of 45 min with enzyme concentrations of 3.2 micrograms/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Waldmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Kikugawa M, Fujimoto S, Mizota C, Tamaki N. Bisfunction of propionic acid on purified rat liver beta-ureidopropionase. FEBS Lett 1988; 229:345-8. [PMID: 3345846 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)81153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Propionic acid and isobutyric acid, which are structural analogues of N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine and N-carbamoyl-beta-aminoisobutyric acid, respectively, acted as an allosteric activator as well as a competitive inhibitor of purified rat liver beta-ureidopropionase. Propionic acid and isobutyric acid had a Ki value of approx. 0.3 mM at pH 7.0. The Hill coefficient for N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine was 2.0, but the cooperatively decreased to 1.0 in the presence of 1 mM propionic acid. The K1/2 value towards N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine was calculated to be 0.17 mM from Hill plots and the Km value was determined to be 0.06 mM from replots of the apparent Km vs propionic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kikugawa
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe-Gakuin University, Japan
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Regulation of N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine amidohydrolase, the terminal enzyme in pyrimidine catabolism, by ligand-induced change in polymerization. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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22
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Kim JM, Shimizu S, Yamada H. Purification and characterization of a novel enzyme, N-carbamoylsarcosine amidohydrolase, from Pseudomonas putida 77. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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23
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Walther R, Wasternack C, Helbing D, Lippmann G. Pyrimidine Metabolizing Enzymes in Euglena gracilis: Synthesis and Localization of OPRTase, ODCase and β-Ureidopropionase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(80)80063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Wasternack C. Degradation of pyrimidines and pyrimidine analogs--pathways and mutual influences. Pharmacol Ther 1980; 8:629-51. [PMID: 6992162 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(80)90079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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