1
|
Harada Y, Hirayama H, Suzuki T. Generation and degradation of free asparagine-linked glycans. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2509-33. [PMID: 25772500 PMCID: PMC11113800 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine (N)-linked protein glycosylation, which takes place in the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is important for protein folding, quality control and the intracellular trafficking of secretory and membrane proteins. It is known that, during N-glycosylation, considerable amounts of lipid-linked oligosaccharides (LLOs), the glycan donor substrates for N-glycosylation, are hydrolyzed to form free N-glycans (FNGs) by unidentified mechanisms. FNGs are also generated in the cytosol by the enzymatic deglycosylation of misfolded glycoproteins during ER-associated degradation. FNGs derived from LLOs and misfolded glycoproteins are eventually merged into one pool in the cytosol and the various glycan structures are processed to a near homogenous glycoform. This article summarizes the current state of our knowledge concerning the formation and catabolism of FNGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Harada
- Glycometabolome Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hiroto Hirayama
- Glycometabolome Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Glycometabolome Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yin J, Li L, Shaw N, Li Y, Song JK, Zhang W, Xia C, Zhang R, Joachimiak A, Zhang HC, Wang LX, Liu ZJ, Wang P. Structural basis and catalytic mechanism for the dual functional endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase A. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4658. [PMID: 19252736 PMCID: PMC2646837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (ENGases) are dual specificity enzymes with an ability to catalyze hydrolysis and transglycosylation reactions. Recently, these enzymes have become the focus of intense research because of their potential for synthesis of glycopeptides. We have determined the 3D structures of an ENGase from Arthrobacter protophormiae (Endo-A) in 3 forms, one in native form, one in complex with Man3GlcNAc-thiazoline and another in complex with GlcNAc-Asn. The carbohydrate moiety sits above the TIM-barrel in a cleft region surrounded by aromatic residues. The conserved essential catalytic residues – E173, N171 and Y205 are within hydrogen bonding distance of the substrate. W216 and W244 regulate access to the active site during transglycosylation by serving as “gate-keepers”. Interestingly, Y299F mutation resulted in a 3 fold increase in the transglycosylation activity. The structure provides insights into the catalytic mechanism of GH85 family of glycoside hydrolases at molecular level and could assist rational engineering of ENGases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Neil Shaw
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Katherine Song
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chengfeng Xia
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- Structural Biology Center, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Structural Biology Center, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hou-Cheng Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (Z-JL); (PW)
| | - Peng Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- College of Pharmacy and The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (Z-JL); (PW)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Suzuki T, Funakoshi Y. Free N-linked oligosaccharide chains: formation and degradation. Glycoconj J 2007; 23:291-302. [PMID: 16897173 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-6975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that N-linked glycans play pivotal roles in protein folding and intra- and/or intercellular trafficking of N-glycosylated proteins. It has been shown that during the N-glycosylation of proteins, significant amounts of free oligosaccharides (free OSs) are generated in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by a mechanism which remains to be clarified. Free OSs are also formed in the cytosol by enzymatic deglycosylation of misfolded glycoproteins, which are subjected to destruction by a cellular system called "ER-associated degradation (ERAD)." While the precise functions of free OSs remain obscure, biochemical studies have revealed that a novel cellular process enables them to be catabolized in a specialized manner, that involves pumping free OSs in the lumen of the ER into the cytosol where further processing occurs. This process is followed by entry into the lysosomes. In this review we summarize current knowledge about the formation, processing and degradation of free OSs in eukaryotes and also discuss the potential biological significance of this pathway. Other evidence for the occurrence of free OSs in various cellular processes is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Suzuki
- 21st COE (Center of Excellence) Program and Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Berger S, Menudier A, Julien R, Karamanos Y. Do de-N-glycosylation enzymes have an important role in plant cells? Biochimie 1995; 77:751-60. [PMID: 8789467 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(96)88193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this review de-N-glycosylation was defined as the removal of the glycan(s) from a N-glycosylprotein, by means of enzymes acting on the di-N-acetylchitobiosyl part of the invariant pentasaccharide inner-core of N-glycosylproteins. Peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidases (PNGase) and endo-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidases (ENGase) were both considered as de-N-glycosylation enzymes. A detailed description of the characterization and the function of plant PNGases and ENGases is presented, together with a brief presentation on the occurrence and the current knowledge on the function of microbial and animal enzymes. De-N-glycosylation of plant glycoproteins was proposed as a possible mechanism for the release of oligosaccharides displaying biological activities and the removal of N-glycans could also explain the regulation of protein activity. Each enzyme seems to have a specific function during germination and post-germinative development. All the arguments concur that de-N-glycosylation enzymes have an important role in plant cells and confirm that the N-glycosylation/de-N-glycosylation system should occur more commonly than presently recognized in living organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Berger
- Institut de Biotechnologie, Université de Limoges, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yamamoto K, Takegawa K, Fan J, Kumagal H, Taochikura T. The release of oligosaccharides from glycoproteins by endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase of Flavobacterium sp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0385-6380(86)90026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
8
|
Lisman JJ, van der Wal CJ, Overdijk B. Endo-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in rat liver. Studies on substrate specificity, enzyme inhibition, subcellular localization and partial purification. Biochem J 1985; 229:379-85. [PMID: 3929770 PMCID: PMC1145070 DOI: 10.1042/bj2290379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endo-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.96, endoglucosaminidase) has been partially purified (520-fold with respect to the cytoplasmic activity) by using concanavalin A-Sepharose, CM-Sephadex and Bio-Gel P-150 chromatography. From the influence of exogenous glycopeptides on the endoglucosaminidase activity it can be concluded that this activity consists of one enzyme hydrolysing both N-acetyl-lactosaminic-type and oligomannosidic-type substrates. Glycoproteins present in the homogenate inhibit the endoglucosaminidase activity. On re-examination of the subcellular distribution of endoglucosaminidase (after removal of inhibiting glycoproteins from the respective subcellular fractions), its cytoplasmic localization was confirmed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Morinaga T, Kitamikado M, Iwase H, Li SC, Li YT. The use of mannan-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography for the purification of endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Bacillus alvei. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 749:211-3. [PMID: 6418210 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(83)90255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In order to facilitate the isolation of endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase for the structural analysis of glycoconjugates, we have isolated a strain of Bacillus alvei which produces a high level of endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. We have also devised a simple procedure for the purification of endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from B. alvei using mannan-Sepharose affinity chromatography. By using this method, endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase was purified 3300-fold with 85% yield from the crude enzyme obtained by ammonium sulfate precipitation of the culture medium. The molecular weight of this enzyme was estimated to be about 66 000 by gel filtration. When using (Man)6(GlcNAc)2-Asn-Dns as substrate, the optimal activity occurs at pH 6.5 with Km of 1.9 mM. The action of endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase toward several glycopeptides was also studied.
Collapse
|