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Yamaguchi R, Kanie Y, Kazamaki T, Kanie O, Shimizu Y. Cellular uptake of liposome consisting mainly of glucocerebroside from the starfish Asterias amurensis into Caco-2 cells. Carbohydr Res 2023; 532:108921. [PMID: 37562111 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucocerebroside (GlcCer) is a group of compounds consisting of β-linked glucose and ceramide with various chain lengths, some of which possess anti-tumor activity and improve skin barrier function for atopic patients when administered orally. The amphiphilic GlcCer molecules are generally easy to aggregate in aqueous solution and result in low absorption in the gut, which can be improved by forming a liposome. With a recognition that a relatively large amount of GlcCer is contained in the starfish and is being discarded, we prepared a liposome consisting mainly of GlcCer (over 95%) with 100 nm in diameter. The adsorption efficiency of the liposome into cultured Caco-2 cells was investigated by live-cell imaging using fluorescently labeled liposomes. We found an immediate internalization of GlcCer-liposome on exposure without significant accumulation on the plasma membrane. The membrane fluidity was transiently affected as evidenced by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments without no significant cellular damage, which indicates a liposome with high content of GlcCer might be useful as the carrier of dietary and/or drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kanie
- Research Promotion Division, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kazamaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Osamu Kanie
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan; Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan; Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Shimizu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan; Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
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Pounina TA, Gloriozova TA, Savidov N, Dembitsky VM. Sulfated and Sulfur-Containing Steroids and Their Pharmacological Profile. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:240. [PMID: 33923288 PMCID: PMC8145587 DOI: 10.3390/md19050240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The review focuses on sulfated steroids that have been isolated from seaweeds, marine sponges, soft corals, ascidians, starfish, and other marine invertebrates. Sulfur-containing steroids and triterpenoids are sourced from sedentary marine coelenterates, plants, marine sediments, crude oil, and other geological deposits. The review presents the pharmacological profile of sulfated steroids, sulfur-containing steroids, and triterpenoids, which is based on data obtained using the PASS program. In addition, several semi-synthetic and synthetic epithio steroids, which represent a rare group of bioactive lipids that have not yet been found in nature, but possess a high level of antitumor activity, were included in this review for the comparative pharmacological characterization of this class of compounds. About 140 steroids and triterpenoids are presented in this review, which demonstrate a wide range of biological activities. Therefore, out of 71 sulfated steroids, thirteen show strong antitumor activity with a confidence level of more than 90%, out of 50 sulfur-containing steroids, only four show strong antitumor activity with a confidence level of more than 93%, and out of eighteen epithio steroids, thirteen steroids show strong antitumor activity with a confidence level of 91% to 97.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A. Pounina
- Far Eastern Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Prospect 100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Tatyana A. Gloriozova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, 119121 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nick Savidov
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada;
| | - Valery M. Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada;
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, 17 Palchevsky Str., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
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A unique structural distribution pattern discovered for the cerebrosides from starfish Asterias amurensis. Carbohydr Res 2018; 473:115-122. [PMID: 30682532 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cerebroside is an important family of the mono-glycosylated ceramides involved in the larger family of glycosphingolipid and sulfatide. Cerebroside is synthesized from ceramide by the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose, and degraded back to ceramide, which plays an important role at the epidermis protecting interior of the body as a barrier. Because cerebroside is regarded as the source molecule of ceramide and is amphiphilic in nature, cerebroside is considered valuable as the ingredient of cosmetic lotion. Various sources can be considered as raw material of cerebrosides. Starfish is considered as one of such potent source. However, the structure of the ceramide part of cerebroside is not fully investigated. Therefore, the individual structures of cerebroside molecules need to be identified including sphingosine and fatty acyl group composition to assess the potential of the molecule. We investigated and determined the structures of cerebrosides in starfish Asterias amurensis using LC-MS, GC-MS, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and 1H NMR. We also discovered a characteristic structure distribution that was divided into three major groups: 1) a group composed of a relatively long sphingosine (C22) and a short length of fatty acyl group (less than C16), 2) a group composed of a typical C18 sphingosine and long fatty acyl groups (greater than C23), and 3) a group composed of C18 sphingosine and fatty acyl groups with their length less than C18. The calculated Log P values of cerebrosides ranging from 9 to 11 covered about 80% of the molecules that were in the range of those used in cosmetics, thus showing the potential usefulness of starfish Asterias amurensis as a source of raw material for cerebrosides.
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Breimer ME, Hansson GC, Karlsson KA, Larson G, Leffler H. Glycosphingolipid composition of epithelial cells isolated along the villus axis of small intestine of a single human individual. Glycobiology 2012; 22:1721-30. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Miyamoto T, Higuchi R. Glycosphingolipids of Echinoderms-The Chemical Diversity of Carbohydrate and Ceramide Structure-. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2010. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.68.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ishizuka
- Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Fattorusso E, Mangoni A. Marine glycolipids. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1997; 72:215-301. [PMID: 9369093 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6527-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Fattorusso
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
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Makar'eva TN, Denisenko VA, Svetashev VI, Vysotskii MV, Stonik VA. Cerebrosides of the Far Eastern sponge Hymeniacidon assimilis. Chem Nat Compd 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00598070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Carballeira NM, Shalabi F, Negrón V. 2-Hydroxy fatty acids from marine sponges. 2. The phospholipid fatty acids of the Caribbean sponges Verongula gigantea and Aplysina archeri. Lipids 1989; 24:229-32. [PMID: 2761357 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The alpha-hydroxy fatty acids 2-hydroxy-eicosanoic (1) acid, 2-hydroxyheneicosanoic (2) acid, 2-hydroxydocosanoic (3) acid, 2-hydroxytetracosanoic (4) acid, 2-hydroxy-23-methyl-tetracosanoic acid and 2-hydroxypentacosanoic (5) acid were isolated from the Caribbean sponges Verongula gigantea and Aplysina archeri. The very long chain fatty acids 5,9-nonacosadienoic acid (29:2) and 5,9,23-tricontatrienoic acid (30:3) were also identified together with the iso-prenoid fatty acid 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic (phytanic) acid that seems to be common in the Aplysinidae. A. archeri contained an extremely long chain fatty acid tentatively characterized as dotricontaenoic (32:1) acid. These acids were found to occur in phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and traces of phosphatidylglycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Carballeira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras 00931
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Kawano Y, Higuchi R, Isobe R, Komori T. Biologically active glycosides from asteroidea, XIII. Glycosphingolipids from the starfishAcanthaster planci, 2. Isolation and structure of six new cerebrosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198819880105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Goad L, Garneau FX, Simard J, Apsimon J, Girard M. Composition of the free, esterified and sulphated sterols of the sea cucumber Psolus fabricii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(86)90204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Okamura N, Stoskopf M, Hendricks F, Kishimoto Y. Phylogenetic dichotomy of nerve glycosphingolipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:6779-82. [PMID: 3863128 PMCID: PMC390770 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.20.6779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galactocerebrosides and sulfatides are major characteristic components of vertebrate myelin. In contrast, glucocerebroside is the major glycosphingolipid of shrimp nerve. In this study, the concentrations of these glycosphingolipids in the nervous systems of animals from several evolutionary branches were determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. In nerves of protostome animals only glucose-containing glycosphingolipids were detected, whereas glycosphingolipids from deuterostomes contained predominantly galactose. Neither the glycolipids containing alpha-hydroxy fatty acids nor sulfate esters of the glycolipids, both of which always accompany galactocerebrosides in deuterostome myelin, were present in protostome nerves. This correlation suggests an evolutionary trend from gluco- to galactocerebrosides, which corresponds with changes in the nervous system from loosely structured membrane-enwrapped axons to multilamellar highly structured myelin.
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Barreto-Bergter E, Vermelho AB, Hogge L, Gorin PA. Glycolipid components of epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 80:543-5. [PMID: 3891212 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(85)90287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids were isolated from a lipid extract of epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi via Florisil and silicic acid column chromatography. The carbohydrate components of neutral glycolipid consisted of mannose and galactose in a ratio of 1:2. The fatty acids of the glycolipid were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (g.l.c.-m.s.). Normal and 2-hydroxy fatty acids were found. The sphingosine bases were C18 dihydrosphingosine and 17-methyl sphingosine.
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Glycosphingolipids * *Sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids (the gangliosides) are discussed in a separate chapter (see Chapter 3). GLYCOLIPIDS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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19
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Batrakov SG, Muratov VB, Sakandelidze OG, Reshetova OS, Rozynov BV. Sterol sulfates from the Far Eastern holothurianCucumaria japonica. Chem Nat Compd 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00574332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Le Grimellec C, Daigneault A, Bleau G, Roberts KD. Cholesteryl sulfate-phosphatidylcholine interactions. Lipids 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02537413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Goodfellow RM, Goad L. The steryl sulphate content of echinoderms and some other marine invertebrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(83)90296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Elyakov G, Fedorov S, Chumak A, Isakov V, Stonik V. Sulfated derivatives from marine invertebrates—1. Sulfated sterols from some species of echinoderms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(82)90265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Komori T, Sanechika Y, Ito Y, Matsuo J, Nohara T, Kawasaki T, Schulten HR. Biologisch aktive Glykoside aus Asteroidea, I. Strukturen eines neuen Cerebrosidgemischs und von Nucleosiden aus dem SeesternAcanthaster planci. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198019800502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Karlsson KA, Leffler H, Samuelsson BE. Characterization of cerebroside (monoglycosylceramide) from the sea anemone, Metridium senile. Identification of the major long-chain base as an unusual dienic base with a methyl branch at a double bond. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 574:79-93. [PMID: 38852 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(79)90087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1. Cerebroside of the sea anemone, Metridium senile, has been isolated (0.6 mg/g dry tissue weight) and structurally characterized. 2. The structure was shown by mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy and degradative studies as beta-glucopyranosylceramide. The major fatty acids were 16 : 0 and 20 : 0 D-2-hydroxy fatty acids. The major base was a novel base, D-erythro-1,3-dihydroxy-2-amino-9-methyl-trans-4, trans-8-octadecadiene. 3. Some unusual fatty acids of marine origin are suggested to originate in this long-chain base by metabolic conversion. 4. The implication of the methyl branch position of the base on our current view of sphingolipid function in the plasma membrane is discussed.
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Falk KE, Karlsson KA, Leffler H, Samuelsson BE. Specific pattern of glycosphingolipids enriched in a mucosa scraping of human small intestine. FEBS Lett 1979; 101:273-6. [PMID: 446752 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(79)81024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Schoenmakers H. In Vitro biosynthesis of steroids from cholesterol by the ovaries and pyloric caeca of the starfish Asterias rubens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(79)90026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lee RF, Gonsoulin F. Lipids from nerve tissues of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 64:375-9. [PMID: 318315 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(79)90285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. The predominant lipids of nerve cords, ganglion and brain from horseshoe crabs were cholesterol (11% of lipid) and phospholipid (81% of lipid). 2. Major phospholipids were phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline with lesser amounts of phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol and sphingomyelin. 3. The phospholipid fraction was characterized by a high content of plasmalogen, i.e. alk-1-enyl acyl phosphatides, so that 42% of the ethanolamine phosphatides were the plasmalogen, phosphatidal ethanolamine. 4. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were high in polyunsaturation with 20:4 and 20:5 major fatty acids. Sphingomyelin had predominantly long chain saturated fatty acids. 5. Cerebrosides and gangliosides, which are associated with vertebrate nerve tissues, were absent from nerves of horseshoe crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Lee
- Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Savannah, GA 31406
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Anderson R, Kates M, Volcani BE. Identification of the sulfolipids in the non-photosynthetic diatom Nitzschia alba. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 528:89-106. [PMID: 620045 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(78)90055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The four major sulfolipids in the non-photosynthetic marine diatom, Nitzschia alba, were isolated in pure form and their structures were established spectrometrically and by identification of their hydrolysis products as (a) 24-methylene cholesterol sulfate, (b) 1-deoxyceramide-1-sulfonate, (c) phosphatidyl sulfocholine (a sulfonium analogue of phosphatidylcholine) and (d) sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride. The major characteristic fatty acids of the sulfolipids were: for the deoxyceramide sulfonate, 16 : 0 (26%) and 16 : 1-delta3-trans (64%); for the sulfonium analogue, 14 : 0 (30%), 18 : 1 (12%), 18 : 2 (8%), 20 : 5 (27%) and 22 : 6 (4%); and for the sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride (two species, respectively), 14 : 0 (9%, 22%), 16 : 0 (16%, 28%), 18 : 1 (8%, 22%), 20 : 5 (42%, 23%) and 22 : 6 (14%, 2%). Traces of lyso-derivatives of sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride and phosphatidyl sulfocholine were also detected. The deoxyceramide sulfonate and the phosphatidyl sulfocholine represent novel membrane lipid components not previously detected in other organisms. They may however have a widespread distribution in marine diatoms and perhaps in marine organisms generally.
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Abrahamsson J, Abrahamsson S, Hellqvist B, Larsson K, Pascher I, Sundell S. Cholesteryl sulphate and phosphate in the solid state and in aqueous systems. Chem Phys Lipids 1977; 19:213-22. [PMID: 890865 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(77)90044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesteryl sodium sulphate (CS) crystallizes as the dihydrate, the crystal structure of which is known. On heating the dihydrate, solid state phase transitions are observed at 65 degrees C and 95 degrees C and melting occurs at 165 degrees C. The structure of the high temperature phase has not been determined. Cholesteryl dihydrogen phosphate (CP) is not isostructural with any phases of CS. It undergoes a phase transition at 50 degrees C and melts at 190 degrees C. In systems with water CS is unstable whereas it was possible to determine the phase diagram of CP. In most of the composition range a crystalline hydrate is in equilibrium with a gel-phase. The latter has remarkable properties in that lamellar order exists with the 46 A lipid bilayer interleaved with water layers up to 1000 A. The monofilm behaviour of CS and CP at different pH levels is also reported.
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Iwamori M, Moser HW, Kishimoto Y. Cholesterol sulfate in rat tissues. Tissue distribution, developmental change and brain subcellular localization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 441:268-79. [PMID: 952990 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(76)90170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. A reliable micromethod for the determination of the tissue level of cholesterol sulfate has been developed. Cholesterol sulfate was separated from the bulk of the free cholesterol by silica gel column chromatography, and the cholesterol sulfate fraction subjected to benzoylation. A small amount of contaminating free cholesterol and other lipids remaining in this fraction were converted to benzoyl esters while the cholesterol sulfate remained unreacted. The cholesterol sulfate was then separated from the benzoylated contaminants by a second silica gel chromatography column and subjected to solvolysis. The liberated cholesterol was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. 2. The cholesterol sulfate contents of the visceral organs of 43-day-old rats were determined. Every tissue examined contained small amounts of this sulfate. Kidney contained the highest concentration of cholesterol sulfate (250-300 mug/g dry tissue weight) followed by spleen (77 mug/g), adrenal gland (50-70 mug/g) and lung (50-57 mug/g). 3. In brain, cholesterol sulfate level rises sharply from 17 mug/g dry weight in 7-day-old rats to more than 50 mug/g in 15-day-olds, then it declines rapidly to 15 mug/g in the 40-day-olds and this level is maintained to adulthood. The developmental pattern in the liver resembles that in the brain, except that the peak is somewhat flatter with the highest value (60 mug/g dry weight) occurring in the 21-day-old animal. In contrast to the above two tissues, the level of kidney cholesterol sulfate increases steadily from 15 mug/g in 7-day-olds and reaches the adult level of approx. 200 mug/g in 50-day-olds. 4. The highest level of cholesterol sulfate in subcellular fractions of rat brain occurred in a fraction rich in nerve endings. The level here was 10 times higher than that in the mitochondrial fraction, which contained the lowest levels of this steroid sulfate.
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Abstract
The glycosphingolipids have been found in many animal tissues, but the complexity of their molecular structure varies considerably among the different phyla. Relatively simple structures have been found in invertebrate species, while the most complex have been demonstrated in brain tissue of modern fishes and amphibians. The data on the phylogenetic distribution of the glycosphingolipids has been interpreted to indicate that a significant number of gene duplications, involving many different structural genes, may have occurred during a few specific periods of vertebrate evolution. The transition from invertebrate to jawless vertebrate, the divergence of rays and skates from true sharks, the advent of modern bony fishes and the transition from aquatic to terrestrial vertebrates, each could have veen accompained by duplications of genes involved in the synthesis and degradation of glycosphingolipids. The evolutionary study of such a multi-enzyme system may be one means to detect alterations in the genome as a whole. The apparent correspondence in time of these gene duplications involved in glycosphingolipid metabolism and periods of rapid vertebrate evolution which may have been accompanied by significant increases in the amount of cellular DNA suggests that such changes may have occurred via the mechanism of tetraploidization.
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Abstract
1. [2(-14)C]Mevalonic acid injected into the echinoderm Asterias rubens (Class Asteroidea) was effectively incorporated into the non-saponifiable lipid. 2. The most extensively labelled compounds were squalene and the 4,4-dimethyl sterols with much lower incorporations into the 4alpha-monomethyl and 4-demethyl sterol fractions. 3. Labelled compounds identified were squalene, lanosterol, 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol and 4alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol; these are all intermediates in sterol biosynthesis. 4. The major sterol in A. rubens, 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol, was also labelled showing that this echinoderm is capable of sterol biosynthesis de novo. 5. No evidence was obtained for the incorporation of [2(-14)C]mevalonic acid into the C28 and C29 components of the 4-demethyl sterols or 9beta,19-cyclopropane sterols found in A. rubens and it is assumed that these sterols are of dietary origin. 6. Another starfish Henricia sanguinolenta also incorporated [2(-14)C]mevalonic acid into squalene and lanosterol. 7. Various isolated tissues of A. rubens were all capable of incorporation of [2(-14)C]mevalonic acid into the nonsaponifiable lipid. With the body-wall and stomach tissues radioactivity accumulated in squalene and the 4,4-dimethyl sterols, but with the gonads and pyloric caecae there was a more efficient incorporation of radioactivity into the 4-demethyl sterols, principally 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol.
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Bleau G, Bodley FH, Longpré J, Chapdelaine A, Roberts KD. Cholesterol sulfate. I. Occurrence and possible biological function as an amphipathic lipid in the membrane of the human erythrocyte. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 352:1-9. [PMID: 4851014 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(74)90174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Schmitz FJ, McDonald FJ. Isolation and identification of cerebrosides from the marine sponge Chondrilla nucula. J Lipid Res 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)36819-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Karlsson KA, Samuelsson BE. The structure of ceramide aminoethylphosphonate from the sea anemone, Metridium senile. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 337:204-13. [PMID: 4154778 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(74)90202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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