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Bai J, Su H, Liang Y, Shi X, Huang J, Xu W, Zhang J, Gong L, Huang Z, Qiu X. Screening of Quality Markers During the Processing of Reynoutria multiflora Based on the UHPLC-Q-Exactive Plus Orbitrap MS/MS Metabolomic Method. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:695560. [PMID: 34456722 PMCID: PMC8385779 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.695560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The root of Reynoutria multiflora (Thunb.) Moldenke (syn: Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.) is a distinguished herb that has been popularly used in traditional Chinese medicine. The raw Reynoutria multiflora (RRM) should be processed by steaming before use, and the processing time is not specified in the processing specification. Our previous studies showed that the efficacy and toxicity of processed Reynoutria multiflora (PRM) at different processing times were inconsistent. A comprehensive identification method was established in this study to find a quality marker of raw Reynoutria multiflora (RRM) and processed Reynoutria multiflora (PRM) with different processing times. Metabolomics based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive plus orbitrap MS/MS) was used in this study. Using the CD.2 software processed database, multivariate statistical analysis methods coupled with cluster analysis and heatmap were implemented to distinguish between RRMs and PRMs with different processing times. The results showed that RRM and PRMs processed for 4, 8, 12, and 18 h cluster into group 1, and PRM processed for 24 and 32 h into group 2, indicating that it can effectively distinguish between the two groups and twenty potential markers, made the highest contributions to the observed chemical differences between two groups. Among them, tetrahydroxystilbene-O-hexoside-O-galloyl and sucrose can be used to identify PRM processed for 24 h. Therefore, the properties of RRM changed after 24 h of processing, and the quality markers were screened to distinguish RRM and PPM. It can also be used as an important control technology for the processing of RM, which has wide application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Bai
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Su
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youling Liang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuhua Shi
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Xu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Gong
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihai Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chirality Research on Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Hamberg M. Regio- and stereochemical analysis of trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids derived from linoleic acid 9- and 13-hydroperoxides. Lipids 2016; 26:407-15. [PMID: 27520964 DOI: 10.1007/bf02536065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/1991] [Accepted: 03/29/1991] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The methyl esters of 9S,10S,13R-trihydroxy-11E-octadecenoic acid, 9S,10R,13S-trihydroxy-11E-octadecenoic acid, and 9S,10R,13R-trihydroxy-11E-octadecenoic acid were prepared from 9S-hydroperoxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acidvia the epoxy alcohols methyl 10R,11R-epoxy-9S-hydroxy-12Z-octadecenoate and methyl 10S,11S-epoxy-9S-hydroxy-12Z-octadecenoate. The trihydroxyesters, as well as four stereoisomeric methyl 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10E-octadecenoates earlier prepared [Hamberg, M.,Chem. Phys. Lipids 43, 55-67 (1987)], were characterized by thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and by chemical degradation. Availability of these chemically defined trihydroxyoctadecenoates made it possible to design a method for regio- and stereochemical analysis of 9,10,13- and 9,12,13-trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids obtained from various sources. Application of the method revealed that the mixture of 9,10,13- and 9,12,13-trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids formed during autoxidation of linoleic acid in aqueous medium contained comparable amounts of the sixteen possible regio- and stereoisomers. Furthermore, hydrolysis of the allylic epoxy alcohol, methyl 9S,10R-epoxy-13S-hydroxy-11E-octadecenoate, yielded a major trihydroxyoctadecenoate,i.e., methyl 9S,10S,13S-trihydroxyl-11E-octadecenoate, together with smaller amounts of methyl 9S,10R,13S-trihydroxy-11E-octadecenoate, methyl 9S,12R,13S-trihydroxy-10E-octadecenoate, and methyl 9S,12S,13S-trihydroxy-10E-octadecenoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hamberg
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Box 60400, S-104 01, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Kongrit D, Jisaka M, Kobayasi K, Nishigaichi Y, Nishimura K, Nagaya T, Yokota K. Molecular Cloning, Functional Expression, and Tissue Distribution of a Potato Sprout Allene Oxide Synthase Involved in a 9-Lipoxygenase Pathway. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:2160-8. [PMID: 16960383 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants are rich in 9-lipoxygenase, which converts linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid to 9S-hydroperoxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid (9-HPOD) and 9S-hydroperoxy-10E,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoic acid (9-HPOT) respectively. The allene oxide synthase (AOS) involved in 9-HPOD/9-HPOT metabolism in potato, however, has not been characterized in detail. We cloned a cDNA encoding a novel AOS from potato sprouts by reverse transcriptase-PCR based on a partial sequence in the EST database. This AOS was successfully expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris, and purified using Ni-NTA resin. The recombinant enzyme metabolized 9-HPOD, 9-HPOT, 13-HPOD, and 13-HPOT with reaction efficiencies of 2.5 x 10(7), 1.0 x 10(7), 2.5 x 10(6), and 7.6 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) respectively. The alpha-ketol formed from 9-HPOD was composed mainly of the 9R-enatimomer (90%). Besides sprouts, the mRNA of this AOS was detected in buds, flowers, and stems, but not in leaves, tubers, or roots of mature plants, suggesting that this enzyme has a tissue-specific function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darika Kongrit
- Division of Applied Resources Chemistry, Course of Bioresources Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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4
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Guéraud F, Atalay M, Bresgen N, Cipak A, Eckl PM, Huc L, Jouanin I, Siems W, Uchida K. Chemistry and biochemistry of lipid peroxidation products. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:1098-124. [PMID: 20836659 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.498477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and resulting lipid peroxidation is involved in various and numerous pathological states including inflammation, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. This review is focused on recent advances concerning the formation, metabolism and reactivity towards macromolecules of lipid peroxidation breakdown products, some of which being considered as 'second messengers' of oxidative stress. This review relates also new advances regarding apoptosis induction, survival/proliferation processes and autophagy regulated by 4-hydroxynonenal, a major product of omega-6 fatty acid peroxidation, in relationship with detoxication mechanisms. The use of these lipid peroxidation products as oxidative stress/lipid peroxidation biomarkers is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guéraud
- UMR1089 Xénobiotiques, INRA, Toulouse, France.
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5
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Effect of metal ions on the production of isomeric 9,10,13 (9,12,13)-trihydroxy-11E (10E)-octadecenoic acid from linoleic acid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Gardner HW, Grove MJ. Method to produce 9(S)-hydroperoxides of linoleic and linolenic acids by maize lipoxygenase. Lipids 2001; 36:529-33. [PMID: 11432467 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-001-0753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Seed from maize (corn) Zea mays provides a ready source of 9-lipoxygenase that oxidizes linoleic acid and linolenic acid into 9(S)-hydroperoxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid and 9(S)-hydroperoxy-10(E),12(Z),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid, respectively. Corn seed has a very active hydroperoxide-decomposing enzyme, allene oxide synthase (AOS), which must be removed prior to oxidizing the fatty acid. A simple pH 4.5 treatment followed by centrifugation removes most of the AOS activity. Subsequent purification by ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation results in negligible improvement in 9-hydroperoxide formation. This facile alternative method of preparing 9-hydroperoxides has advantages over other commonly used plant lipoxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Gardner
- Mycotoxin Research, NCAUR, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.
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7
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Hamberg M. An epoxy alcohol synthase pathway in higher plants: biosynthesis of antifungal trihydroxy oxylipins in leaves of potato. Lipids 1999; 34:1131-42. [PMID: 10606035 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-999-0464-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[1-14C]Linoleic acid was incubated with a whole homogenate preparation of potato leaves (Solanum tuberosum L., var. Bintje). The methyl-esterified product was subjected to straight-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and was found to contain four major radioactive oxidation products, i.e., the epoxy alcohols methyl 10(S),11(S)-epoxy-9(S)-hydroxy-12(Z)-octadecenoate (14% of the recovered radioactivity) and methyl 12(R), 13(S)-epoxy-9(S)-hydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoate (14%), and the trihydroxy derivatives methyl 9(S),10(S),11(R)-trihydroxy-12(Z)-octadecenoate (18%)and methyl 9(S), 12(S),13(S)-trihydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoate (30%). The structures and stereochemical configurations of these oxylipins were determined by chemical and spectral methods using the authentic compounds as references. Incubations performed in the presence of glutathione peroxidase revealed that lipoxygenase activity of potato leaves generated the 9- and 13-hydroperoxides of linoleic acid in a ratio of 95:5. Separate incubations of these hydroperoxides showed that linoleic acid 9(S)-hydroperoxide was metabolized into epoxy alcohols by particle-bound epoxy alcohol synthase activity, whereas the 13-hydroperoxide was metabolized into alpha- and gamma-ketols by a particle-bound allene oxide synthase. It was concluded that the main pathway of linoleic acid metabolism in potato leaves involved 9-lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxygenation into linoleic acid 9(S)-hydroperoxide followed by rapid conversion of this hydroperoxide into epoxy alcohols and a slower, epoxide hydrolase-catalyzed conversion of the epoxy alcohols into trihydroxy-octadecenoates. Trihydroxy derivatives of linoleic and linolenic acids have previously been reported to be growth-inhibitory to plant-pathogenic fungi, and a role of the new pathway of linoleic acid oxidation in defense reactions against pathogens is conceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hamberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grechkin
- Institute of Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
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9
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Spiteller G. Linoleic acid peroxidation--the dominant lipid peroxidation process in low density lipoprotein--and its relationship to chronic diseases. Chem Phys Lipids 1998; 95:105-62. [PMID: 9853364 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(98)00091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Modern separation and identification methods enable detailed insight in lipid peroxidation (LPO) processes. The following deductions can be made: (1) Cell injury activates enzymes: lipoxygenases generate lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs), proteases liberate Fe ions--these two processes are prerequisites to produce radicals. (2) Radicals attack any activated CH2-group of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with about a similar probability. Since linoleic acid (LA) is the most abundant PUFA in mammals, its LPO products dominate. (3) LOOHs are easily reduced in biological surroundings to corresponding hydroxy acids (LOHs). LOHs derived from LA, hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs), surmount other markers of LPO. HODEs are of high physiological relevance. (4) In some diseases characterized by inflammation or cell injury HODEs are present in low density lipoproteins (LDL) at 10-100 higher concentration, compared to LDL from healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Spiteller
- Lehrstuhl Organische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Germany.
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10
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Enantioselective conversion of linoleate hydroperoxide to an α, β-epoxy alcohol by niobium ethoxide. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-998-0270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Spiteller P, Spiteller G. Strong dependence of the lipid peroxidation product spectrum whether Fe2+/O2 or Fe3+/O2 is used as oxidant. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1392:23-40. [PMID: 9593808 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(97)00209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic amounts of Fe2+ or Fe3+ ions are widely applied to induce simulated biological lipid peroxidation reactions. Independently, whether Fe2+ or Fe3+ were used, similar products were obtained. We show in this paper that the product spectrum is indeed very different, whether one ion species, either Fe2+ or Fe3+, is present in excess; thus, decomposition of (13S,9Z,11E) 13-hydroxyperoxy-9, 11-octadecadienoic acid (13S-HPODE) generates in the presence of equimolar amounts of Fe2+ ions mainly the corresponding alcohol (13S, 9Z,11E) 13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid besides 12,13-epoxy-11-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid (12,13-epHOD) and 13-oxo-9,11-octa-decadienoic acid (13-KODE), while decomposition of 13S-HPODE with equimolar amounts of Fe3+ produces mainly 12,13-epHOD, hydrolysis products thereof and other oxidized products, e.g., hydroxyoxo acids. In addition, unusually large amounts of aldehydes are formed, e.g., the amount of 4-hydroxy-nonenal was found to exceed that obtained by Fe2+ induced air oxidation for a factor of about 100. Since these further oxidation products are suspected to cause cell damage, liberated Fe3+ ions seem to be responsible for generation of toxic products in inflammatory diseases, e.g., atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Spiteller
- Lehrstuhl Organische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
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12
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13
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H�lzel C, Spiteller G. Zellsch�digung als Ursache f�r die Bildung von Hydroperoxiden unges�ttigter Fetts�uren. Naturwissenschaften 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01131596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Song W, Baertschi S, Boeglin W, Harris T, Brash A. Formation of epoxyalcohols by a purified allene oxide synthase. Implications for the mechanism of allene oxide synthesis. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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Enorme Unterschiede in der qualitativen und quantitativen Zusammensetzung der Fettsäurefraktion von rohem und gekochtem Gemüse. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00808760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Reaction of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase with fatty acid hydroperoxides. Characterization and mechanism. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)60614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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17
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Corey E, Nagata R, Wright SW. Biomimetic total synthesis of colneleic acid and its function as a lipoxygenase inhibitor. Tetrahedron Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)96658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Schieberle P, Trebert Y, Firl J, Grosch W. Photolysis of unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides. 2. Products from the anaerobic decomposition of methyl 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoate dissolved in methanol. Chem Phys Lipids 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(85)90077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Wu GS, Stein RA, Mead JF, McElhaney RN. Autoxidation of Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes. Lipids 1984; 19:756-67. [PMID: 6503621 DOI: 10.1007/bf02534469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Autoxidation of Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes (with equimolar ratio of palmitic and linoleic acid) lacks an obvious induction period, and the overall rate of disappearance of substrate does not follow closely that of typical autocatalytic kinetics. Throughout the course of autoxidation, the major oxygenated products isolated were hydroperoxides (as hydroxy esters) and compounds that gave rise to trihydroxy esters. The yield of trihydroxy esters was appreciable even at the early stage of the oxidation and eventually grew to surpass that of hydroperoxides. The positions of the three hydroxyl groups in the trihydroxy esters were determined to be mostly of the 1,2,5-type rather than 1,2,3-type arrangement. To a lesser extent, some degraded products, including dimethyl nonanedioate, methyl myristate, methyl pentadecanoate, methyl hexadecadienoate and methyl heptadecadienoate also were obtained. Dimethyl nonanedioate was a previously known degradation product from 9-hydroperoxide. The shorter chain esters presumably arise from the cleavage of alpha-hydroperoxides of palmitate and linoleate moieties.
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20
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Gardner H, Nelson E, Tjarks L, England R. Acid-catalyzed transformation of 13(S)-hydroperoxylinoleic acid into epoxyhydroxyoctadecenoic and trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids. Chem Phys Lipids 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(84)90015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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den Hartog JH, Altona C, Chottard JC, Girault JP, Lallemand JY, de Leeuw FA, Marcelis AT, Reedijk J. Conformational analysis of the adduct cis-[Pt(NH3)2 d(GpG)]+ in aqueous solution. A high field (500-300 MHz) nuclear magnetic resonance investigation. Nucleic Acids Res 1982; 10:4715-30. [PMID: 6890203 PMCID: PMC321124 DOI: 10.1093/nar/10.15.4715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A 500, 400 and 300 MHz proton NMR study of the reaction product of cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 or cis-[Pt(NH3)2 (H2O)2] (NO3)2 with the deoxydinucleotide d(GpG): cis-[Pt(NH3)2 d(GpG)] was carried out. Complete assignment of the proton resonances by decoupling experiments and computer simulation of the high field part of the spectrum yield proton-proton and proton-phosphorus coupling constants of high precision. Analysis of these coupling constants reveal a 100% N (C3'-endo) conformation for the deoxyribose ring at the 5'-terminal part of the chelated d(GpG) moiety. In contrast, the 3'-terminal -pG part of the molecule displays the normal behaviour for deoxyriboses: the sugar ring prefers to adopt an S (C2'-endo) conformation (about 70%). Extrapolating from this model compound, it is suggested that Pt chelation by a -dGpdG- sequence of DNA would require a S to N conformational change of one deoxyribose moiety as the main conformational alteration and lead to a kink in one strand of the double-helical structure of DNA.
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22
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Gardner HW, Jursinic PA. Degradation of linoleic acid hydroperoxides by a cysteine . FeCl3 catalyst as a model for similar biochemical reactions. I. Study of oxygen requirement, catalyst and effect of pH. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 665:100-12. [PMID: 7284408 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(81)90238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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Gardner HW, Crawford CG. Degradation of linoleic acid hydroperoxides by a cysteine . FeCl3 catalyst as a model for similar biochemical reactions. III. A novel product, trans-12,13-epoxy-11-oxo-trans-9-octadecenoic acid, from 13-L (S)-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 665:126-33. [PMID: 7284410 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(81)90240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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24
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Gardner HW, Kleiman R. Degradation of linoleic acid hydroperoxides by a cysteine . FeCl3 catalyst as a model for similar biochemical reactions. II. Specificity in formation of fatty acid epoxides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 665:113-24. [PMID: 7284409 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(81)90239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
1. The degradation of linoleic acid hydroperoxide by cysteine and FeCl3 resulted in formation of a number of oxygenated fatty acids, among which isomeric epoxyoxooctadecenoic and epoxyhydroxyoctadecenoic acids were major products. Pure isomeric hydroperoxides, either 13-L(S)-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid or 9-D(S)-hydroperoxy-trans-10,cis-12-octadecadienoic acid, were transformed into either 12,13-epoxides or 9,10-epoxides, respectively. 2. From 13-L(S)-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid, the epoxides were identified as trans-12,13-epoxy-9-oxo-trans-10-octadecenoic acid, trans-12,13-epoxy-9-hydroxy-trans-10-octadecenoic acid, cis-12,13-epoxy-9-oxo-trans-10-octadecenoic acid, trans-12,13-epoxy-erythro-11-hydroxy-cis(trans)-9-octadecenoic acid and trans-12,13-epoxy-threo-11-hydroxy-cis(trans)-9-octadecenoic acid. 3. The 12,13-epoxides were found to be optically active, indicating that the chiral center of the 13-L(S)-hydroperoxy carbon was retained. 4. Although many epoxy fatty acids previously have been identified as linoleic acid hydroperoxide products, this study reports a more complete structural analysis of the various epoxides and allows an assessment of the mechanisms of their formation from hydroperoxides.
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25
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Gardner HW, Weisleder D, Kleiman R. Formation oftrans-12,13-epoxy-9-hydroperoxy-trans-10-octadecenoic acid from 13-L-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid catalyzed by either a soybean extract or cysteine-FeC13. Lipids 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02533664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Frankel EN, Neff WE, Rohwedder WK, Khambay BP, Garwood RF, Weedon BC. Analysis of autoxidized fats by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: II. Methyl linoleate. Lipids 1977; 12:908-13. [PMID: 927043 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach developed in the preceding paper was applied for qualitative and quantitative investigations of autoxidation products of methyl linoleate. A GC-MS computer summation method was standardized with synthetic 9- and 13-hydroxyoctadecanoate. Equal amounts of 9- and 13-hydroperoxides were found in all samples of linoleate autoxidized at different temperatures and peroxide levels. The results are consistent with the classical free radical mechanism of autoxidation involving a pentadiene intermediate having equivalent sites for oxygen attack at carbon-9 and carbon-13. Minor oxygenated products of autoxidation indicated by GC-MS include keto dienes, epoxyhydroxymonoenes, di- and tri-hydroxy monoenes. These hydroxy compounds are presumed to be present in the form of hydroperoxides. The quantitative GC-MS method was found suitable for the analysis of autoxidized mixtures of oleate and linoleate. By this method, it is possible to determine the origin of the hydroperoxides formed in mixtures of these fatty esters.
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A soy extract catalyzes formation of 9-oxo-trans-12,13-epoxy-trans-10-octadecenoic acid from 13-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid. Lipids 1977; 12:941-4. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02533315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/1977] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Baur C, Grosch W, Wieser H, Jugel H. Enzymatic oxydation of linoleic acid: formation of bittertasting fatty acids. Eur Food Res Technol 1977; 164:171-6. [PMID: 198993 DOI: 10.1007/bf01263025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Linoleic acid was oxidized with a protein fraction from soya beans (25 degrees C; 2h), in which lipoxygenase and peroxydase activities occurred. The fatty acids formed were isolated and, after emulsification with a sugar ester, were evaluated for bitter taste. The main components of the bitter-tasting fractions was a mixture of 9.12.13-trihydroxyoctadec-10- and 9.10.13-trihydroxyoctadec-11-enoic acids. The taste threshold lies in the range 0.6-0.9 mumol/ml. Two further trihydroxy-acids and two oxodihydroxy-acids were also identified in the bitter-tasting fraction.
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Sessa DJ, Gardner HW, Kleiman R, Weisleder D. Oxygenated fatty acid constituents of soybean phosphatidylcholines. Lipids 1977; 12:613-9. [PMID: 561287 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBitter‐tasting phosphatidylcholines from hexane‐defatted soybean flakes were chromatographically separable from ordinary soy phosphatidylcholines (SPC). The bitter‐tasting SPC contain 32% oxygenated fatty acids in addition to palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. Identification of these oxygenated acids was based on infrared, ultraviolet, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral characteristics of methyl ester derivatives which were separated and purified by column and thin layer chromatography. The fatty acid methyl esters identified were (a) 15, 16‐epoxy‐9, 12‐octadecadienoate, (b) 12, 13‐epoxy‐9‐octadecenoate, both with double bonds and epoxide groups predominantly ofcis configuration; (c) 13‐oxo‐9,11‐and 9‐oxo‐10, 12‐octadecadienoates; (d) 13‐hydroxy‐9, 11‐ and 9‐hydroxy‐10, 12‐octadecadienoates; (e) 9, 10, 13‐trihydroxy‐11‐ and 9,12,13‐trihydroxy‐10‐octadecenoates. In addition, trace amounts of (f) 11‐hydroxy‐9,10‐epoxy‐12‐and 11‐hydroxy‐12,13‐epoxy‐9‐octadecenoates; (g) 13‐oxo‐9‐hydroxy‐10‐and 9‐oxo‐13‐hydroxy‐11‐octadecenoates; (h) 9,10‐dihydroxy‐12‐ and 12, 13‐dihydroxy‐9‐octadecenoates; and (i) 9,12,13‐dihydroxyethoxy‐10‐ and 9,10,13‐dihydroxyethoxy‐11‐octadecenoates were indicated by mass spectrometry. Dihydroxyethoxy compounds (i) were possibly formed upon extraction of the SPC from flakes by 80% ethanol. Except for the first two epoxy compounds, labelled a and b, the oxygenated fatty acids are similar to the products formed by homolytic decomposition of linoleic acid hydroperoxide. The first two compounds with predominantlycis configuration may occur by action of fatty acid hydroperoxides on an unsaturated fatty acid.
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Galliard T, Phillips DR. The enzymic cleavage of linoleic acid to C9 carbonyl fragments in extracts of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit and the possible role of lipoxygenase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 431:278-87. [PMID: 820376 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(76)90148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1. Homogenates and acetone powders of cucumber fruits catalyse the enzymic conversion of linoleic acid to aldehyde and oxoacid fragments in high yield, up to 60% with acetone powder extracts. 2. The major products are trans2-nonenal--a major component of the characteristic odour of cucumber--and 9-oxononanoic acid. 3. The cleavage reaction is a heat-labile, aerobic process, optimal at pH 6 (approx.). 4. Substrate specificity studies indicate that a lipoxygenase-type of reaction is involved in the cleavage process. 5. The acetone powder extracts have lipoxygenase activity and the proportion of linoleic acid hydroperoxide to carbonyl fragments depends upon incubation conditions. 6. Linoleic acid hydroperoxide isomers are also converted to carbonyl fragments by acetone powder extracts; the 9-hydroperoxide is cleaved at the 9-10 position whereas 12-13 cleavage is predominant with the 13-hydroperoxide isomer.
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