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Cell Type Variability in the Incorporation of Lipids in the Dengue Virus Virion. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112566. [PMID: 36423175 PMCID: PMC9698084 DOI: 10.3390/v14112566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A lipid bilayer produced from the host membrane makes up around 20% of the weight of the dengue virus (DENV) virion and is crucial for virus entry. Despite its significance, the virion's lipid composition is still poorly understood. In tandem with lipid profiles of the cells utilised to generate the virions, this work determined a partial lipid profile of DENV virions derived from two cell lines (C6/36 and LLC-MK2). The results showed distinctive profiles between the two cell types. In the mammalian LLC-MK2 cells, 30.8% (73/237 identified lipid species; 31 upregulated, 42 downregulated) of lipid species were altered in response to infection, whilst in insect C6/36 cells only 12.0% (25/208; 19 upregulated, 6 downregulated) of lipid species showed alterations in response to infection. For virions from LLC-MK2 cells, 14 lipids were detected specifically in virions with a further seven lipids being enriched (over mock controls). For virions from C6/36 cells, 43 lipids were detected that were not seen in mock preparations, with a further 16 being specifically enriched (over mock control). These results provide the first lipid description of DENV virions produced in mammalian and mosquito cells, as well as the lipid changes in the corresponding infected cells.
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Virion-associated phosphatidylethanolamine promotes TIM1-mediated infection by Ebola, dengue, and West Nile viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14682-7. [PMID: 26575624 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508095112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) receptors contribute to two crucial biological processes: apoptotic clearance and entry of many enveloped viruses. In both cases, they recognize PS exposed on the plasma membrane. Here we demonstrate that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is also a ligand for PS receptors and that this phospholipid mediates phagocytosis and viral entry. We show that a subset of PS receptors, including T-cell immunoglobulin (Ig) mucin domain protein 1 (TIM1), efficiently bind PE. We further show that PE is present in the virions of flaviviruses and filoviruses, and that the PE-specific cyclic peptide lantibiotic agent Duramycin efficiently inhibits the entry of West Nile, dengue, and Ebola viruses. The inhibitory effect of Duramycin is specific: it inhibits TIM1-mediated, but not L-SIGN-mediated, virus infection, and it does so by blocking virus attachment to TIM1. We further demonstrate that PE is exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells, and promotes their phagocytic uptake by TIM1-expressing cells. Together, our data show that PE plays a key role in TIM1-mediated virus entry, suggest that disrupting PE association with PS receptors is a promising broad-spectrum antiviral strategy, and deepen our understanding of the process by which apoptotic cells are cleared.
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Sousa IP, Carvalho CAM, Ferreira DF, Weissmüller G, Rocha GM, Silva JL, Gomes AMO. Envelope lipid-packing as a critical factor for the biological activity and stability of alphavirus particles isolated from mammalian and mosquito cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:1730-6. [PMID: 21075845 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.198002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are enveloped arboviruses. The viral envelope is derived from the host cell and is positioned between two icosahedral protein shells (T = 4). Because the viral envelope contains glycoproteins involved in cell recognition and entry, the integrity of the envelope is critical for the success of the early events of infection. Differing levels of cholesterol in different hosts leads to the production of alphaviruses with distinct levels of this sterol loaded in the envelope. Using Mayaro virus, a New World alphavirus, we investigated the role of cholesterol on the envelope of alphavirus particles assembled in either mammalian or mosquito cells. Our results show that although quite different in their cholesterol content, Mayaro virus particles obtained from both cells share a similar high level of lateral organization in their envelopes. This organization, as well as viral stability and infectivity, is severely compromised when cholesterol is depleted from the envelope of virus particles isolated from mammalian cells, but virus particles isolated from mosquito cells are relatively unaffected by cholesterol depletion. We suggest that it is not cholesterol itself, but rather the organization of the viral envelope, that is critical for the biological activity of alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanildo P Sousa
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21341-902 RJ, Brazil
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Petratos S, Gonzales MF. Can antiglycolipid antibodies present in HIV‐infected individuals induce immune demyelination? Neuropathology 2008. [PMID: 11211050 PMCID: PMC7167963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2000.00356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Petratos
- Development and Neurobiology Group, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and
| | - Michael F. Gonzales
- Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Petratos S, Gonzales ME. Can antiglycolipid antibodies present in HIV-infected individuals induce immune demyelination? Neuropathology 2000; 20:257-72. [PMID: 11211050 PMCID: PMC7167963 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1789.2000.00356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Of the eight clinically defined neuropathies associated with HIV infection, there is compelling evidence that acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (IDPN) have an autoimmune pathogenesis. Many non-HIV infected individuals who suffer from sensory-motor nerve dysfunction have autoimmune indicators. The immunopathogenesis of demyelination must involve neuritogenic components in myelin. The various antigens suspected to play a role in HIV-seronegative IDPN include (i) P2 protein; (ii) sulfatide (GalS); (iii) various gangliosides (especially GM1); (iv) galactocerebroside (GalC); and (v) glycoproteins or glycolipids with the carbohydrate epitope glucuronyl-3-sulfate. These glycoproteins or glycolipids may be individually targeted, or an immune attack may be raised against a combination of any of these epitopes. The glycolipids, however, especially GalS, have recently evoked much interest as mediators of immune events underlying both non-HIV and HIV-associated demyelinating neuropathies. The present review outlines the recent research findings of antiglycolipid antibodies present in HIV-infected patients with and without peripheral nerve dysfunction, in an attempt to arrive at some consensus as to whether these antibodies may play a role in the immunopathogenesis of HIV-associated inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Petratos
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Li ML, Liao HJ, Simon LD, Stollar V. An amino acid change in the exodomain of the E2 protein of Sindbis virus, which impairs the release of virus from chicken cells but not from mosquito cells. Virology 1999; 264:187-94. [PMID: 10544144 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.9971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to obtain a mutant of Sindbis virus (SV) with a low methionine-resistant (LMR) phenotype, i.e., able to replicate in methionine-deprived Aedes albopictus mosquito cells, standard SV (SV(STD)) was passaged 17 times in mosquito cells maintained in a low methionine medium and then plaque-purified, also in mosquito cells. Although the virus obtained by this procedure, SV(LM17), did have the desired LMR phenotype, it also appeared to have acquired a host-range phenotype. We have now characterized the host-range phenotype of SV(LM17) in greater detail. In yield assays, the titer of SV(LM17) produced by chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) was 100- to 1000-fold lower than that from mosquito cells. SV(STD), in contrast, produced a similar titer of virus from the two cell types. On the other hand, when SV(LM17) was assayed directly by plaque formation on CEF and on mosquito cell monolayers, no host restriction in CEF was observed. When CEF were infected with SV(LM17), viral proteins were synthesized normally, pE2 was processed to E2, and E2 was demonstrated by the fluorescent antibody method to reach the cell surface. However, electron microscopy of SV(LM17)-infected cells revealed an absence of extracellular virions and of budding particles; also, nucleocapsids were not aligned beneath the plasma membrane. By sequence determination and by site-directed mutagenesis, it was determined that the host restriction of SV(LM17) was due to a change from Ala to Val at position 251 of the E2 protein. Substitution of Gly or Leu at this position also resulted in the same host range phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-5635, USA
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Bose R, Chen P, Loconti A, Grüllich C, Abrams JM, Kolesnick RN. Ceramide generation by the Reaper protein is not blocked by the caspase inhibitor, p35. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:28852-9. [PMID: 9786886 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.44.28852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Reaper (Rpr) gene encodes a 65-amino acid protein that induces apoptosis in Drosophila by an unknown mechanism. A previous study reported that Rpr expression induced generation of the lipid second messenger ceramide and through use of the peptide caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-VAD-fluoromethylketone(zVAD.fmk ) ordered ceramide generation downstream of caspases in SL2 cells (Pronk, G. J. , Ramer, K., Amiri, P., and Williams, L. T. (1996) Science 271, 808-810). The present study re-evaluates these events in SL2 cells transfected with cDNA for Rpr, with or without the baculovirus caspase inhibitor p35, under the control of the metallothionein promoter. Following copper addition, Rpr protein was detected at 1.5 h and maximal at 2.5 h. Ceramide generation and caspase activation occurred nearly simultaneously, each detectable at 2-2.5 h and maximal at 6 h. Ceramide levels increased from a base line of 5 pmol/nmol lipid phosphorus to a maximum of 10 pmol/nmol lipid phosphorus. Identical increases in ceramide were detected using the enzymatic 1,2-diacylglycerol kinase assay or the non-enzymatic o-phthalaldehyde derivatization high pressure liquid chromatography assay. In contrast, diacylglycerol levels were not increased by Rpr expression. Apoptosis, first detected at 4 h, was maximal at 16 h. Co-expression of p35 did not affect Rpr-induced ceramide generation, whereas caspase activation and apoptosis were abolished. In contrast, zVAD.fmk inhibited ceramide generation and apoptosis. These data show that Rpr-induced ceramide generation is upstream or independent of p35-inhibitable caspases and demonstrate differences in the actions of peptide and p35 caspase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bose
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kielian
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Vallan C, Schärer CG, Koblet H. Temperature-sensitive steps in the transport of Semliki Forest virus envelope proteins in mosquito C6/36 cells. Arch Virol 1994; 134:109-27. [PMID: 8279948 DOI: 10.1007/bf01379111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have analysed the temperature dependence of the transport of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) envelope proteins in mosquito cells, the natural host cells of alphaviruses. These cells are cultivated at a lower temperature (28 degrees C) and have a different lipid composition as compared to mammalian cells. When the incubation temperature was reduced at early times after infection, the onset of virus shedding was delayed and the maximal titers decreased correspondingly to the temperature. No virus was shed at 12 degrees C. No evidence was observed for a block of virus release due to a shift of the sites of virus maturation. When the incubation temperature was reduced at later times after infection a critical temperature of 12 degrees C was again observed. At this temperature no transport of viral proteins took place, p62 remained uncleaved, the glycan processing of E1 did not occur and the envelope proteins accumulated in a pre-Golgi compartment. We suggest a mathematical formula which allows the extrapolation of transport data to the temperature at which intracellular protein transport becomes blocked.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vallan
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Koblet H. The "merry-go-round": alphaviruses between vertebrate and invertebrate cells. Adv Virus Res 1990; 38:343-402. [PMID: 1977293 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60866-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Koblet
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Webb HE, Fazakerley JK. Can viral envelope glycolipids produce auto-immunity, with reference to the CNS and multiple sclerosis? Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1984; 10:1-10. [PMID: 6330601 PMCID: PMC7168014 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1984.tb00335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/1983] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many viruses, with lipid envelopes derived from the host cell membranes, have been implicated in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), and epidemiological studies support an infectious agent. Alternatively the disease is thought by other workers to be auto-immune in nature, and recently much attention has been focused on immunological sensitivity to glycolipids in MS patients. In this paper it is proposed that CNS demyelination could arise in susceptible individuals (HLA type) from an immune response to glycolipids, triggered by the carrier effect of one or more enveloped neurotropic viruses.
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Simons K, Warren G. Semliki Forest virus: a probe for membrane traffic in the animal cell. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1984; 36:79-132. [PMID: 6382965 PMCID: PMC7173159 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The traffic among the cellular compartments is thought to be mediated by membrane vesicles, which bud from one compartment and fuse with the next. Despite the continuous exchange of membrane components among them, the organelles maintain their characteristic protein and lipid compositions such that the traffic remains selective, thus, avoiding intermixing of components. This membrane traffic recycles components from the cell surface to the interior of the cell and back to the cell surface again. The membrane traffic between the ER and the cell surface involves a major sorting problem. Little is known of how the animal cell has solved this problem in molecular terms. One experimental tool in this direction is provided by some enveloped animal viruses, which mature at the cell surface of infected cells. Such viruses include influenza virus, Semliki Forest virus (SFV), Sindbis virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). They are extremely simple in makeup and hence are very well characterized. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the use of the enveloped viruses as tools in the study of membrane traffic in the animal cell. This is done in the context of the life cycle of the virus in the host cell. The article will be concerned mainly with Semliki Forest virus (SFV), which is the virus that has been worked upon in the chapter. SFV belongs to the alphaviruses, a genus of the togavirus family.
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15
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Op Den Kamp JA. Chapter 3 The asymmetric architecture of membranes. NEW COMPREHENSIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(09)60007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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16
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Pal R, Petri W, Wagner R. Alteration of the membrane lipid composition and infectivity of vesicular stomatitis virus by growth in a Chinese hamster ovary cell sterol mutant and in lipid-supplemented baby hamster kidney clone 21 cells. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Somerharju P, Renkonen O. Glycerophospho-(N-acyl)-ethanolamine lipids in degenerating BHK cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 573:83-9. [PMID: 454642 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(79)90175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipids, which accompany semilysobisphosphatidic acid from degenerating BHK cells, were identified as a mixture of glycerophospho-(N-acyl)-ethanolamine lipids. The identification was based on infrared spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography and ethanolamine content of the intact lipids or their partial degradation products. Sequential treatments with mild acid and alkali revealed the presence of three different derivatives: the most abundant of these was the O-(1-alkenyl) ether derivative (plasmenyl-(N-acyl)-ethanolamine), which represented 55-60% of the total glycerophospho-(N-acyl)-ethanolamine lipids; the O-alkyl derivative (plasmanyl-(N-acyl)-ethanolamine) and the di-O-acyl derivative (phosphatidyl-(N-acyl)-ethanolamine) each represented about 20% of the total.
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Digestion and absorption of lecithin in larvae of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(79)90031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Patzer EJ, Wagner RR, Dubovi EJ. Viral membranes: model systems for studying biological membranes. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 6:165-217. [PMID: 378533 DOI: 10.3109/10409237909102563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Luukkonen A, von Bonsdorff CH, Renkonen O. Characterization of Semliki Forest virus grown in mosquito cells. Comparison with the virus from hamster cells. Virology 1977; 78:331-5. [PMID: 860409 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Luukkonen A, Gahmberg CG, Renkonen O. Surface labeling of Semliki forest virus glycoproteins using galactose oxidase. Exposure of E3-glycoprotein. Virology 1977; 76:55-9. [PMID: 835244 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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