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Reza S, Ugorski M, Suchański J. Glucosylceramide and galactosylceramide, small glycosphingolipids with significant impact on health and disease. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1416-1434. [PMID: 34080016 PMCID: PMC8684486 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous clinical observations and exploitation of cellular and animal models indicate that glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and galactosylceramide (GalCer) are involved in many physiological and pathological phenomena. In many cases, the biological importance of these monohexosylcermides has been shown indirectly as the result of studies on enzymes involved in their synthesis and degradation. Under physiological conditions, GalCer plays a key role in the maintenance of proper structure and stability of myelin and differentiation of oligodendrocytes. On the other hand, GlcCer is necessary for the proper functions of epidermis. Such an important lysosomal storage disease as Gaucher disease (GD) and a neurodegenerative disorder as Parkinson’s disease are characterized by mutations in the GBA1 gene, decreased activity of lysosomal GBA1 glucosylceramidase and accumulation of GlcCer. In contrast, another lysosomal disease, Krabbe disease, is associated with mutations in the GALC gene, resulting in deficiency or decreased activity of lysosomal galactosylceramidase and accumulation of GalCer and galactosylsphingosine. Little is known about the role of both monohexosylceramides in tumor progression; however, numerous studies indicate that GlcCer and GalCer play important roles in the development of multidrug-resistance by cancer cells. It was shown that GlcCer is able to provoke immune reaction and acts as a self-antigen in GD. On the other hand, GalCer was recognized as an important cellular receptor for HIV-1. Altogether, these two molecules are excellent examples of how slight differences in chemical composition and molecular conformation contribute to profound differences in their physicochemical properties and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Reza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Ugorski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Suchański
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
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Dzieȩgiel P, Owczarek T, Plaz`uk E, Gomułkiewicz A, Majchrzak M, Podhorska-Okołów M, Driouch K, Lidereau R, Ugorski M. Ceramide galactosyltransferase (UGT8) is a molecular marker of breast cancer malignancy and lung metastases. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:524-31. [PMID: 20648017 PMCID: PMC2939773 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was shown recently on the level of gene expression that UGT8, coding UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase, is one of six genes whose elevated expression correlated with a significantly increased the risk of lung metastases in breast cancer patients. In this study primary tumours and their lung metastases as well as breast cancer cell lines were analysed for UGT8 expression at the protein level. METHODS Expression of UGT8 in breast cancer tissue specimens and breast cancer cell lines was analysed using IHC, real-time PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS Comparison of the average values of the reaction intensities (IRS scale) showed a significant difference in UGT8 expression between (1) primary and metastatic tumours (Mann-Whitney U, P<0.05), (2) tumours of malignancy grades G3 and G2 (Mann-Whitney U, P<0.01) as well as G3 and G1 (Mann-Whitney U, P<0.001) and (3) node-positive and node-negative tumours (Mann-Whitney U, P<0.001). The predictive ability of increased expression of UGT8 was validated at the mRNA level in three independent cohorts of breast cancer patients (721). Similarly, breast cancer cell lines with the 'luminal epithelial-like' phenotype did not express or weakly expressed UGT8, in contrast to malignant, 'mesenchymal-like,' cells forming metastases in nude mice. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that UGT8 is a significant index of tumour aggressiveness and a potential marker for the prognostic evaluation of lung metastases in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dzieȩgiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, T. Chałubińskiego 6a, Wrocław 50–368, Poland
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Świeȩcickiego 6, Poznań 61–781, Poland
- Department of Pathology, Lower Silesian Oncology Center, Wrocław 53–413, Pl. Hirszfelda 12, Poland
| | - T Owczarek
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. Norwida 31, Wrocław 50–357, Poland
| | - E Plaz`uk
- Laboratory of Glycobiology and Cell Interactions, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, Wrocław 53–114, Poland
| | - A Gomułkiewicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, T. Chałubińskiego 6a, Wrocław 50–368, Poland
| | - M Majchrzak
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University, Grabiszyńska 105, Wrocław 53–430, Poland
| | - M Podhorska-Okołów
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, T. Chałubińskiego 6a, Wrocław 50–368, Poland
| | - K Driouch
- Oncogenetics laboratory/INSERM U 735, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - R Lidereau
- Oncogenetics laboratory/INSERM U 735, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - M Ugorski
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. Norwida 31, Wrocław 50–357, Poland
- Laboratory of Glycobiology and Cell Interactions, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, Wrocław 53–114, Poland
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Prokazova NV, Samovilova NN, Gracheva EV, Golovanova NK. Ganglioside GM3 and its biological functions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 74:235-49. [PMID: 19364317 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism, topology, and possible mechanisms for regulation of the ganglioside GM3 content in the cell are reviewed. Under consideration are biological functions of GM3, such as involvement in cell differentiation, proliferation, oncogenesis, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Prokazova
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Russian Cardiology Research Center, Russian Ministry of Health, 121552 Moscow, Russia.
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Cooling L, Hwang D. Monoclonal antibody B2, a marker of neuroendocrine sympathoadrenal precursors, recognizes the Luke (LKE) antigen. Transfusion 2005; 45:709-16. [PMID: 15847659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.04338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood group antigens are physiologically important differentiation markers in embryogenesis and development. Monoclonal antibody (MoAb) B2 recognizes a transient antigen expressed on late sympathoadrenal neuroendocrine precursors and early sympathetic neuroblasts. It has been suggested that MoAb B2 may recognize a globo-series glycosphingolipid (GSL) related to the P blood group family. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS MoAb B2 and two anti-LKE MoAbs, MC813-70 and RM1, were screened against a panel of GSL standards and isolated red blood cell (RBC) GSLs by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) immunostaining. The ability of all three MoAbs to bind intact RBCs and two LKE+ renal cell carcinoma cell lines (A498, ACHN) were examined by flow cytometry and hemagglutination. RESULTS MoAbs B2, MC813-70, and RM1 all specifically recognized monosialogalactosylgloboside (MSGG) on HPTLC immunostaining. Only MoAb MC813-70 bound intact RBC by flow cytometry and hemagglutination. Differential staining was observed between the three antibodies and two renal cell carcinoma cell lines. CONCLUSION MoAb B2 recognizes MSGG or LKE antigen, suggesting that LKE may play a role in neuroendocrine differentiation from neural crest cells. Although MoAb B2 is not suitable for RBC phenotyping, it may be a useful immunologic reagent for the identification of human embryonic stem cells and renal cell and embryonic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cooling
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Tencomnao T, Yu RK, Kapitonov D. Characterization of the human UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase gene promoter. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1517:416-23. [PMID: 11342220 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGT, EC 2.4.1.45) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of galactocerebroside, the most abundant glycosphingolipid in the myelin sheath. An 8 kb fragment upstream from the transcription initiation site of CGT gene was isolated from a human genomic DNA library. Primer extension analysis revealed a single transcription initiation site 329 bp upstream from the ATG start codon. Neither a consensus TATA nor a CCAAT box was identified in the proximity to the transcription start site; however, this region contains a high GC content and multiple putative regulatory elements. To investigate the transcriptional regulation of CGT, a series of 5' deletion constructs of the 5'-flanking region were generated and cloned upstream from the luciferase reporter gene. By comparing promoter activity in the human oligodendroglioma (HOG) and human neuroblastoma (LAN-5) cell lines, we found that the CGT promoter functions in a cell type-specific manner. Three positive cis-acting regulatory regions were identified, including a proximal region at -292/-256 which contains the potential binding sites for known transcription factors (TFs) such as Ets and SP1 (GC box), a distal region at -747/-688 comprising a number of binding sites such as the ERE half-site, NF1-like, TGGCA-BP, and CRE, and a third positive cis-acting region distally localized at -1325/-1083 consisting of binding sites for TFs such as nitrogen regulatory, TCF-1, TGGCA-BP, NF-IL6, CF1, bHLH, NF1-like, GATA, and gamma-IRE. A negative cis-acting domain localized in a far distal region at -1594/-1326 was also identified. Our results suggest the presence of both positive and negative cis-regulatory regions essential for the cell-specific expression in the TATA-less promoter of the human CGT gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tencomnao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0614, USA
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Kapitonov D, Yu RK. Cloning, characterization, and expression of human ceramide galactosyltransferase cDNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 232:449-53. [PMID: 9125199 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Galactosylceramide (galactocerebroside, GalC) and its sulfated derivative, sulfatide, are major lipid components of the central and peripheral nervous system myelin sheath. The enzyme UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGT, EC 2.4.1.45) catalyzes the final step of galactosylceramide synthesis. In this report we describe isolation of the complete copy of human CGT cDNA. Total RNA from N-370 FG cells, a human fetal glioma cell line, was reverse-transcribed and dG-tailed. Degenerate primers synthesized based on rat CGT cDNA sequence were used in 5'- and 3'- rapid amplification of cDNA ends reaction (RACE). The obtained sequence was used to synthesize the primers for the complete coding region to be amplified and cloned into a pCR 3.1 expression vector. Following transfection of the CHOP cells with the resulting vector, the cell homogenate was assayed for the galactosyltransferase activity. Northern blot hybridization was used to determine the length of CGT mRNA and Southern blot hybridization was used to determine the number of homologous genes. Our results indicate that human CGT retains all conservative features of rat and mouse CGT. It is a single copy gene with mRNA transcript of about 4 kb.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kapitonov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0614, USA
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Detection of functional galactosylceramide (GalCer) receptors on CD4-negative HIV-1 target cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02174014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chen D, Li QT, Lee KH. Antinociceptive activity of liposome-entrapped calcitonin by systemic administration in mice. Brain Res 1993; 603:139-42. [PMID: 8453470 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)91311-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Porcine calcitonin (pCT) encapsulated in sulfatide-containing reverse-phase evaporation vesicles (REVs) was shown to induce long-lasting and dose-dependent antinociceptive effect by systemic injection in mice. Its antinociceptive activity is found to be dependent on the route of administration. In contrast, neither unencapsulated pCT nor pCT encapsulated in sulfatide-free REVs was effective. These results suggest that pCT entrapped in sulfatide-containing liposomes might be able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and to produce central antinociception in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore
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Glinsky GV. Glycodeterminants of melanoma cell adhesion: a model for antimetastatic drugs design. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1993; 14:1-13. [PMID: 8373537 DOI: 10.1016/1040-8428(93)90002-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Ando S, Yu RK, Scarsdale JN, Kusunoki S, Prestegard JH. High Resolution Proton NMR Studies of Gangliosides. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)94091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Maggio B, Albert J, Yu RK. Thermodynamic-geometric correlations for the morphology of self-assembled structures of glycosphingolipids and their mixtures with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 945:145-60. [PMID: 3191118 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(88)90477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of aqueous dispersions of five neutral glycosphingolipids (GalCer, GlcCer, LacCer, asialo-GM2, asialo-GM1), sulfatide, and five gangliosides (GM3, GM2, GM1, GD1a and GT1b) and their mixtures with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine was studied by negative staining electron microscopy. The morphological features are interpreted on the basis of thermodynamic and geometric constraints previously studied in these systems (Maggio, B (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 815, 245-258). The correlation between the theoretical predictions and the experimental findings are in reasonable agreement. Small changes in the molecular parameters of the individual glycosphingolipids or in their proportion in mixtures with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bring about remarkable variations on the type of structure formed, its radius of curvature and thermodynamic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Maggio
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Monoclonal antibodies to the thyrotropin receptor bind to a 56-kDa subunit of the thyrotropin receptor and show heterogeneous bioactivities. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Shiraishi T, Kinter MT, Mills SE, Lippert MC, Bova GS, Young WW. The glycosphingolipids of human prostate tissue. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 961:160-9. [PMID: 3390453 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(88)90109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutral glycolipids and gangliosides from surgical samples of benign human prostate tissue were analyzed by chemical, enzymatic and immunostaining procedures. The neutral glycolipids consisted of ceramide mono-, di-, tri- and tetrahexosides of the globo series plus paragloboside. The monosialoganglioside fraction contained GM3 and GM1 plus multiple species of monosialylated lactosamine-containing structures, including sialyl-alpha-2----3paragloboside plus at least two compounds having a non-reducing terminal sialyl alpha 2----6Gal linkage. The disialoganglioside fraction contained GD3 as the major component plus GD1a, GD2 and GD1b. GT1b was the major trisialoganglioside.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shiraishi
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville 22908
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Ariga T, Kobayashi K, Kuroda Y, Yu RK, Suzuki M, Kitagawa H, Inagaki F, Miyatake T. Characterization of tumor-associated fucogangliosides from PC 12 pheochromocytoma cells. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
The lipid composition of plasma membranes isolated from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells has been determined. Choline and ethanolamine phosphatides were predominant; the level of lyso compounds was very low. The amount of cholesterol and the cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio was low compared to those of the other subcellular fractions of chromaffin cells. A complex pattern of neutral glycolipids was observed in contrast to that of gangliosides.
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Tai T, Cahan LD, Tsuchida T, Saxton RE, Irie RF, Morton DL. Immunogenicity of melanoma-associated gangliosides in cancer patients. Int J Cancer 1985; 35:607-12. [PMID: 3997282 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910350507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of gangliosides found on human melanoma cells was determined from sera of 26 melanoma patients who were immunized every 1-4 weeks for 4 months with tumor-cell vaccine (TCV) prepared from cultured melanoma cells. Total lipid-bound sialic acid in the gangliosides isolated from TCV was 0.38 mumol/10(8) cells, and was distributed as follows: 44.8% to GM3, 44.2% to GD3, 5.6% to GM2, and 4.6% to GD2. Sera were tested at monthly intervals for antibodies to each ganglioside by ELISA with purified gangliosides as the antigen source. The immunologic specificity of the antibody was confirmed by absorption tests. None of the 26 patients had detectable anti-GM3, anti-GD3, or anti-GD2 antibodies before immunization, although anti-GM2 antibody was detected in 3 patients. After immunization, 2 patients developed IgM anti-GD2, 10 developed IgM anti-GM2, and 2 developed IgG anti-GM2 antibodies. No patient developed detectable anti-GM3 or anti-GD3 antibodies. These results indicate that both GD2 and GM2 expressed on human melanoma cells are immunogenic in humans, although GM2 appears to be more immunogenic. The other two gangliosides, GM3 and GD3, are present in human sera and in human normal tissues, and thus immunologic tolerance may have been established against these gangliosides. Alternatively, circulating GM3 and GD3 may have neutralized anti-GM3 and anti-GD3 antibodies, if any were induced by TCV immunization.
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Masaru K, Kinichiro N, Mitsutoshi T, Hiroshi M, Akihiro I. Glycosphingolipids of leukemic cells in adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(85)90013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Goff BA, Lee WM, Westrick MA, Macher BA. Gangliosides of human chronic lymphocytic leukemia and hairy cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 130:553-7. [PMID: 6402368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides were purified from the cells of two patients with hairy cell leukemia and one patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Quantification of these compounds showed that these cells contain only 5-15% of the amount of lipid-bound sialic acid (gangliosides) per cell as normal lymphocytes. Structural characterization by gas-liquid chromatography, glycosidase treatment and high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated that the major gangliosides of these leukemia cells were of the lactosyl type. Hairy cells contained monosialyllactosylceramide (II3NeuAc-LacCer), whereas chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells contained both monosialyl and disialyl lactosylceramide [II3(NeuAc)2-LacCer]. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell contained lesser amounts of three other gangliosides of the neolacto or lacto series as determined by endo-beta-galactosidase treatment. None of these leukemia cells contained detectable quantities of NeuAc-LcOse3Cer, a ganglioside found in normal leukocytes.
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