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Di Filippo M, Marçais C, Charrière S, Marmontel O, Broyer M, Delay M, Merlin M, Nollace A, Valéro R, Lagarde M, Pruneta-Deloche V, Moulin P, Sassolas A. Post-heparin LPL activity measurement using VLDL as a substrate: a new robust method for routine assessment of plasma triglyceride lipolysis defects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96482. [PMID: 24788417 PMCID: PMC4008628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Determination of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity is important for hyperchylomicronemia diagnosis, but remains both unreliable and cumbersome with current methods. Consequently by using human VLDL as substrate we developed a new LPL assay which does not require sonication, radioactive or fluorescent particles. Methods Post-heparin plasma was added to the VLDL substrate prepared by ultracentrifugation of heat inactivated normolipidemic human serums, diluted in buffer, pH 8.15. Following incubation at 37°c, the NEFA (non esterified fatty acids) produced were assayed hourly for 4 hours. LPL activity was expressed as µmol/l/min after subtraction of hepatic lipase (HL) activity, obtained following LPL inhibition with NaCl 1.5 mmol/l. Molecular analysis of LPL, GPIHBP1, APOA5, APOC2, APOE genes was available for 62 patients. Results Our method was reproducible (coefficient of variation (CV): intra-assay 5.6%, inter-assay 7.1%), and tightly correlated with the conventional radiolabelled triolein emulsion method (n = 26, r = 0.88). Normal values were established at 34.8±12.8 µmol/l/min (mean±SD) from 20 control subjects. LPL activities obtained from 71 patients with documented history of major hypertriglyceridemia showed a trimodal distribution. Among the 11 patients with a very low LPL activity (<10 µmol/l/min), 5 were homozygous or compound heterozygous for LPL or GPIHBP1 deleterious mutations, 3 were compound heterozygous for APOA5 deleterious mutations and the p.S19W APOA5 susceptibility variant, and 2 were free of any mutations in the usual candidate genes. No homozygous gene alteration in LPL, GPIHBP1 and APOC2 genes was found in any of the patients with LPL activity >10 µmol/l/min. Conclusion This new reproducible method is a valuable tool for routine diagnosis and reliably identifies LPL activity defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Di Filippo
- UF Dyslipidémies Cardiobiologie, Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi Sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- INSERM U1060, INSA de Lyon, INRA U1235, Univ Lyon-1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, Oullins, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Christophe Marçais
- INSERM U1060, INSA de Lyon, INRA U1235, Univ Lyon-1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, Oullins, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie spécialisée, Centre de Biologie Sud, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi Sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Sybil Charrière
- INSERM U1060, INSA de Lyon, INRA U1235, Univ Lyon-1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, Oullins, France
- Fédération d′endocrinologie, maladies métaboliques, diabète et nutrition, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Oriane Marmontel
- UF Dyslipidémies Cardiobiologie, Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi Sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Martine Broyer
- UF Dyslipidémies Cardiobiologie, Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi Sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Mireille Delay
- Laboratoire de Biochimie spécialisée, Centre de Biologie Sud, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi Sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Micheline Merlin
- Laboratoire de Biochimie spécialisée, Centre de Biologie Sud, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi Sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Axel Nollace
- UF Dyslipidémies Cardiobiologie, Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi Sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - René Valéro
- Département de Nutrition, Maladies Métaboliques, Endocrinologie, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR_S 1062, UMR_A1260, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- INSERM U1060, INSA de Lyon, INRA U1235, Univ Lyon-1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, Oullins, France
| | - Valérie Pruneta-Deloche
- INSERM U1060, INSA de Lyon, INRA U1235, Univ Lyon-1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, Oullins, France
| | - Philippe Moulin
- INSERM U1060, INSA de Lyon, INRA U1235, Univ Lyon-1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, Oullins, France
- Fédération d′endocrinologie, maladies métaboliques, diabète et nutrition, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Agnès Sassolas
- UF Dyslipidémies Cardiobiologie, Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multi Sites, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- INSERM U1060, INSA de Lyon, INRA U1235, Univ Lyon-1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, Oullins, France
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Do LD, Buchet R, Pikula S, Abousalham A, Mebarek S. Direct determination of phospholipase D activity by infrared spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 2012; 430:32-8. [PMID: 22842398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To determine phospholipase D (PLD) activity, an infrared spectroscopy assay was developed, based on the phosphate vibrational mode of phospholipids such as dimyristoylphophatidylcholine (DMPC), lysophosphatidylglycerol (lysoPG), dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), and lysophosphatidylserine (lysoPS). The phosphate bands served to monitor the hydrolysis rates of phospholipids with PLD. The measurements could be performed within less than 20min with 10μl of buffer containing 2 to 40mM DMPC and 10 to 200ng of Streptomyces chromofuscus PLD (corresponding to 350-7000pmol of DMPC hydrolyzed per minute). The limit of sensitivity was approximately 10ng of PLD at 100mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) with 10mM Ca(2+) and 2.5mgml(-1) Triton X-100. Reproducible specific activity of PLD (35±5nmol of hydrolyzed DMPCmin(-1)μg(-1) PLD) measured by the infrared assay remained stable over 50 to 200ng of PLD and over 5 to 40mM DMPC. The feasibility of this assay to determine the hydrolysis rate of other phospholipids such as lysoPG, DPPE, and lysoPS was confirmed. The IC(50) of cobalt (800±200μM), a known S. chromofuscus PLD inhibitor, was measured by means of the infrared assay, demonstrating that this assay can be used to screen PLD activity and/or the specificity of its inhibitors.
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Sharko O, Kisel M. 1-Acyl-2-[N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)aminopropionyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine as a chromogenic substrate for phospholipase A₂ assay. Anal Biochem 2011; 413:69-71. [PMID: 21345326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a spectrophotometric assay for phospholipase A(2) activity using 2,4-dinitrophenyl-labeled phosphatidylcholine as substrate. The assay allows quite simple quantification of phospholipase A(2) activity by measuring the absorbance of the aqueous phase after extraction of the reaction mixture and requires neither chromatographic separation of the reaction products nor the addition of auxiliary coloring reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sharko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich st., 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Republic of Belarus.
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Hasan F, Shah AA, Hameed A. Methods for detection and characterization of lipases: A comprehensive review. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:782-798. [PMID: 19539743 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbial lipases are very prominent biocatalysts because of their ability to catalyze a wide variety of reactions in aqueous and non-aqueous media. The chemo-, regio- and enantio-specific behaviour of these enzymes has caused tremendous interest among scientists and industrialists. Lipases from a large number of bacterial, fungal and a few plant and animal sources have been purified to homogeneity. This article presents a critical review of different strategies which have been employed for the detection, purification and characterization of microbial lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariha Hasan
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ali Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Hameed
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Schmitz G, Ruebsaamen K. Metabolism and atherogenic disease association of lysophosphatidylcholine. Atherosclerosis 2009; 208:10-8. [PMID: 19570538 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is a major plasma lipid that has been recognized as an important cell signalling molecule produced under physiological conditions by the action of phospholipase A(2) on phosphatidylcholine. LPC transports glycerophospholipid components such as fatty acids, phosphatidylglycerol and choline between tissues. LPC is a ligand for specific G protein-coupled signalling receptors and activates several second messengers. LPC is also a major phospholipid component of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (Ox-LDL) and is implicated as a critical factor in the atherogenic activity of Ox-LDL. Hence, LPC plays an important role in atherosclerosis and acute and chronic inflammation. In this review we focus in some detail on LPC function, biochemical pathways, sources and signal-transduction system. Moreover, we outline the detection of LPC by mass spectrometry which is currently the best method for accurate and simultaneous analysis of each individual LPC species and reveal the pathophysiological implication of LPC which makes it an interesting target for biomarker and drug development regarding atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Phosphodiesteric cleavage of phosphatidylcholine by members of a growing family of phospholipases D produces choline and phosphatidic acid. These enzymes can also catalyse a transphosphatidylation reaction in which the aliphatic chain of a primary alcohol is transferred to the phosphatidyl moiety of the phosphatidic acid product. PLD enzymes are found in a variety of organisms including bacteria, yeast, plants, and vertebrates. In mammalian systems, biochemical and cell biological approaches have identified phosphatidic acid as a mediator (or progenitor of mediators) that play important roles in the transduction of extracellular signals. Phosphatidic acid or its metabolites may be regulators of key cellular processes such as the control of intracellular protein trafficking, secretion, and alterations in cell morphology and motility. This review discusses methods for the determination of PLD activity both in vitro and in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Morris
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook Health Sciences Center, New York 11794-8651, USA.
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Abstract
Many different bacterial species produce lipases which hydrolyze esters of glycerol with preferably long-chain fatty acids. They act at the interface generated by a hydrophobic lipid substrate in a hydrophilic aqueous medium. A characteristic property of lipases is called interfacial activation, meaning a sharp increase in lipase activity observed when the substrate starts to form an emulsion, thereby presenting to the enzyme an interfacial area. As a consequence, the kinetics of a lipase reaction do not follow the classical Michaelis-Menten model. With only a few exceptions, bacterial lipases are able to completely hydrolyze a triacylglycerol substrate although a certain preference for primary ester bonds has been observed. Numerous lipase assay methods are available using coloured or fluorescent substrates which allow spectroscopic and fluorimetric detection of lipase activity. Another important assay is based on titration of fatty acids released from the substrate. Newly developed methods allow to exactly determine lipase activity via controlled surface pressure or by means of a computer-controlled oil drop tensiometer. The synthesis and secretion of lipases by bacteria is influenced by a variety of environmental factors like ions, carbon sources, or presence of non-metabolizable polysaccharides. The secretion pathway is known for Pseudomonas lipases with P. aeruginosa lipase using a two-step mechanism and P. fluorescens lipase using a one-step mechanism. Additionally, some Pseudomonas lipases need specific chaperone-like proteins assisting their correct folding in the periplasm. These lipase-specific foldases (Lif-proteins) which show a high degree of amino acid sequence homology among different Pseudomonas species are coded for by genes located immediately downstream the lipase structural genes. A comparison of different bacterial lipases on the basis of primary structure revealed only very limited sequence homology. However, determination of the three-dimensional structure of the P. glumae lipase indicated that at least some of the bacterial lipases will presumably reveal a conserved folding pattern called the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold, which has been described for other microbial and human lipases. The catalytic site of lipases is buried inside the protein and contains a serine-protease-like catalytic triad consisting of the amino acids serine, histidine, and aspartate (or glutamate). The Ser-residue is located in a strictly conserved beta-epsilon Ser-alpha motif. The active site is covered by a lid-like alpha-helical structure which moves away upon contact of the lipase with its substrate, thereby exposing hydrophobic residues at the protein's surface mediating the contact between protein and substrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Jaeger
- Lehrstuhl Biologie der Mikroorganismen, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, FRG
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