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Lima-de-faria A. Amplification of ribosomal DNA in acheta IX. The isolated ribosomal DNA-RNA complex studied in the scanning electron microscope. Hereditas 2009; 78:255-64. [PMID: 4463179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1974.tb01447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Abstract
Ever since it became clear through the work of Watson and Crick that the gene is a stretch of double stranded helical DNA and is understandable in chemical terms, biochemists have striven to get their hands on isolated genes. The isolation of the ribosomal genes of Xenopus laevis in 1966 provided a first instance where a purified DNA of known function could be investigated, long before the advent of gene cloning technologies. The second instance was the purification of the Lac operon from Escherichia coli. Later, but still before the gene cloning days the 5S RNA genes of X. laevis and the histone genes of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris were isolated by physico-chemical methods, but their isolation marked the end of an era. By 1975, gene cloning technology was well established and the isolation of genes quickly became an everyday occurrence.
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4
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Phillips S, Cotten M, Laengle-Rouault F, Schaffner G, Birnstiel ML. Amphibian oocytes and sphere organelles: are the U snRNA genes amplified? Chromosoma 1992; 101:549-56. [PMID: 1521499 DOI: 10.1007/bf00660314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The sphere organelles (spheres) of Xenopus and other amphibian oocytes are known to contain small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) and have been suggested to play a role in snRNP complex assembly. Coupled with the similarities that exist between spheres and nucleoli and the quantitative and kinetic aspects of snRNA synthesis in the Xenopus oocyte, we have investigated whether or not the U snRNA encoding genes are amplified in Xenopus oogenesis, the spheres being possible sites for the location of such extrachromosomal gene copies. By applying a number of quantitative nucleic acid hybridization procedures to both total and fractionated oocyte and somatic DNA, employing both homologous and heterologous U snRNA gene probes and suitable amplification and non-amplification control probes, we show that the U snRNA genes do not undergo any major amplification in Xenopus oogenesis. Therefore, the analogy between the sphere organelles and nucleoli appears to be limited. The role of the spheres and their relationship to other snRNP containing structures, specifically B snurposomes, and the sphere organizer loci remains obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Phillips
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Birnstiel ML. Gene isolation is 25 years old this month. Trends Genet 1990; 6:380-1. [PMID: 1708176 DOI: 10.1016/0168-9525(90)90283-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M L Birnstiel
- Forschunginstitut für Molekulare Pathologie, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Rowland RE. Nucleolus DNA synthesis inVicia faba root-tip meristems. Cell Mol Life Sci 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01952149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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8
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Detection of Somatic Variation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-42226-2.50015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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9
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General method for cloning amplified DNA by differential screening with genomic probes. Mol Cell Biol 1982. [PMID: 6896736 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.2.5.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant Syrian hamster cell lines resistant to N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate, a potent and specific inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamylase, have amplified the gene coding for the multifunctional protein (CAD) that includes this activity. The average amount of DNA amplified is approximately 500 kilobases per gene copy, about 20 times the length of the CAD gene itself. A differential screening method which uses genomic DNAs as probes was developed to isolate recombinant phage containing fragments of amplified DNA. One probe was prepared by reassociating fragments of total genomic DNA from 165-28, a mutant cell line with 190 times the wild-type complement of CAD genes, until all of the sequences repeated about 200 times were annealed and then isolating the double-stranded DNA with hydroxyapatite. This DNA was highly enriched in sequences from the entire amplified region, whereas the same sequences were very rare in DNA prepared similarly from wild-type cells. After both DNAs were labeled by nick translation, highly repeated sequences were removed by hybridization to immobilized total genomic DNA from wild-type cells. A library of cloned DNA fragments from mutant 165-28 was screened with both probes, and nine independent fragments containing about 165 kilobases of amplified DNA, including the CAD gene, have been isolated so far. These cloned DNAs can be used to study the structure of the amplified region, to evaluate the nature of the amplification event, and to investigate gene expression from the amplified DNA. For example, one amplified fragment included a gene coding for a 3.8-kilobase, cytoplasmic, polyadenylated RNA which was overproduced greatly in cells resistant to N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate. The method for cloning amplified DNA is general and can be used to evaluate the possible involvement of gene amplification in phenomena such as drug resistance, transformation, or differentiation. DNA fragments corresponding to any region amplified about 10-fold or more can be cloned, even if no function for the region is known. The method for removing highly repetitive sequences from genomic DNA probes should also be of general use.
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10
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Brison O, Ardeshir F, Stark GR. General method for cloning amplified DNA by differential screening with genomic probes. Mol Cell Biol 1982; 2:578-87. [PMID: 6896736 PMCID: PMC369828 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.2.5.578-587.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant Syrian hamster cell lines resistant to N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate, a potent and specific inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamylase, have amplified the gene coding for the multifunctional protein (CAD) that includes this activity. The average amount of DNA amplified is approximately 500 kilobases per gene copy, about 20 times the length of the CAD gene itself. A differential screening method which uses genomic DNAs as probes was developed to isolate recombinant phage containing fragments of amplified DNA. One probe was prepared by reassociating fragments of total genomic DNA from 165-28, a mutant cell line with 190 times the wild-type complement of CAD genes, until all of the sequences repeated about 200 times were annealed and then isolating the double-stranded DNA with hydroxyapatite. This DNA was highly enriched in sequences from the entire amplified region, whereas the same sequences were very rare in DNA prepared similarly from wild-type cells. After both DNAs were labeled by nick translation, highly repeated sequences were removed by hybridization to immobilized total genomic DNA from wild-type cells. A library of cloned DNA fragments from mutant 165-28 was screened with both probes, and nine independent fragments containing about 165 kilobases of amplified DNA, including the CAD gene, have been isolated so far. These cloned DNAs can be used to study the structure of the amplified region, to evaluate the nature of the amplification event, and to investigate gene expression from the amplified DNA. For example, one amplified fragment included a gene coding for a 3.8-kilobase, cytoplasmic, polyadenylated RNA which was overproduced greatly in cells resistant to N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate. The method for cloning amplified DNA is general and can be used to evaluate the possible involvement of gene amplification in phenomena such as drug resistance, transformation, or differentiation. DNA fragments corresponding to any region amplified about 10-fold or more can be cloned, even if no function for the region is known. The method for removing highly repetitive sequences from genomic DNA probes should also be of general use.
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11
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Thiébaud CH. Quantitative determination of amplified rDNA and its distribution during oogenesis in Xenopus laevis. Chromosoma 1979; 73:37-44. [PMID: 487908 DOI: 10.1007/bf00294842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The number of extra-chromosomal nucleoli and their rDNA content were determined during oogenesis in Xenopus laevis. The highly variable number of nucleoli (500 to 2,500) in oocytes of the same stage and from the same female or of different stages or from different females is not a measure of the extent of amplification. In all oocytes examined, a inversely proportional relation was found between the number of nucleoli in an oocyte and their mean rDNA content. These results indicate that there is no variation of the rDNA content of oocytes during oogenesis nor between oocytes of different females. The varying nucleolar numbers found in oocytes result thus from fusion and fission of pre-existing nucleoli. The determination of the rDNA content, in absolute units (35 pg), after amplification which occurs at the beginning of oogenesis, makes it possible to calculate the rDNA content of one nucleolus. This ranged from 0.7.10(-2) pg to 15.10(-2) pg, corresponding to about 500--11,000 cistrons of rDNA. No distinct size classes between these two extremes were observed.
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12
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Abstract
A fluorescent Feulgen-stain was adapted in order to demonstrate DNA-containing structures inside the amplified nucleoli of Xenopus laevis. At all stages of oogenesis this method reveals granules or complex structures of DNA in each nucleolus. The micronucleoli which do not stain with this method and which do not reveal an internal structure in low molarity saline, unlike real nucleoli are considered as nucleolus-like bodies. The DNA-containing structures in the nucleoli can be composed of one or several granules, or they can be arranged in a linear, reticulated or circular form, independant of any correlation with the stage of oogenesis.
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13
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Wolgemuth DJ, Jagiello GM, Henderson AS. Quantitation of ribosomal RNA genes in fetal human oocyte nuclei using rRNA: DNA hybridization in situ. Evidence for increased multiplicity. Exp Cell Res 1979; 118:181-90. [PMID: 569590 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(79)90596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Scalenghe F, Buscaglia M, Steinheil C, Crippa M. Large scale isolation of nuclei and nucleoli from vitellogenic oocytes of Xenopus laevis. Chromosoma 1978; 66:299-308. [PMID: 657930 DOI: 10.1007/bf00328531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new method is described which allows the purification of large quantities of nuclei (germinal vesicles) from Xenopus laevis vitellogenic oocytes of different developmental stages. From the isolated nuclei, purified nucleoli were obtained. The isolated germinal vesicles are transcriptionally active showing endogenous RNA polymerase activity as well as a high level of activity with an exogenously added template.
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16
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Graziani F, Caizzi R, Gargano S. Circular ribosomal DNA during ribosomal magnification in Drosophila melanogaster. J Mol Biol 1977; 112:49-63. [PMID: 407367 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(77)80155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Thomas C, Hanocq F, Heilporn V. Persistence of oocyte amplified rDNA during early development of Xenopus laevis eggs. Dev Biol 1977; 57:226-9. [PMID: 863108 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(77)90369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Santelli RV, Machado-Santelli GM, Lara FJ. In vitro transcription by isolated nuclei of Rhynchosciara americana salivary glands. Characteristics of incorporation and inhibition by alpha-amanitin. Chromosoma 1976; 56:69-84. [PMID: 976015 DOI: 10.1007/bf00293731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A method for the isolation of polytene nuclei from salivary glands cells of the Diptera Rhynchosciara americana is described. The stage-specific morphological pattern of the chromosome is maintained during the isolation. The isolated nuclei show two distinct RNA polymerase activities, namely I and II, characterized on the basis of ionic requirements and alpha-amanitin sensitivity. Studies of the product under the incubation conditions show that the system allows the synthesis of high-molecular weight RNA, beside a low molecular weight peak which may comprise pre-4S and 5S RNAs. Autoradiographic studies carried out in the presence or absence of the toxin alpha-amanitin showed that micronucleoli contain products of RNA polymerase type I activity (ribosomal RNA) and that the DNA puffs are engaged in alpha-amanitin sensitive RNA synthesis and thus are sites of polymerase type II activity.
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19
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Engel W, Franke W. Maternal storage in the mammalian oocyte. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1976; 62:29-52. [PMID: 1009788 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66458-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Hennen S, Mizuno S, Macgregor HC. In situ hybridization of ribosomal DNA labelled with 125iodine to metaphase and lampbrush chromosomes from newts. Chromosoma 1975; 50:349-69. [PMID: 1097214 DOI: 10.1007/bf00327074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Methods are described for in situ hybridization of ribosomal DNA from Xenopus laevis, labelled in vitro with 125iodine, to mitotic and lampbrush chromosomes from Triturus cristatus carnifex. The hybridization reaction was carried out in a mixture containing 50% formamide, 4 X SSC, 0.1 M KI, at 37 degrees C, or in 2 X SSC, 0.1 M KI at 65 degrees C. Autoradiographs of mitotic metaphases from 2 males showed labelling over the middle of the short arm of one chromosome IX in each metaphase. In some cases, a region near the end of a longer chromosome was also labelled. In a lampbrush preparations, labelling was confined to a region identified as about 53 units, near the middle of the short arm of both halves of bivalent IX. The usefulness of the technique and the significance of the labelling of only 1 of the 2 chromosomes IX in mitotic preparations are discussed.
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21
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Saito K, Mitsuhashi S. Ribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase in the immune response. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1975; 19:433-9. [PMID: 1230509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1975.tb00959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)-dependent RNA polymerase activity was demonstrated in the microsomal and ribosomal fraction from the spleen cells of immunized mice. The enzyme activity was solubilized by Triton X-100 from the fraction and partially purified by Biogel A 1.5 m column chromatography. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity was eluted in a single peak from the column. High activity was demonstrated with an RNA polymerase activity was eluted in a single peak from the column. High activity was demonstrated with an RAN preparation (iotaRNA) as template made from the spleens of immunized mice but very low activity was found with an RNA preparation made from the spleens of normal mice. Incorporation of 3H-UTP markedly decreased in the presence of RNase but not in the presence of DNase. DNA preparations made from the spleens of immunized mice were inactive as template for this enzyme. The iotaRNA preparation was fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A fraction corresponding to 12-13 S was most active as a template. It was followed by a fraction corresponding to 6-7 S. Sucrose gradient analysis of the 3H-UTP-labeled product was attempted. Some properties of this enzyme are described.
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22
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Renkawitz R, Kunz W. Independent replication of the ribosomal RNA genes in the polytrophic-meroistic ovaries of Calliphora erythrocephala, Drosophila hydei, and Sarcophaga barbata. Chromosoma 1975; 53:131-40. [PMID: 1201686 DOI: 10.1007/bf00333041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
By filter saturation hybridizations the ribosomal (r)DNA contents of the ovaries Calliphora erythrocephala, Drosophila hydei, and Sarcophaga barbata have been measured in comparison to the rDNA percentages of their diploid brains. The measurements of the ovarian rDNA have been carried out on ovaries where the nurse cells in the distal egg chamber of the ovarioles had reached their highest ploidy level. The diploid rDNA content of each of the respective species was chosen as a 100% standard and the rDNA amounts of the ovaries were related to this 100% level. The results show that the ovaries of C. erythrocephala contain 135% rDNA whereas the rDNA contents in the ovaries of D. hydei and S. barbata are only 51% and 47%, respectively. Measurements carried out on isolated nuclei of the nurse cells and follicle cells in D. hydei show that both have a reduced rDNA content in comparison to the brains (45% and 70%, respectively). The data are discussed in relation to the problem of an rDNA amplification in the germ cells and an rDNA underreplication in polyploid nuclei.
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23
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Moav N, Moav B, Frensdorff A. Reassociation kinetics of deoxyribonucleic acid in antigen-stimulated mouse-spleen cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 54:419-25. [PMID: 1175593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb04152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to directly compare the complexity of the genome of lymphoid cells which have been antigenically stimulated, with that of non-immunized and non-lymphoid cells, DNA was pulse labeled and extracted from BALB/c mouse spleen cells at various time intervals after antigenic stimulation in vivo; the reassociation rates of these newly synthesized DNA preparations were compared with those of the total mouse spleen DNA, obtained from same sources and at the same times. DNA labeled for 60 min at 43, 53, or 72 h after antigenic restimulation, reassociated faster than the corresponding total DNA. On the other hand, the ressociation profile of DNA, labeled for 60 min during the first 24 after restimulation did not differ from that of the total DNA extracted at the same time. When labeled thymidine was available for incorporation at a constant concentration over a period of 24 h, reassociation patterns of labeled DNA were identical to those of the corresponding total DNA at all times after restimulation. Newly synthesized nuclear DNA exhibited reassociation profiles identical to those of the corresponding total nuclear DNA at all times tested. Also, no differences between the reassociation rates of nuclear and total cellular DNA were observed. It was concluded that antigenic stimualtion does not induce a major amplification of genes in the stimulated cells, and that the rapidly reassociating DNA species described represent extranuclear (cytoplasmic) DNA.
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24
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Mazabraud A, Wegnez M, Denis H. Biochemical research on oogenesis. RNA accumulation in the oocytes of teleosts. Dev Biol 1975; 44:326-32. [PMID: 1132596 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(75)90403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Stahl A, Luciani JM, Devictor M, Capodano AM, Gagné R. Constitutive heterochromatin and micronucleoli in the human oocyte at the diplotene stage. HUMANGENETIK 1975; 26:315-27. [PMID: 1171076 DOI: 10.1007/bf00285383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the diplotene stage of the human oocyte, the processes of elaboration of the nucleolar material are amplified. The principal nucleoli are more voluminous but their relations with the secondary constrictions and the satellites of the D and G chromosomes are not modified. Numerous micronucleoli, frequently to the number of 15-20 this stage. The most remarkable point is their association to various segments of constitutive heterochromatin: centromeric regions, secondary constrictions of the C9 and probably of the A1 and E16. These observations reveal that the human oocyte at the diplotene stage shows an amplification of the ribosomal cistrons. This phenomenon is homologous, to a more reduced scale, of this described from the inferior vetebrates. Besides, the role of heterochromatin in the synthesis of nucleolar material without the intervention of the classic nucleolar organizers is suggested.
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26
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Marrakechi M. [Study of a non deleted bobbed mutant (author's transl)]. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1974; 135:213-29. [PMID: 4218302 DOI: 10.1007/bf00268617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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28
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Hanocq F, De Schutter A, Hubert E, Brachet J. Cytochemical and biochemical studies on progesterone-induced maturation in amphibian oocytes. 2. DNA synthesis. Differentiation 1974; 2:75-90. [PMID: 4611818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1974.tb00339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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29
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Hamkalo BA, Miller OL. Fine structure of active genes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1974; 3:1-14. [PMID: 4595838 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-4529-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Church RB, Schultz GA. Differential gene activity in the pre- and postimplantation mammalian embryo. Curr Top Dev Biol 1974; 8:179-202. [PMID: 4596578 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(08)60609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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32
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Kunz W, Eckhardt RA. The chromosomal distribution of satellite DNA in the germ-line and somatic tissues of the gall midge, Heteropeza pygmaea. Chromosoma 1974; 47:1-19. [PMID: 4434811 DOI: 10.1007/bf00326268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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33
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Abstract
A cytoplasmic, microsomal bound RNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been purified 2500-fold from rabbit reticulocyte lysates. The synthesis of RNA with the purified enzyme is absolutely dependent on the addition of an RNA template. The best template is hemoglobin messenger RNA, while bacteriophage RNA and poly(A,G) are less active, and DNA is completely inactive as a template. With poly(A,G) as a template, only UTP and CTP are incorporated into polynucleotide chains, indicating that the RNA polymerase is an RNA replicase and not a terminal transferase. With messenger RNA as a template, all four ribonucleoside triphosphates are required for maximal activity. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase reaction is extremely sensitive to low concentrations of heme, rifamycin AF/013, and ribonuclease and resistant to actinomycin D and DNase. The discovery of RNA-directed RNA synthesis in reticulocytes offers an additional site for control of gene expression in mammalian cells and provides a possible mechanism for amplification of the expression of specific genes.
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34
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Denis H, Wegnez M. [Biochemical research on oogenesis. 7. Synthesis and maturation of 5S RNA in the small oocytes of Xenopus laevis]. Biochimie 1973; 55:1137-51. [PMID: 4799005 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(73)80453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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35
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Harbers E, Sandritter W. [Structure and function of chromatin (author's transl)]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1973; 51:631-43. [PMID: 4584186 DOI: 10.1007/bf01468167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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36
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Bird A, Rogers E, Birnstiel M. Is gene amplification RNA-directed? NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1973; 242:226-30. [PMID: 4121991 DOI: 10.1038/newbio242226a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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37
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Goebel W, Schrempf H. Isolation of minicircular deoxyribonucleic acids from wild strains of Escherichia coli and their relationship to other bacterial plasmids. J Bacteriol 1972; 111:696-704. [PMID: 4340922 PMCID: PMC251342 DOI: 10.1128/jb.111.3.696-704.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Supercoiled minicircular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules with molecular weights of 1.8 x 10(6) and 2.3 x 10(6) have been isolated from two wild strains of Escherichia coli. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments indicate that these DNA molecules share extended homologies with the minicircular DNA of E. coli 15. The DNA of the colicinogenic factor E1 (ColE1) also hybridizes to a large extent with minicircular DNA of E. coli 15. In contrast, no hybridization could be detected with various large extrachromosomal DNA elements such as the colicinogenic factor V (ColV), the beta-hemolytic factor (Hly), or the P1-like DNA of E. coli 15. Two different insertion DNA species of E. coli integrated into lambdadg-DNA (lambdadg UP(in) 128, lambdadg UP(in) 308) do not show any annealing with minicircular DNA of E. coli 15.
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38
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Papaconstantinou J, Bradshaw WS, Chin ET, Julku EM. Synthesis of satellite DNA in Rhynchosciara hollaenderi. Dev Biol 1972; 28:649-61. [PMID: 5049529 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(72)90009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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39
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Abstract
A complex of ribosomal DNA with RNA has been isolated from ovaries of metamorphosing tadpoles of Xenopus laevis. The complex is disrupted by treatments that destroy hydrogen bonds, and the sedimentation of the DNA within the complex is sensitive to RNase. We suggest that the RNA-ribosomal DNA complex is an intermediate in the synthesis of amplified ribosomal DNA and that the RNA is a template. In addition, in a preliminary attempt to mimic the amplification process in vitro, we have demonstrated the use of this RNA from the complex as a template for DNA synthesis by a DNA polymerase isolated from ovaries of Xenopus.
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Coggins LW, Gall JG. The timing of meiosis and DNA synthesis during early oogenesis in the toad, Xenopus laevis. J Cell Biol 1972; 52:569-76. [PMID: 5009519 PMCID: PMC2108647 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.52.3.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently metamorphosed female Xenopus laevis toads were injected with tritiated thymidine. Animals were kept at 20 degrees C and were sacrificed 1-23 days after isotope injection. Radio-autographs of squash preparations of the ovaries were made. The progress of labeled germ cell nuclei was followed to obtain information on the time course of early meiosis and extra-chromosomal DNA synthesis. Premeiotic S was estimated to take not more than 7 days. Leptotene takes 4 days, zygotene takes 5 days, and pachytene was estimated to be completed in about 18 days. The major period of amplification of the extrachromosomal DNA occurs in pachytene and takes about 13 days. A low level of synthesis was observed before and after this period, in zygotene and late pachytene-early diplotene, extending the total time for extrachromosomal DNA synthesis during meiosis to about 18 days. These data allowed the calculation to be made that one round of replication of the amplified DNA takes between 1.2 and 3.0 days. It was also found that in both oogonial and premeiotic interphases, the nucleolus-associated DNA shows asynchronous (probably late) labeling with respect to the chromosomes.
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Miller OL, Hamkalo BA. Visualization of RNA synthesis on chromosomes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1972; 33:1-25. [PMID: 4562602 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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43
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Avanzi S, Durante M, Cionini PG, D'Amato F. Cytological localization of ribosomal cistrons in polytene chromosomes of Phaseolus coccineus. Chromosoma 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00319842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Crippa M, Tocchini-Valentini GP. Synthesis of amplified DNA that codes for ribosomal RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971; 68:2769-73. [PMID: 5288254 PMCID: PMC389521 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.68.11.2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the amplification stage in ovaries, the complete repetitive unit of the DNA that codes for ribosomal RNA in Xenopus appears to be transcribed. This large RNA transcript is found in a complex with DNA. Substitution experiments with 5-bromodeoxyuridine do not show any evidence that a complete amplified cistron is used as a template for further amplification. A derivative of rifampicin, 2',5'-dimethyl-N(4')benzyl-N(4')[desmethyl] rifampicin, preferentially inhibits the DNA synthesis responsible for ribosomal gene amplification. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that RNA-dependent DNA synthesis is involved in gene amplification.
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Bird AP, Birnstiel ML. The relationship between protein synthesis and ribosomal DNA amplification in Xenopus laevis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 247:157-63. [PMID: 5160752 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(71)90819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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46
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Meneghini R, Armelin HA, Balsamo J, Lara FJ. Indication of gene amplification in Rhynchosciara by RNA-DNA hybridization. J Cell Biol 1971; 49:913-6. [PMID: 5559845 PMCID: PMC2108487 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.49.3.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Quincey RV. The number and location of genes for 5S ribonucleic acid within the genome of Drosophila melanogaster. Biochem J 1971; 123:227-33. [PMID: 5127336 PMCID: PMC1176927 DOI: 10.1042/bj1230227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
DNA was prepared from wild-type and two mutant stocks of Drosophila melanogaster that differed in their dosage of the nucleolar organizer region. The relative amounts of DNA from the nucleolar organizer region in these preparations of DNA were determined by hybridization with (3)H-labelled 28S rRNA. As expected, the amount of (3)H-labelled 28S rRNA that hybridized was directly related to the dosage of nucleolar organizer region. No positive correlation was observed between the amount of (3)H-labelled 5S RNA that hybridized and the dosage of nucleolar organizer region. Thus genes for 5S RNA are located primarily, if not exclusively, outside the nucleolar organizer region. The haploid genome of the wild-type D. melanogaster used in this work has 106 genes for 28S rRNA and 96-105 genes for 5S RNA.
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Wallace H, Morray J, Langridge WH. Alternative model for gene amplification. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 230:201-3. [PMID: 5280167 DOI: 10.1038/newbio230201a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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49
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50
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