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Kuntz M, Keller M, Crouse EJ, Burkard G, Weil JH. Fractionation and identification of Euglena gracilis cytoplasmic and chloroplastic tRNAs and mapping of tRNA genes on chloroplast DNA. Curr Genet 2013; 6:63-9. [PMID: 24186373 DOI: 10.1007/bf00397643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/1982] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic and chloroplast tRNAs of Euglena gracilis Z strain were fractionated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified by aminoacylation. Purified chloroplast tRNAs, labeled in vitro with |(32)P|, were hybridized to endonuclease restriction fragments of chloroplast DNA, allowing the corresponding tRNA genes to be localized on the physical map of Euglena chloroplast DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kuntz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 15 rue Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France
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2
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Marechal-Drouard L, Small I, Weil JH, Dietrich A. Transfer RNA import into plant mitochondria. Methods Enzymol 1995; 260:310-27. [PMID: 8592456 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(95)60148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
MESH Headings
- Biological Transport
- Cell Fractionation/methods
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA, Mitochondrial/isolation & purification
- DNA, Mitochondrial/metabolism
- DNA, Plant/isolation & purification
- DNA, Plant/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional/methods
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel/methods
- Electroporation/methods
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Plant
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/ultrastructure
- Plants/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- RNA/isolation & purification
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Mitochondrial
- RNA, Plant/isolation & purification
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal/isolation & purification
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer/isolation & purification
- RNA, Transfer/metabolism
- Solanum tuberosum/metabolism
- Transformation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marechal-Drouard
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plante du CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
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3
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Maréchal-Drouard L, Guillemaut P, Cosset A, Arbogast M, Weber F, Weil JH, Dietrich A. Transfer RNAs of potato (Solanum tuberosum) mitochondria have different genetic origins. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:3689-96. [PMID: 2374706 PMCID: PMC331066 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.13.3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Total transfer RNAs were extracted from highly purified potato mitochondria. From quantitative measurements, the in vivo tRNA concentration in mitochondria was estimated to be in the range of 60 microM. Total potato mitochondrial tRNAs were fractionated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thirty one individual tRNAs, which could read all sense codons, were identified by aminoacylation, sequencing or hybridization to specific oligonucleotides. The tRNA population that we have characterized comprises 15 typically mitochondrial, 5 'chloroplast-like' and 11 nuclear-encoded species. One tRNA(Ala), 2 tRNAs(Arg), 1 tRNA(Ile), 5 tRNAs(Leu) and 2 tRNAs(Thr) were shown to be coded for by nuclear DNA. A second, mitochondrial-encoded, tRNA(Ile) was also found. Five 'chloroplast-like' tRNAs, tRNA(Trp), tRNA(Asn), tRNA(His), tRNA(Ser)(GGA) and tRNA(Met)m, presumably transcribed from promiscuous chloroplast DNA sequences inserted in the mitochondrial genome, were identified, but, in contrast to wheat (1), potato mitochondria do not seem to contain 'chloroplast-like' tRNA(Cys) and tRNA(Phe). The two identified tRNAs(Val), as well as the tRNA(Gly), were found to be coded for by the mitochondrial genome, which again contrasts with the situation in wheat, where the mitochondrial genome apparently contains no tRNA(Val) or tRNA(Gly) gene (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Maréchal-Drouard
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
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4
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Peterson D, Schön A, Söll D. The nucleotide sequences of barley cytoplasmic glutamate transfer RNAs and structural features essential for formation of δ-aminolevulinic acid. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1988; 11:293-299. [PMID: 24272342 DOI: 10.1007/bf00027386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/1988] [Accepted: 05/23/1988] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In chloroplasts and a number of prokaryotes, δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the universal precursor of porphyrins, is synthesized by a multistep enzymatic pathway with glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) as an intermediate. The ALA synthesizing system from barley chloroplasts is highly specific in its tRNA requirement for chloroplast tRNA(Glu); a number of other Glu-tRNAs are inactive in ALA formation although they can be glutamylated by chloroplast aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. In order to obtain more information about the structural features defining the ability of a tRNA to be recognized by the ALA synthesizing enzymes, we purified and sequenced two cytoplasmic tRNA(Glu) species from barley embryos which are inactive in ALA synthesis. By using glutamylated tRNAs as a substrate for the overall reaction, we showed that Glu-tRNA reductase is the enzyme responsible for tRNA discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Peterson
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 6666, 06511, New Haven, CT, USA
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5
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Schön A, Kannangara CG, Gough S, Söll D. Protein biosynthesis in organelles requires misaminoacylation of tRNA. Nature 1988; 331:187-90. [PMID: 3340166 DOI: 10.1038/331187a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the course of our studies on transfer RNA involvement in chlorophyll biosynthesis, we have determined the structure of chloroplast glutamate tRNA species. Barley chloroplasts contain in addition to a tRNA(Glu) species at least two other glutamate-accepting tRNAs. We now show that the sequences of these tRNAs differ significantly: they are differentially modified forms of tRNA(Gln) (as judged by their UUG anticodon). These mischarged Glu-tRNA(Gln) species can be converted in crude chloroplast extracts to Gln-tRNA(Gln). This reaction requires a specific amidotransferase and glutamine or asparagine as amide donors. Aminoacylation studies show that chloroplasts, plant and animal mitochondria, as well as cyanobacteria, lack any detectable glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase activity. Therefore, the requirement for glutamine in protein synthesis in these cells and organelles is provided by the conversion of glutamate attached to an 'incorrectly' charged tRNA. A similar situation has been described for several species of Gram-positive bacteria. Thus, it appears that the occurrence of this pathway of Gln-tRNA(Gln) formation is widespread among organisms and is a function conserved during evolution. These findings raise questions about the origin of organelles and about the evolution of the mechanisms maintaining accuracy in protein biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schön
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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6
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Pfitzinger H, Guillemaut P, Weil JH, Pillay DT. Adjustment of the tRNA population to the codon usage in chloroplasts. Nucleic Acids Res 1987; 15:1377-86. [PMID: 3822833 PMCID: PMC340555 DOI: 10.1093/nar/15.4.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In chloroplasts there is a correlation between the amounts of tRNAs specific for a given amino acid and the codons specifying this amino acid. Furthermore, for the amino acids coded for by more than one codon, the population of isoaccepting tRNAs is adjusted to the frequency of synonymous codons used in chloroplast protein genes. A comparison by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the tRNA populations extracted from chloroplasts and from chloroplast polysomes shows that all chloroplast tRNAs are involved in protein biosynthesis.
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7
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Green GA, Marechal L, Weil JH, Guillemaut P. APhaseolus vulgaris mitochondrial tRNA(Leu) is identical to its cytoplasmic counterpart: sequencing andin vivo transcription of the gene corresponding to the cytoplasmic tRNA(Leu.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1987; 10:13-19. [PMID: 24277459 DOI: 10.1007/bf00014182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/1987] [Accepted: 09/03/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report here that the sequence ofP. vulgaris mitochondrial and cytoplasmic tRNA(Leu) (NAA) are identical except for a post-transcriptional modification. There is an unidentified modification at the "wobble" position which, from the sequence of the nuclear tRNA(Leu) gene, we identify as a derivative of C. We also show that thisP. vulgaris nuclear gene is functional by demonstrating its transcription in anin vivo eukaryotic transcription system.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Green
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Louis Pasteur, 15 rue Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France
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8
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Isolation and characterization of chloroplast and cytoplasmic transfer RNAs. Methods Enzymol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(86)18075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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9
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Bergmann P, Seyer P, Burkard G, Weil JH. Mapping of transfer RNA genes on tobacco chloroplast DNA. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1984; 3:29-36. [PMID: 24310257 DOI: 10.1007/bf00023413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/1983] [Revised: 11/01/1983] [Accepted: 11/04/1983] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco chloroplast tRNAs have been purified by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, identified by aminoacylation, labelled at their 3'-end and hybridized to tobacco chloroplast DNA restriction fragments, in order to establish a tRNA gene map. These hybridization studies have revealed the localization of at least seven genes in each inverted repeat region, a minimum of 22 tRNA genes in the large single copy region and one tRNA gene in the small single copy region. Comparison of the tobacco chloroplast tRNA gene map to that of maize shows many similarities, but also some differences suggesting that DNA sequence rearrangements have occurred in the chloroplast genome during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bergmann
- Institute de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Louis Pasteur, 15 rue René Descartes, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
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10
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Steinmetz AA, Krebbers ET, Schwarz Z, Gubbins EJ, Bogorad L. Nucleotide sequences of five maize chloroplast transfer RNA genes and their flanking regions. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)81919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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Selden RF, Steinmetz A, McIntosh L, Bogorad L, Burkard G, Mubumbila M, Kuntz M, Crouse EJ, Weil JH. Transfer RNA genes ofZea mays chloroplast DNA. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1983; 2:141-153. [PMID: 24318208 DOI: 10.1007/bf01578514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/1983] [Revised: 07/07/1983] [Accepted: 07/07/1983] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A minimum of 37 genes corresponding to tRNAs for 17 different amino acids have been localized on the restriction endonuclease cleavage site map of theZea mays chloroplast DNA molecule. Of these, 14 genes corresponding to tRNAs for 11 amino acids are located in the larger of the two single-copy regions which separate the two inverted copies of the repeat region. One tRNA gene is in the smaller single-copy region. Each copy of the large repeated sequence contains, in addition to the ribosomal RNA genes, 11 tRNA genes corresponding to tRNAs for 8 amino acids. The genes for tRNA2 (Ile) and tRNA(Ala) map in the ribosomal spacer sequence separating the 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA genes. The three isoaccepting species for the tRNAs(Leu) and the three for tRNAs(Ser), as well as the two isoaccepting species for tRNA(Asn), tRNA(Gly), tRNAs(Ile), tRNAs(Met), tRNAs(Thr), are shown to be encoded at different loci.Two independent methods have been used for the localization of tRNA genes on the physical map of the maize chloroplast DNA molecule: (a) cloned chloroplast DNA fragments were hybridized with radioactively-labelled total 4S RNAs, the hybridized RNAs were then eluted, and identified by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and (b) individual tRNAs were(32)P-labelledin vitro and hybridized to DNA fragments generated by digestion of maize chloroplast DNA with various restriction endonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Selden
- The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Mubumbila M, Gordon KH, Crouse EJ, Burkard G, Weil JH. Construction of the physical map of the chloroplast DNA of Phaseolus vulgaris and localization of ribosomal and transfer RNA genes. Gene 1983; 21:257-66. [PMID: 6852528 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(83)90009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Construction of a physical map of the chloroplast DNA from Phaseolus vulgaris showed that this circular molecule is segmentally organized into four regions. Unlike other chloroplast DNAs which have analogous organization, two single-copy regions that separate two inverted repeats have been demonstrated to exist in both relative orientations, giving rise to two populations of DNA molecules. Hybridization studies using individual rRNA and tRNA species revealed the location of a set of rRNA genes and at least seven tRNA genes in each inverted repeat region, a minimum of 17 tRNA genes in the large single-copy region and one tRNA gene in the small single-copy region. The tRNA genes code for 24 tRNA species corresponding to 16 amino acids. Comparison of this gene map with those of other chloroplast DNAs suggests that DNA sequence rearrangements, involving some tRNA genes, have occurred.
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13
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Souciet G, Dietrich A, Colas B, Razafimahatratra P, Weil JH. Purification and properties of chloroplast leucyl-tRNA synthetase from a higher plant: Phaseolus vulgaris. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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14
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Sinclair D, Pillay D. Localization of tRNAs and Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases in Cytoplasm, Chloroplasts and Mitochondria of Glycine max, L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(81)80069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Felter S, Diatewa M, Schneider C, Stahl AJ. Yeast mitochondrial and cytoplasmic valyl-tRNA synthetases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 98:727-34. [PMID: 7013764 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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16
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Canaday J, Guillemaut P, Gloeckler R, Weil JH. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of chloroplast tRNAsPhe and tRNAs3Leu from spinach and bean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(80)90069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Economidis IV, Wagner RP. Studies on the regulation of the branched chain amino acyl-tRNA synthetases of the fungusNeurospora crassa. Dev Genes Evol 1980; 189:171-180. [PMID: 28305172 DOI: 10.1007/bf00868675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/1980] [Accepted: 08/27/1980] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The specific activities of the branched chain amino acyl-tRNA synthetases from the cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions ofN. crassa were low in dormant conidia and increased during germination, reaching a maximum 8 h after inoculation. This stage of development is characterised by high rates of many other cellular activities.The increases in activity of synthetases of both cytosol and mitochondria are inhibited by cycloheximide indicating that they are synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes. The mitochondrial synthetases show a stimulation of their specific activity when mitochondrial RNA and protein synthesis are inhibited by either ethidium bromide or chloramphenicol suggesting that a mitochondrial translation product regulates the synthesis of the mitochondrial synthetases.The activities of amino acyl-tRNA synthetases are dependent on energy production. When respiration is uncoupled from oxidative phosphorylation, synthetase specific activities decrease although the activities of other mitochondrial enzymes like NADH-dehydrogenase increase. This phenomenon suggests that more than one mechanism regulates the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins which are formed on cytoplasmic ribosomes.The synthesis of branched chain amino acyl-tRNA synthetases ofNeurospora is neither repressed by their cognate amino acids, nor is there inhibition by the precursors of these amino acids, as has been observed in other amino acyl-tRNA synthetases of various organism includingNeurospora.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R P Wagner
- Genetic Institute, University of Texas at Austin, USA
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18
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Mubumbila M, Burkard G, Keller M, Steinmetz A, Crouse E, Weil JH. Hybridization of bean, spinach, maize and Euglena chloroplast transfer RNAs with homologous and heterologous chloroplast DNAs. An approach to the study of homology between chloroplast tRNAs from various species. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 609:31-9. [PMID: 7407185 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(80)90198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast tRNAs from two dicotyledons (spinach and bean), a monocotyledon (maize) and a green alga (Euglena) have been fractionated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The individual tRNAs have been identified, albeled with 125I or 32P, and used in tRNA-DNA hybridization experiments. Spinach chloroplast tRNAs hybridize as well, and maize chloroplast tRNAs almost as well as bean chloroplast tRNAs to bean chloroplast DNA, thus suggesting a high degree of homology between the chloroplast tRNAs from the two dicotyledons and between the tRNAs from the two dicotyledons and those of the monocotyledon. But Euglena total chloroplast tRNA hybridizes very poorly to bean chloroplast DNA, and among the 14 individual tRNAs tested, only one, Euglena chloroplast tRNAPhe, hybridizes to both maize and bean chloroplast DNAs, which is in good agreement with the fact that Euglena and bean chloroplast tRNAsPhe have almost identical primary structures.
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19
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Osorio-Almeida ML, Guillemaut P, Keith G, Canaday J, Weil JH. Primary structure of three leucine transfer RNAs from bean chloroplast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 92:102-8. [PMID: 7356445 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)91525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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21
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22
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Driesel AJ, Crouse EJ, Gordon K, Bohnert HJ, Herrmann RG, Steinmetz A, Mubumbila M, Keller M, Burkard G, Weil JH. Fractionation and identification of spinach chloroplast transfer RNAs and mapping of their genes on the restriction map of chloroplast DNA. Gene 1979; 6:285-306. [PMID: 499808 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(79)90070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinach chloroplast 4S RNAs has been separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into about 35 species. After extraction from the gel, 27 of these RNA species were identified by aminoacylation as tRNAs specific for 16 amino acids. Individual tRNAs were labeled in vitro with 125I and hybridized to DNA fragments obtained by digestion of spinach chloroplast DNA with KpnI, PstI, SalI and XmaI restriction endonucleases. A minimum of 21 genes corresponding to tRNAs for 14 different amino acids have been localized on the restriction endonuclease cleavage site map of the DNA molecule. Of these, 15 genes corresponding to tRNAs for 12 amino acids are located in the larger of the two single-copy regions which separate the two inverted copies of the repeat region. Each copy of this repeat region contains a set of genes for the ribosomal RNAs and a gene for tRNA2Ile in the "spacer" sequence between the 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs. The genes for tRNA1Ile, tRNA2Leu and tRNA3Leu also map in the repeat region, but outside the ribosomal DNA unit. At present, two more chloroplast tRNAs (for Pro and Lys) have been identified, but not mapped, while 4 unidentified 4S RNAs have been mapped in the large single-copy region of the DNA molecule. Evidence is presented that isoaccepting tRNA species can be transcripts from different loci.
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23
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Adler K, Brecht E, Meister A, Schmidt O, Süss KH. Die Chloroplasten-Thylakoid-Membran: Biogenese, Pigmentorganisation, Protein-Funktionsbeziehungen und Degeneration während der Seneszenz. Eine Übersicht. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02015427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Montasser Kouhsari S, Keith G, Weil JH. Methylation of yeast tRNAPhe by enzymes from cytoplasm, chloroplasts and mitochondria of Phaseolus vulgaris. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 521:576-83. [PMID: 737182 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(78)90299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pure yeast tRNAPhe was used as a substrate to compare the tRNA methylating activities in Phaseolus vulgaris cytoplasm, chloroplasts and mitochondria, in the presence of S-adenosyl[Me-3H]methionine. The resulting [Me-3H]-tRNAPhe was then analyzed, using the techniques of nucleotide sequence determination. Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes catalyze the methylation (into m5C) of C48 present in the extra-loop, while chloroplast enzyme preparations catalyze the modification (into m1A) of A14 present in the dihydrouridine loop of tRNAPhe.
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25
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26
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Characterization of Phaseolus vulgaris cytoplasmic, chloroplastic and mitochondrial tRNAsPhe; Aminoacylation by homologous and heterologous enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(78)90067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Viotti A, Balducci C, Weil JH. Adaptation of the tRNA population of maize endosperm for zein synthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 517:125-32. [PMID: 245310 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(78)90040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maize endosperm, 30 days after pollination is actively synthesizing zein, a storage protein containing high amounts of glutamine. leucine and alanine. Endosperm tRNAs have a higher accepting activity than embryo tRNAs for these three amino acids, but not for some other (control) amino acids. This increase in accepting activity is accompanied by a change in the distribution of the isoaccepting tRNA species corresponding to these three amino acids, but not of the isoacceptors corresponding to some other (control) amino acids. These results are in favor of the theory of functional adaptation of tRNA population.
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28
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Cornelis P. Use of high salt sepharose 4B chromatography for the extraction of tRNA from plant tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(78)90046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Barnett WE, Schwartzbach SD, Hecker LI. The transfer RNAs of eukaryotic organelles. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1978; 21:143-79. [PMID: 358277 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Dubois E, Weil J. A 7-methylguanine tRNA methylase present in crown-gall cells but absent in normal Parthenocissus tricuspidata L. cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(77)90158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Ramiasa J, Guillemaut P, Weil JH. Codon recognition pattern of Phaseolus vulgaris cytoplasmic and chloroplastic tRNAs. FEBS Lett 1977; 75:128-32. [PMID: 852572 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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32
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Steinmetz A, Well JH. Hybridization of bean chloroplast transfer RNAs to chloroplast DNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 454:429-35. [PMID: 999912 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(76)90269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) chloroplast tRNAsLeu and tRNAsPhe hybridize to chloroplast DNA, whereas the corresponding cytoplasmic tRNA species do not, suggesting that chloroplast transfer RNAs are coded for by chloroplast DNA. The hybridization of the three chloroplast tRNAsLeu or of the two tRNAsPhe isoacceptors is not additive, and the isoacceptors compete with each other in the hybridization to chloroplast DNA, suggesting that these isoacceptors are coded for by the same gene(s) and differ only in the extent of post-transcriptional modification. Although hererologous aminoacylation reactions and comparisons of base composition suggest a resemblance between chloroplast and procaryotic tRNAs, only a slight cross hybridization reaction was observed between chloroplast and Escherichia coli leucyl- or phenylalanyl-tRNAs and DNAs.
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Haff LA, Bogorad L. Hybridization of maize chloroplast DNA with transfer ribonucleic acids. Biochemistry 1976; 15:4105-9. [PMID: 963025 DOI: 10.1021/bi00663a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hybridization of [125I] tRNA to chloroplast DNA indicates that 0.60-0.75% of maize chloroplast DNA contains sequences complementary to maize tRNA, corresponding to 20-26 tRNA cistrons. Green maize seedlings contain about twice the amount of chloroplast DNA-hybridizable tRNA as etiolated maize seedings. tRNA from green or etiolated maize seedlings was also aminoacylated in vitro with 21 labeled amino acids and then incubated with filters containing chloroplast DNA, tRNAs charging a total of at least 16 different amino acids hybridized with chloroplast DNA. Most of these plastid aminoacyl-tRNAs were present in higher concentrations in tRNA isolated from green maize seedlings, although there were several exceptions. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that a complete or nearly complete set or tRNAs can be transcribed from chloroplast DNA.
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Jeannin G, Burkard G, Weil JH. Aminoacylation of Phaseolus vulgaris cytoplasmic, chloroplastic and mitochondrial tRNAsPro and tRNAsLys by homologous and heterologous enzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 442:24-31. [PMID: 953001 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(76)90171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic prolyl-tRNA synthetase can be separated by hydroxyapatite chromatography, from the enzyme present in the chloroplasts and in the mitochondria (organellar enzyme). The cytoplasmic lysyl-tRNA synthetase can also be separated from the organellar enzyme. There are two tRNAsPro in the cytoplasm; they can be charged by the cytoplasmic enzyme, but not by the organellar enzyme or the Escherichia coli enzyme. Chloroplasts contain, in addition to the two cytoplasmic tRNAsPro, one chloroplast-specific tRNAPro, which is not recognized by the cytoplasmic enzyme, but can be charged by the organellar or the E. coli enzyme. Mitochondria contain, in addition to the two cytoplasmic tRNAsPro, two mitochondria-specific tRNAsPro, which are not recognized by the cytoplasmic enzyme, but can be charged by the organellar or the E. coli enzyme. There are two tRNAsLys in the cytoplasm. Both can be charged by the cytoplasmic enzyme, but one can be charged by the organellar or E. coli enzyme. Chloroplasts contain in addition to one cytoplasmic tRNALys, one chloroplast-specific tRNALys which can only be charged by the organellar or E. coli enzyme. Mitochondria contain, in addition to one cytoplasmic tRNALys, one mitochondria-specific tRNALys which can only be charged by the organellar or E. coli enzyme.
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Abstract
Transfer RNA's were isolated from Euglena gracilis. Chloroplast cistrons for tRNA were quantitated by hybridizing tRNA to ct DNA. Species of tRNA hybridizing to ct DNA were partially purified by hybridization-chromatography. The tRNA's hybridizing to ct DNA and nuclear DNA appear to be different. Total cellular tRNA was hybridized to ct DNA to an equivalent of approximately 25 cistrons. The total cellular tRNA was also separated into 2 fractions by chromatography on dihydroxyboryl substituted amino ethyl cellulose. Fraction I hybridized to both nuclear and ct DNA. Hybridizations to ct DNA indicated approximately 18 cistrons. Fraction II-tRNA hybridized only to ct DNA, saturating at a level of approximately 7 cistrons. The tRNA from isolated chloroplasts hybridized to both chloroplast and nuclear DNA. The level of hybridization to ct DNA indicated approximately 18 cistrons. Fraction II-type tRNA could not be detected in the isolated chloroplasts.
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Guillemaut P, Martin R, Weil JH. Purification and base composition of a chloroplastic tRANphe from Phaseolus vulgaris. FEBS Lett 1976; 63:273-7. [PMID: 770194 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(76)80110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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37
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Brantner JH, Dure LS. The developmental biochemistry of cotton seed embryogenesis and germination. VI. Levels of cytosol and chloroplast aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases during cotyledon development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 414:99-114. [PMID: 1191715 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The separation of isotransferring aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities (amino acid: tRNA ligases, EC 6.1.1.x) for several amino acids extracted from tissues of embryonic and germinating cotton seeds was carried out by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Evidence was obrained that the separated activities represent discrete enzymes, and could be defined as cytosol or chloroplast enzymes by several criteria. The levels of the cytosol enzymes per cell were found to be constant in germinated and ungerminated cotyledons. Chloroplast enzymes were found to be present in immature embryonic cotyledons and in roots at constant levels relative to the cytosol enzymes, but found to increase markedly in germinating cotyledons. This increase takes place to the same extent in etiolated cotyledons as in greened cotyledons indicating that the chloroplast synthetase increase is analogous to the simultaneous increase in chloroplast tRNA and rRNA which also is not light dependent. The separated cytosol and chloroplast enzymes show varying degrees of specificity for isoaccepting tRNA species from homologous and heterologous sources.
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Borkowski T, Brzuskiewicz-Zarnowska H. Fractionation of specific mitochondrial and cytoplasmic tRNAs obtained from calf brain. J Neurochem 1975; 25:641-4. [PMID: 1194919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1975.tb04381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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39
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Gillemaut P, Weil JH. Aminoacylation of Phaseolus vulgaris cytoplasmic, chloroplastic and mitochondrial tRNAsMet and of Escherichia coli tRNAsMet by homologous and heterologous enzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 407:240-8. [PMID: 1101967 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Met-tRNA synthetase from Paseolus vulgaris cytoplasm could be separated from its chloroplastic or mitochondrial counterpart by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, but the Met-tRNA synthetase from the two latter organelles could not be distinguished using DEAE-cellulose, hydroxyapatite or CM-Sephadex chromatography. As revealed by reverse-phase chromatography, bean cytoplasm contains 2 tRNAsMet; only one is charged by chloroplast, mitochondrial or Escherichia coli Met-tRNA synthetase. Mitochondria contain, in addition to the 2 cytoplasmic tRNAsMet, 3 mitochondria-spedific tRNAsMet; 2 can be formylated by the mitochondrial or the E. coli transformylase; all 3 are charged by mitochondrial, chloroplastic or E, coli Met-tRNA synthetase; none is charged by the cytoplasmic enzyme. Chloroplasts contain, in addition to the 2 cytoplasmic tRNAsMet, 3 chloroplast-specific tRNAsMet, different from the mitochondrial tRNAsMet; one is formylatable by the chloroplastic or the E. coli transformylase; all 3 are charged by chloroplastic, mitochondrial or E. coli Met-tRNA synthetase; only one is charged by the cytoplasmic enzyme. Of the 3 E. coli tRNAsMet, only the formylatable species can be charged by bean cytoplasmic, chloroplastic or mitochondrial Met-tRNA synthetase.
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Characterization of an organelle-specific 7-methyl-guanine tRNA methylase in the chloroplasts and mitochondria of Phaseolus vulgaris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(75)90038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Cornelis P, Classen E, Claessen J. Reversed phase chromatography of isoaccepting tRNA's from healthy and crown gall tissues from Nicotiana tabacum. Nucleic Acids Res 1975; 2:1153-61. [PMID: 1153333 PMCID: PMC343502 DOI: 10.1093/nar/2.7.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RPC 5 (Reversed Phase Chromatography) of aminoacyl-tRNA's from healthy and crown gall (induced by Agrobacterium tume-faciens strain B6) tobacco tissues were compared for eleven amino acids. For ten amino acids: alanine, arginine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, tyrosine, and valine, no qualitative or quantitative differences could be detected between aminoacyl-tRNA's from both sources. Phenylalanyl-tRNA's from crown gall tissues gave two peaks on RPC 5; the minor early eluting species (peak 1) was always absent in elution profiles of phenylalanyl-tRNA's from healthy tissues or from tobacco leaves. After the "Y" base was removed by pH 2.9 treatment, peak 2 of phenylalanine tRNA was shifted to the position of peak 1.
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Guillemaut P, Steinmetz A, Burkard G, Weil JH. Aminoacylation of tRNA-Leu species from Escherichia coli and from the cytoplasm, chloroplasts and mitochondria of Phaseolus vulgaris by homologous and heterologous enzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 378:64-72. [PMID: 1091292 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Leucyl-tRNA synthetase from Phaseolus vulgaris chloroplasts could be separated from its cytoplasmic counterpart upon chromatography on hydroxyapatite, but the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetases could not be distinguished. The tRNALeu species from the various plant cell compartments and from Escherichia coli were aminoacylated using either homologous or heterologous enzymes; the levels of aminoacylation and the profiles of the leucyl-tRNAs upon reverse-phase chromatography were studied. Cytoplasmic tRNALeu species could be aminoacylated by the cytoplasmic or by the mitochondrial enzymes and in both cases yielded two peaks upon reverse-phase chromatography (RPC-5). But they could not be charged by the chloroplast-specific or by the E. coli enzynes. Mitochondrial tRNALeu species could be charged by the mitochondrial or by the cytoplasmic enzymes and in both cases yielded four peaks upon reverse phase (RPC-5) chromatography. But they could not be aminoacylated using the chloroplast-specific or the E. coli leucyl-tRNA synthetases. Chloroplastic tRNALeu species can be divided into two classes: the first class contains four isoacceptor species which can be charged by the cytoplasmic or mitochondrial enzymes, but not by the chloroplast-specific or the E. coli enzymes; the second class contains three chloroplast-specific tRNALeu species which can be charged by the chloroplast-specific or the E. coli enzymes but not by the cytoplasmic or the mitochondrial enzymes. There are five isoacceptor tRNALeu species in E. coli; all are charged by the E. coli or the chloroplast-specific enzymes, while only one is aminoacylated by the plant cytoplasmic or mitochondrial enzymes.
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Ehresmann B, Imbault P, Weil J. Role of valyl-tRNA in the regulation of the biosynthesis of valyl-, isoleucyl-, and leucyl-tRNA synthetases in yeast. Biochimie 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(75)80021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Dubois EG, Dirheimer G, Weil JH. Methylation of yeast tRNA Asp by enzymes from cytoplasm, chloroplasts and mitochondria of phaseolus vulgaris. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 374:332-41. [PMID: 4611497 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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45
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Ehresmann B, Imbault P, Weil JH. Determination of the degree of in vivo tRNA aminoacylation in yeast cells. Anal Biochem 1974; 61:548-56. [PMID: 4371549 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(74)90423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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46
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Parthier B. Cytoplasmic site synthesis of chloroplast aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in Euglena gracilis. FEBS Lett 1973; 38:70-4. [PMID: 4204052 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(73)80516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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47
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Hiatt VS, Snyder LA. Phenylalanine transfer RNA species in early development of barley. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 324:57-68. [PMID: 4584699 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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48
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Ehresmann B, Imbault P, Weil JH. Spectrophotometric determination of protein concentration in cell extracts containing tRNA's and rRNA's. Anal Biochem 1973; 54:454-63. [PMID: 4737496 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(73)90374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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49
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Norris D, Fowden L. Substrate protection during selective heat inactivation of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and its use in enzyme studies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 312:695-707. [PMID: 4582228 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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50
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Kislev N, Selsky MI, Norton C, Eisenstadt JM. tRNA and tRNA aminoacyl synthetases of chloroplasts, mitochondria and cytoplasm from Euglena gracilis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 287:256-69. [PMID: 4214553 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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