Purification and properties of staphylocoagulase

Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to the vessel wall under flow is mediated by von Willebrand factor-binding protein

Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to blood vessels under shear stress requires von Willebrand factor (VWF). Several bacterial factors have been proposed to interact with VWF, including VWF-binding protein (vWbp), a secreted coagulase that activates the host's prothrombin to generate fibrin. We measured the adhesion of S aureus Newman and a vWbp-deficient mutant (vwb) to VWF, collagen, and activated endothelial cells in a microparallel flow chamber. In vivo adhesion of S aureus was evaluated in the mesenteric circulation of wild-type (WT) and VWF-deficient mice. We found a shear-dependent increase in adhesion of S aureus to the (sub)endothelium that was dependent on interactions between vWbp and the A1-domain of VWF. Adhesion was further enhanced by coagulase-mediated fibrin formation that clustered bacteria and recruited platelets into bacterial microthrombi. In vivo, deficiency of vWbp or VWF as well as inhibition of coagulase activity reduced S aureus adhesion. We conclude that vWbp contributes to vascular adhesion of S aureus through 2 independent mechanisms: shear-mediated binding to VWF and activation of prothrombin to form S aureus-fibrin-platelet aggregates.

Dabigatran inhibits Staphylococcus aureus coagulase activity

The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to clot plasma through conformational activation of prothrombin by staphylocoagulase is used to distinguish S. aureus from coagulase-negative staphylococci. We show that while the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran inhibits staphylocoagulase activity, the clinical use of dabigatran etexilate is not expected to interfere with direct tube coagulase testing.

Coagulation autolysis in microorganisms and its relation to coagulase production

The phenomenon of coagulation autolysis was observed in two model microorganisms, i.e., a bacterial culture and an imperfect fungus. It was characterized by impairment of the cell membranes, followed by condensation and dehydration of the cytoplasm and long-term preservation of the cells in the form of coagulated cytoplasm. In this respect, it was similar to coagulation necrosis of human tissues. The autolysis in the microorganisms was accompanied by increase of their coagulase activity, the substrate specificity of the enzyme rather broad. The coagulase activity of the microorganisms was detected during the culture period between the lag-phase and the exponential growth phase, i.e., the phase of their active growth. It served as a signal to induce biosynthesis of peptidohydrolase and cleavage of proteins. We believe that the phenomenon of coagulation autolysis in these microorganisms is rather typical and can be considered as an adaptative reaction, inducing a cascade of events from synthesis of coagulase to overproduction of peptidohydrolases with proteolytic activity.

Partial purification and characterization of the multiple molecular forms of staphylococcal clotting activity (coagulase)

The clotting activity of Staphylococcus aureus strain 104 was purified 46,000-fold, but absolute purity was not achieved. Carbohydrate content of the purified material was not more than 5%. Elution of clotting activity from denaturing and nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels revealed the presence of four distinct molecular forms. Molecular weights of the forms were approximately 31,500, 34,800, 44,800, and 56,800 as determined by gel filtration in 8 M urea, by sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by calculation with determined values for the Stokes radius and sedimentation coefficient. Molecular weights determined on sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea gels were found to decrease as the gel concentration increased, suggesting that the amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate bound was less than normal. Estimated frictional ratios for the forms showed that they differ in shape from one another and that they are all highly asymmetrical. Each of the forms had an isoelectric point between pH 5.44 and 5.47 when focused in 6% polyacrylamide gels for 9 h; however, prolonged focusing altered the isoelectric point of the forms to within the range of pH 4.35 to 4.65. The multiple clotting forms were not artifacts of the purification procedure and did not appear to be products of the proteolytic degradation of a larger protein.

The identification of staphylococci in clinical and food microbiology laboratories

A comprehensive review of the methods which have been utilized for the identification of staphylococci is presented. Biochemical characteristics which have assisted in the primary isolation of staphylococci, such as pigmentation, hemolytic activity, the egg yolk phenomenon, and deoxyribonuclease and coagulase production, are also analyzed. The potential applicability of advanced techniques to identify staphylococci, such as the detection of enterotoxin production, base ratio analysis, cell wall analysis, phage typing, and serology, is discussed. The following procedures are recommended for routine use: Idnetification of Staphylococcus sp. (clinical laboratories): microscopic observation, catalase activity, coagulase production, lysostaphin sensitivity, and (optional) facultative growth in thioglycolate medium. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus (food laboratories): microscopic observation, catalase activity, coagulase production, thermonuclease production, and (optional) lysostaphin sensitivity.

The influence of cadmium ions on the adsorption of prothrombin onto A1(OH)3 as a means to purify prothrombin

1. In the presence of CdSO4(1mM),Al(OH)3(1.3% w/v) completely adsorbs the coagulation factors VII, IX, and X from normal plasma, but factor II (prothrombin) is adsorbed for about 50% only.2. A purification procedure for factor II is developed, using Al(OH)3 adsorption in the presence of Cd2+ as a first step and using column chromatography only once. A 750-fold purification is obtained at a 24% yield. 3. Comparison of the prothrombin thus obtained, with prothrombin isolated by the method of Kisiel and Hanahan (Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1973) 304, 103-113) does not show significant differences in amino acid composition, N-terminal amino acid, molecular weight or immunological properties. 4. Comparison of the two prothrombin preparations in a thrombin-generating system shows that although the final yield of thrombin from a given amount of prothrombin in both preparations is the same, the initial velocity of thrombin formation from our preparation is comparable to that of native prothrombin, whereas the other preparation is converted significantly slower.

Activation of a pro-enzyme by a stoichiometric reaction with another protein. The reaction between prothrombin and staphylocoagulase

The reaction between prothrombin and staphylocoagulase was investigated and the following conclusions were drawn: (a) Optimal amounts of the active reaction product (coagulase-thrombin) are found when equimolar amounts of prothrombin and staphylocoagulase are added together. (b) The molecular weight of coagulase-thrombin equals the sum of the molecular weights of staphylocoagulase and prothrombin when estimated both by gelfiltration and by sodijm dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. (c) The amino acid composition of coagulase-thrombin cannot be distinguished from the sum of the amino acid compositions of prothrombin and staphylocoagulasd. (d)in a preparation of coagulase-thrombin the N-terminal amino acids are those of prothrombin (alanin) and staphylocoagulase (aspartic acid). (e) An antibody against coagulase-thrombin precipitates prothrombin and staphylocoagulase but not thrombin. (f) We put forward the hypothesis that the thrombin activity in coagulasethrombin is the result of a stoichiometric reaction between one molecule of prothrombin and one molecule of staphylocoagulase, and limited proteolysis does not play a role in this mechanism.