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Prokhorov NS, Riccio C, Zdorovenko EL, Shneider MM, Browning C, Knirel YA, Leiman PG, Letarov AV. Function of bacteriophage G7C esterase tailspike in host cell adsorption. Mol Microbiol 2017; 105:385-398. [PMID: 28513100 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages recognize and bind to their hosts with the help of receptor-binding proteins (RBPs) that emanate from the phage particle in the form of fibers or tailspikes. RBPs show a great variability in their shapes, sizes, and location on the particle. Some RBPs are known to depolymerize surface polysaccharides of the host while others show no enzymatic activity. Here we report that both RBPs of podovirus G7C - tailspikes gp63.1 and gp66 - are essential for infection of its natural host bacterium E. coli 4s that populates the equine intestinal tract. We characterize the structure and function of gp63.1 and show that unlike any previously described RPB, gp63.1 deacetylates surface polysaccharides of E. coli 4s leaving the backbone of the polysaccharide intact. We demonstrate that gp63.1 and gp66 form a stable complex, in which the N-terminal part of gp66 serves as an attachment site for gp63.1 and anchors the gp63.1-gp66 complex to the G7C tail. The esterase domain of gp63.1 as well as domains mediating the gp63.1-gp66 interaction is widespread among all three families of tailed bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai S Prokhorov
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, 7b2 pr. 60-letiya Oktyabrya, Moscow, 117312, Russia
| | - Cristian Riccio
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), BSP-415, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Evelina L Zdorovenko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky pr, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail M Shneider
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), BSP-415, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Molecular Bioengineering, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Christopher Browning
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), BSP-415, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky pr, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Petr G Leiman
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), BSP-415, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Andrey V Letarov
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, 7b2 pr. 60-letiya Oktyabrya, Moscow, 117312, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Hu X, Chen Z, Xiong K, Wang J, Rao X, Cong Y. Vi capsular polysaccharide: Synthesis, virulence, and application. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:440-452. [PMID: 27869515 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1249335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Vi capsular polysaccharide, a linear homopolymer of α-1,4-linked N-acetylgalactosaminuronate, is characteristically produced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The Vi capsule covers the surface of the producing bacteria and serves as an virulence factor via inhibition of complement-mediated killing and promoting resistance against phagocytosis. Furthermore, Vi also represents a predominant protective antigen and plays a key role in the development of vaccines against typhoid fever. Herein, we reviewed the latest advances associated with the Vi polysaccharide, from its synthesis and transport within bacterial cells, mechanisms involved in virulence, immunological characteristics, and applications in vaccine, as well as its purification and detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Hu
- a Department of Microbiology , Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Zhijin Chen
- a Department of Microbiology , Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Kun Xiong
- a Department of Microbiology , Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Jing Wang
- a Department of Microbiology , Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Xiancai Rao
- a Department of Microbiology , Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yanguang Cong
- a Department of Microbiology , Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
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3
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Cornelissen A, Sadovskaya I, Vinogradov E, Blangy S, Spinelli S, Casey E, Mahony J, Noben JP, Dal Bello F, Cambillau C, van Sinderen D. The Baseplate of Lactobacillus delbrueckii Bacteriophage Ld17 Harbors a Glycerophosphodiesterase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16816-27. [PMID: 27268053 PMCID: PMC4974393 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.728279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GDPDs; EC 3.1.4.46) typically hydrolyze glycerophosphodiesters to sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (Gro3P) and their corresponding alcohol during patho/physiological processes in bacteria and eukaryotes. GDPD(-like) domains were identified in the structural particle of bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) specifically infecting Gram-positive bacteria. The GDPD of phage 17 (Ld17; GDPDLd17), representative of the group b Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (Ldb)-infecting bacteriophages, was shown to hydrolyze, besides the simple glycerophosphodiester, two complex surface-associated carbohydrates of the Ldb17 cell envelope: the Gro3P decoration of the major surface polysaccharide d-galactan and the oligo(glycerol phosphate) backbone of the partially glycosylated cell wall teichoic acid, a minor Ldb17 cell envelope component. Degradation of cell wall teichoic acid occurs according to an exolytic mechanism, and Gro3P substitution is presumed to be inhibitory for GDPDLd17 activity. The presence of the GDPDLd17 homotrimer in the viral baseplate structure involved in phage-host interaction together with the dependence of native GDPD activity, adsorption, and efficiency of plating of Ca(2+) ions supports a role for GDPDLd17 activity during phage adsorption and/or phage genome injection. In contrast to GDPDLd17, we could not identify any enzymatic activity for the GDPD-like domain in the neck passage structure of phage 340, a 936-type Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis bacteriophage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Sadovskaya
- Equipe Biochimie des Produits Aquatiques, Université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, BP 120, 62327 Boulogne-sur-mer, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Blangy
- Aix-Marseille Université, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France, CNRS, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Silvia Spinelli
- Aix-Marseille Université, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France, CNRS, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Paul Noben
- Biomedical Research Institute (Biomed) and School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Hasselt University, Agoralaan-Building C, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium, and
| | | | - Christian Cambillau
- Aix-Marseille Université, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France, CNRS, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- From the School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,
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Molecular characterization of the viaB locus encoding the biosynthetic machinery for Vi capsule formation in Salmonella Typhi. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45609. [PMID: 23029132 PMCID: PMC3448643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vi capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the cause of human typhoid, is important for infectivity and virulence. The Vi biosynthetic machinery is encoded within the viaB locus composed of 10 genes involved in regulation of expression (tviA), polymer synthesis (tviB-tviE), and cell surface localization of the CPS (vexA-vexE). We cloned the viaB locus from S. Typhi and transposon insertion mutants of individual viaB genes were characterized in Escherichia coli DH5α. Phenotype analysis of viaB mutants revealed that tviB, tviC, tviD and tviE are involved in Vi polymer synthesis. Furthermore, expression of tviB-tviE in E. coli DH5α directed the synthesis of cytoplasmic Vi antigen. Mutants of the ABC transporter genes vexBC and the polysaccharide copolymerase gene vexD accumulated the Vi polymer within the cytoplasm and productivity in these mutants was greatly reduced. In contrast, de novo synthesis of Vi polymer in the export deficient vexA mutant was comparable to wild-type cells, with drastic effects on cell stability. VexE mutant cells exported the Vi, but the CPS was not retained at the cell surface. The secreted polymer of a vexE mutant had different physical characteristics compared to the wild-type Vi.
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A conserved acetyl esterase domain targets diverse bacteriophages to the Vi capsular receptor of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:5746-54. [PMID: 20817773 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00659-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of bacteriophages have been identified that target the Vi capsular antigen of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Here we show that these Vi phages represent a remarkably diverse set of phages belonging to three phage families, including Podoviridae and Myoviridae. Genome analysis facilitated the further classification of these phages and highlighted aspects of their independent evolution. Significantly, a conserved protein domain carrying an acetyl esterase was found to be associated with at least one tail fiber gene for all Vi phages, and the presence of this domain was confirmed in representative phage particles by mass spectrometric analysis. Thus, we provide a simple explanation and paradigm of how a diverse group of phages target a single key virulence antigen associated with this important human-restricted pathogen.
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Rieger-Hug D, Stirm S. Comparative study of host capsule depolymerases associated with Klebsiella bacteriophages. Virology 1981; 113:363-78. [PMID: 7269247 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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7
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Chaby R, Girard R. Adsorption and endo-glycosidase activity of phage phi 1 (40) on Salmonella johannesbureg O-polysaccharide. Virology 1980; 105:136-47. [PMID: 7414948 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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8
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Kinetics and substrate specificity of the glycanase activity associated with particles of Klebsiella bacteriophage No. 13. Carbohydr Res 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(78)80042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lake JP, Reed ND, Ulrich JT, Varitek VA. Development of a localized hemolysis-in-gel assay for Vi antigen: characterization of the Vi-specific PFC response of nude and normal mice. IMMUNOLOGICAL COMMUNICATIONS 1977; 6:149-65. [PMID: 324895 DOI: 10.3109/08820137709055808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An assay to detect specific plaque-forming cells (PFC) to Vi antigen (Vi) was developed and the optimal conditions for sensitization of sheep erythrocytes (SE) and plaque development were determined. Using PFC and passive hemagglutination (PHA) assays, Vi-specific immune responses of athymic (nude) and normal mice were characterized. Vi was found to elicit only IgM PFC. No discernable secondary response was detected following a second injection of antigen. Nude and normal mice responded in a quantitatively similar manner to all doses of Vi tested and responded similarly on varying days following immunization. Also, both nude and normal mice produced the greatest number of Vi-specific PFC 4 days following immunization with an optimally immunogenic dose of Vi (1.0 microng/mouse). These results indicate that functional thymus-derived cells are not necessary to elicit an immune response against Vi antigen.
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10
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Iwashita S, Kanegasaki S. Deacetylation reaction catalyzed by Salmonella phage c341 and its baseplate parts. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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Takeda K, Uetake H. In vitro interaction between phage and receptor lipopolysaccharide: a novel glycosidase associated with Salmonella phage epsilon15. Virology 1975. [PMID: 4215212 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90405-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Reese JF, Dimitracopoulos G, Bartell PF. Factors influencing the adsorption of bacteriophage 2 to cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Virol 1974; 13:22-7. [PMID: 4204250 PMCID: PMC355253 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.1.22-27.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage 2 adsorbed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain BI in 5 mM Tris buffer, providing that cations like Na(+), Mg(2+), or Ca(2+) were present. Adsorption was observed over a broad pH range, reaching a maximum level around pH 7.5, which coincided with the pH required for maximal activity of the phage 2-associated slime polysaccharide depolymerase. Mutants of strain BI and other strains of P. aeruginosa possessing slime layers that were devoid of phage 2 depolymerase substrate were incapable of adsorbing phage 2. On the other hand, those strains containing substrate for the phage 2 depolymerase in the slime layer were capable of adsorbing phage 2. The same relationship of phage depolymerase-substrate interaction to phage adsorption was observed with Pseudomonas phage 8, which possesses a depolymerase that differs in its specificity from the phage 2 depolymerase. The receptor-like activity of purified slime containing the specific substrate for the phage-associated depolymerase was demonstrable by its ability to inactivate phage. However, receptor-like activity or phage inactivation was not observed with those slimes that were devoid of the depolymerase substrate.
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13
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Kanegasaki S, Wright A. Studies on the mechanism of phage adsorption: interaction between phage epsilon15 and its cellular receptor. Virology 1973; 52:160-73. [PMID: 4803392 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Some Escherichia coli K bacteriophage particles, capable of interacting specifically with bacterial polysaccharide capsules, carry an endo-glycosidase activity, probably located in the spikes.
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15
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Bartell PF, Orr TE, Reese JF, Imaeda T. Interaction of Pseudomonas bacteriophage 2 with the slime polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain B1. J Virol 1971; 8:311-7. [PMID: 4107541 PMCID: PMC356244 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.8.3.311-317.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purified slime polysaccharide B and lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain BI were shown to possess receptor-like properties in inactivating Pseudomonas phage 2, whereas lipoprotein and glycopeptide fractions were devoid of activity. On a weight basis, slime polysaccharide B was more effective than lipopolysaccharide in inactivating phage. The specificity of the reaction with slime polysaccharide B was indicated by the fact that slime polysaccharide A of P. aeruginosa strain EI failed to inactivate phage 2. Electron micrographs showed phage 2 in typical, tail-first position of attachment on intact cells of strain BI, slime polysaccharide B, and lipopolysaccharide. Tail fibers were discernible during phage attachment.
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Abstract
The Escherichia coli capsule bacteriophages (K phages) described herein are specific for certain capsular strains of E. coli, all of them test strains for different E. coli K antigens. The phages are not adsorbed to the acapsular mutants of their host organisms nor to similar strains with serologically and chemically different capsular polysaccharides. Thirteen E. coli (and one Klebsiella) K phages were visualized in the electron microscope. Most viruses are similar to P22 and thus belong to Bradley group C; however, one each of group A (long, contractile tail) and group B (long, noncontractile tail) was also found. All K phages were seen to carry spikes but no tail fibers were detected. These results suggest that the structures responsible for the recognition of the thick (about 400 nm or more) capsular polysaccharide gels are located in these spikes.
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18
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19
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Geuther R. [Purified phage receptors from Proteus mirabilis VI culture filtrates]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE MIKROBIOLOGIE 1968; 8:375-84. [PMID: 4195365 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630080506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Martin DG, Jarvis FG, Milner KC. Physicochemical and biological properties of sonically treated Vi antigen. J Bacteriol 1967; 94:1411-6. [PMID: 4964477 PMCID: PMC276840 DOI: 10.1128/jb.94.5.1411-1416.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrophoretically purified Vi antigen from Citrobacter freundii 5396/38 was depolymerized by sonic treatment. The treatment caused an 80% reduction in specific viscosity and a reduction in molecular weight from 1.6 x 10(6) to 3.9 x 10(4). The O-acetyl and N-acetyl contents of the antigen and its infrared spectrum remained unchanged. The sonically treated antigen was only 1% as effective as the original antigen in eliciting protection in mice against challenge with Salmonella typhi. Sonically treated antigen also elicited lower antibody titers after single injections in mice and rabbits. No loss in ability to precipitate antibody or to sensitize red blood cells for hemagglutination was observed.
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