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Si Y, Khanal BP, Schlüter OK, Knoche M. Direct Evidence for a Radial Gradient in Age of the Apple Fruit Cuticle. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:730837. [PMID: 34745165 PMCID: PMC8567170 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.730837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of cuticle deposition plays an important role in managing strain buildup in fruit cuticles. Cuticular strain is the primary trigger for numerous fruit-surface disorders in many fruit crop species. Recent evidence indicates a strain gradient may exist within the apple fruit cuticle. The outer layers of the cuticle are more strained and thus more susceptible to microcracking than the inner layers. A radial gradient in cuticle age is the most likely explanation. Our study aimed to establish whether (or not) deposition of new cutin in a developing apple fruit occurs on the inner surface of the cuticle, i.e., immediately abutting the outward-facing epidermal cell wall. Developing apples were fed with 13C oleic acid through the skin. Following a 14-d period for incorporation, the fruit was harvested and the cuticular membranes (CMs) isolated enzymatically. The CMs were then ablated to varying extents from the inner or the outer surfaces, using a cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP). Afterwards, the ablated CMs were dewaxed and the 13C contents were determined by mass spectrometry. The incorporation of 13C in the cutin fraction was higher than in the wax fraction. The 13C content was highest in non-ablated, dewaxed CM (DCM) and decreased as ablation depth from the inner surface increased. There was no change in 13C content when ablation was carried out from the outer surface. As fruit development proceeded, more 13C label was found towards the middle of the DCM. These results offered direct evidence for deposition of cutin being on the inner surface of the cuticle, resulting in a radial gradient in cuticular age-the most recent deposition (youngest) being on the inner cuticle surface (abutting the epidermal cell wall) and the earliest deposition (oldest) being on the outer surface (abutting the atmosphere).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Si
- Fruit Science Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bishnu P. Khanal
- Fruit Science Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver K. Schlüter
- Department of Horticultural Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Fruit Science Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Si Y, Khanal BP, Sauheitl L, Knoche M. Cutin Synthesis in Developing, Field-Grown Apple Fruit Examined by External Feeding of Labelled Precursors. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:497. [PMID: 33807966 PMCID: PMC8000455 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An intact skin is essential in high-quality apples. Ongoing deposition of cuticular material during fruit development may decrease microcracking. Our objective was to establish a system for quantifying cutin and wax deposition in developing apple fruit. Oleic acid (13C and 14C labelled) and palmitic acid (14C labelled) were fed to developing apples and the amounts incorporated in the cutin and wax fractions were quantified. The incorporation of 14C oleic acid (C18) was significantly higher than that of 14C palmitic acid (C16) and the incorporation in the cutin fraction exceeded that in the wax fraction. The amount of precursor incorporated in the cutin increased asymptotically with time, but the amount in the wax fraction remained about constant. Increasing the concentration of the precursor applied generally increased incorporation. Incorporation in the cutin fraction was high during early development (43 days after full bloom) and decreased towards maturity. Incorporation was higher from a dilute donor solution (infinite dose feeding) than from a donor solution subjected to drying (finite dose feeding) or from perfusion of the precursor by injection. Feeding the skin of a developing apple with oleic acid resulted in significant incorporation in the cutin fraction under both laboratory and field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Si
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.S.); (B.P.K.)
| | - Bishnu P. Khanal
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.S.); (B.P.K.)
| | - Leopold Sauheitl
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.S.); (B.P.K.)
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Nor Omar M, Moynihan HA, Hamilton RJ. AsymmetricSharpless epoxidation of 13S-hydroxy- 9Z, 11E-octadecadienoic acid (13S-HODE). EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200390005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Haffner T, Tressl R. Stereospecific metabolism of isomeric epoxyoctadecanoic acids in the lactone-producing yeast Sporidiobolus salmonicolor. Lipids 1998; 33:47-58. [PMID: 9470173 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-998-0179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic course of four isomeric epoxyfatty acids derived from oleic-, elaidic-, (Z)-, and (E)-vaccenic acids in the lactone-producing yeast, Sporidiobolus salmonicolor, was studied by using the deuterium-labeled precursors. Dihydroxy-, hydroxyoxo-, and hydroxy fatty acids as well as gamma-lactones were identified as metabolic intermediates. Quantitative analysis of the label content and estimation of the enantiomeric composition of the lactones established that, in the first step, the racemic epoxyfatty acids were enantiospecifically hydrolyzed by an epoxide hydrolase. During the subsequent metabolism, the stereochemical orientation of the hydroxy groups of the dihydroxyfatty acids were modified by an oxidation/reduction step.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Haffner
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Biotechnologie, Fachgebiet Chemisch-technische Analyse, Germany.
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Jetter R, Riederer M. Cuticular waxes from the leaves and fruit capsules of eight Papaveraceae species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1139/b96-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes from leaves and fruit capsules of Papaver alpinum sensu Markgr., P. bracteatum Lindl., P. dubium L., P. nudicaule L., P. orientale L., P. rhoeas L., P. somniferum L., and Eschscholtzia californica Cham. were investigated. They consisted of n-alkanes (< 19%), alk-1-ylesters (< 18%), alk-2-ylesters (< 6%), alkanals (< 19%), secondary alkanols (21–71%, mainly nonacosan-10-ol), triglycerides (< 6%), primary alkanols (2–33%), alkanediols (2–23%, mainly isomeric nonacosanediols), alkanoic acids (< 8%), and alkaloids (< 12%). In addition, minor amounts of iso- and anteiso-alkanes, alkanoic acid methyl esters, esters of alkan-10-ols, benzyl- and phenyl-ethylalcohol, triterpenols and phytosterols, ketols, and ketones were detectable. The isomer composition of the secondary alkanols and their alkanediol, ketol, and ketone derivatives is used to deduce the probable sequence of steps in the respective biosynthetic pathways. Keywords: Papaver, Eschscholtzia, Papaveraceae, cuticular wax, secondary alkanols, biosynthesis.
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Salaün JP, Weissbart D, Helvig C, Durst F, Pflieger P, Bosch H, Mioskowski C. Stereochemistry of oxidized fatty acids generated during catalytic oxygenation of lauric acid and unsaturated analogs by plant microsomes. FEBS Lett 1992; 303:109-12. [PMID: 1607005 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of microsomes from aminopyrine-induced Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) to oxidize saturated and unsaturated fatty acids has been investigated using lauric acid and a series of unsaturated lauric acid analogs (7-, 8-, 9- and 10-dodecenoic acids) as radiolabeled substrates. In the presence of NADH, lauric acid was mono-hydroxylated principally at carbon 9. Steric analysis of this product showed a low enantiomeric excess of 28%. Mono-hydroxylated and mono-epoxidated reaction products were formed from the unsaturated analogs. The epoxidation/hydroxylation ratio was related to the position of the double bond in the aliphatic chain. The oxidation of 7-dodecenoic acid (7-DDNA) and 10-DDNA produced mainly 9-hydroxy-7-DDNA and 9-hydroxy-10-DDNA plus minor amounts of 7,8-epoxy- or 10,11-epoxylauric acid, respectively. In contrast, 8- and 9-DDNAs yielded essentially 8,9-epoxy- and 9,10-epoxylauric acids and smaller amounts of 10-hydroxy-9-DDNA and 8-hydroxy-9-DDNA, respectively. The optical purity and the absolute configuration of the major metabolites were investigated. Epoxidation of Z 8-DDNA and Z 9-DDNA occurs with high enantiomeric excesses. When the double bond was in the Z configuration, (8S,9R)/(8R,9S) 8,9-epoxylauric acid (93/7) or (9R,10S)/(9S,10R) 9,10-epoxylauric acid (89/11) were produced. In contrast, when the double bond was in the E configuration, steric analysis showed an enantiomeric ratio of 52/48 for E 8,9-epoxide and of 59/41 for E 9,10-epoxide. Z 7-DDNA led to the formation of 98% of the 9(S)-hydroxy-Z 7-DDNA enantiomer, while 9-hydroxy-Z 10-DDNA derived from Z 10-DDNA was 35% (R) and 65% (S).
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Salaün
- Département d'Enzymologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, IBMP-CNRS UPR 406, Strasbourg, France
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Lendzian KJ, Schönherr J. In-vivo study of cutin synthesis in leaves of Clivia miniata Reg. PLANTA 1983; 158:70-75. [PMID: 24264450 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/1982] [Accepted: 01/13/1983] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cutin synthesis of Clivia miniata Reg. was studied by using intact leaves. Tritium-labelled hexadecanoic acid was used as precursor and was administered as droplets of micellar solutions to the upper surface of expanding leaves. Radiolabel was incorporated rapidly. Within 2 h, up to 10% of the label administered had been incorporated into cutin. Rates of (3)H-cutin synthesis depended on the position of the site of precursor donation to the leaf. Highest rates were observed between 3 to 4 cm from the leaf base. From zero to 3 cm, rates increased by about one order of magnitude every centimeter. Above 4 cm, the decrease in rates of (3)H-cutin synthesis was again logarithmic, such that at 10 cm from leaf base only 1%, and at 15 cm from leaf base only 0.1% of the maximum rates were observed. Rates of cutin synthesis depended on the hexadecanoic acid concentration of the droplets, according to the Michaelis-Menten equation. The maximum rate was 0.71 μg cm(-2) h(-1). The half-maximum rate was observed at a hexadecanoic acid concentration of 42.4 mg l(-1). Maximal cutin synthesis coincided with maximal cell elongation. Microautoradiography indicated that most of the label was incorporated into the internal cuticular layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Lendzian
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Institut für Botanik und Mikrobiologie der Technischen Universität, Arcisstrasse 21, D-8000, München 2, Germany
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Purdy RE, Kolattukudy PE. Depolymerization of a hydroxy fatty acid biopolymer, cutin, by an extracellular enzyme from Fusarium solani f. pisi: isolation and some properties of the enzyme. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 159:61-9. [PMID: 4784475 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kolattukudy PE, Walton TJ, Kushwaha RP. Biosynthesis of the C18 family of cutin acids: omega-hydroxyoleic acid, omega-hydroxy-9,10-epoxystearic acid, 9,10,18-trihydroxystearic acid, and their delta12-unsaturated analogs. Biochemistry 1973; 12:4488-98. [PMID: 4356240 DOI: 10.1021/bi00746a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kolattukudy PE. Identification of 18-oxo-9, 10-epoxystearic acid, a novel compound in the cutin of young apple fruits. Lipids 1973; 8:90-2. [PMID: 4710383 DOI: 10.1007/bf02534335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kolattukudy PE, Walton TJ. The biochemistry of plant cuticular lipids. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF FATS AND OTHER LIPIDS 1973; 13:119-75. [PMID: 4602868 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6832(73)90006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Walton TJ, Kolattukudy PE. Determination of the structures of cutin monomers by a novel depolymerization procedure and combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Biochemistry 1972; 11:1885-96. [PMID: 5025631 DOI: 10.1021/bi00760a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kolattukudy PE, Walton TJ. Structure and biosynthesis of the hydroxy fatty acids of cutin in Vicia faba leaves. Biochemistry 1972; 11:1897-907. [PMID: 5025632 DOI: 10.1021/bi00760a026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Walton TJ, Kolattukudy PE. Enzymatic conversion of 16-hydroxypalmitic acid into 10,16-dihydroxypalmitic acid in Vicia faba epidermal extracts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 46:16-21. [PMID: 4399451 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(72)90623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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