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Abstract
Most eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) species contain a 3'-poly(A) tract. The histone mRNAs are a notable exception although a subclass of histone-encoding mRNAs is polyadenylated. A class of mRNAs lacking a poly(A) tail would be expected to be less stable than poly(A)+ mRNAs and might, like the histones, have a half-life that varied in response to changes in the intracellular milieu. Brain mRNA exhibits an unusually high degree of sequence complexity; studies published ten years ago suggested that a large component of this complexity might be present in a poly(A)- mRNA population that was expressed postnatally. The question of the existence of a complex class of poly(A)- brain mRNAs is particularly tantalizing in light of the heterogeneity of brain cells and the possibility that the stability of these poly(A)- mRNAs might vary with changes in synaptic function, changing hormonal stimulation or with other modulations of neuronal function. The mRNA complexity analyses, although intriguing, did not prove the existence of the complex class of poly(A)- brain mRNAs. The observed mRNA complexity could have resulted from a variety of artifacts, discussed in more detail below. Several attempts have been made to clone members of this class of mRNA. This search for specific poly(A)- brain mRNAs has met with only limited success. Changes in mRNA polyadenylation state do occur in brain in response to specific physiologic stimuli; however, both the role of polyadenylation and de-adenylation in specific neuronal activities and the existence and significance of poly(A)- mRNAs in brain remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Snider
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235
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Phillips SL, Tse C, Serventi I, Hynes N. Structure of polyadenylic acid in the ribonucleic acid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 1979; 138:542-51. [PMID: 374394 PMCID: PMC218211 DOI: 10.1128/jb.138.2.542-551.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of the structure of polyadenylic acid [poly(A)] in yeast have shown that there are two classes of poly(A) distinguished by size and kinetics of synthesis. Each class is found directly on the 3' end of messenger RNA. One class contains poly(A) molecules ranging from 60 to less than 20 nucleotides long. The longest molecules in this poly(A) class are the first to become labeled when cells are exposed to [3H]adenine. Label then appears in progressively smaller molecules. The second class of poly(A) is about 20 nucleotides long. The length homogeneity of this class and the presence in nuclear DNA of many copies of a polythymidylate sequence which is the same length suggests that this poly(A) is synthesized by transcription from DNA.
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Raisonnier A, Bouma ME, Salvat C, Infante R. Ribonucleic acid synthesis in rat liver during fatty acid stimulated secretion of very low density lipoproteins. Biochimie 1978; 60:743-53. [PMID: 215235 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(78)80019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Production of very low density lipoproteins by the liver depends on the cellular availability of fatty acids. It is stimulated by the uptake of free fatty acids from the plasma and by increased lipogenesis and is inhibited by actinomycin D, suggesting that RNA synthesis is involved in the regulation of apolipoprotein synthesis. This hypothesis has been investigated in rats in vivo and in isolated perfused livers with and without stimulation by fatty acid overload: [14C] orotate incorporation in liver polyribosomal RNA is 60 per cent greater in stimulated livers as compared to controls. This increase is primarily due to a higher incorporation in bound polysomes and in those containing at least six ribosomes and does not result from the inhibition of ribonuclease. RNase digestion of polysomal RNA (4.10(-10) M enzyme, 0 degrees C, 3 h) shows that there is twice as much radioactivity in the hydrolyzed RNA of stimulated livers as compared to controls. After partial purification of poly A-rich RNA by affinity chromatography, the mass yield and radioactivity are increased by 100 per cent in stimulated livers as compared to controls. In conclusion, de novo RNA synthesis seems to be necessary for fatty acid stimulation of VLDL production.
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Turto H. Experimental cardiac hypertrophy and the synthesis of poly (A) containing RNA and of myocardial proteins in the rat: the effect of digitoxin treatment. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1977; 101:114-54. [PMID: 144413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1977.tb05993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of poly(A) containing RNA was increased in heart of non-digitalized and digitalized rats after aortic constriction, the increase being of the same degree as that of the RNA lacking this sequence. No differences were found, either in the absence or presence of polyuridylic acid, in the incorporation of radioactivity into protein by cardiac ribosomes isolated from animals treated differently. It may be concluded, that after the constriction of the aorta the synthesis of mRNA proceeds at a similar rate as that of the bulk RNA, and that the treatment of the animals with digitoxin does not abolish the stimulus for hypertrophy.
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de Pisarev DL, Recondo EF. Diabetes-induced alteration in subcellular distribution of poly(A)-rich RNA from skeletal muscle. Mol Cell Biochem 1977; 16:213-6. [PMID: 887093 DOI: 10.1007/bf01732064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle ribosome preparations from diabetic rats have lower polysome content than those from normal animals. The ratio of poly(A) containing RNA between polysomes and postribosomal supernatant has been measured both in normal and diabetic rats. The results suggest that in diabetic animals there is a greater proportion of free poly(A) containing RNA, in postribosomal supernatant.
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Morrison MR, Baskin F, Rosenberg RN. Quantitation and characterisation of poly(A)-containing messenger RNAs from mouse neuroblastoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 476:228-37. [PMID: 560210 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(77)90006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of several isolation procedures for neuroblastoma poly(A)-containing mRNAs shows that the highest percentage recovery of undegraded and biologically active messenger RNAs is obtained using proteinase K prior to phenol extraction. The messenger RNAs thus isolated comprise approximately 1.5% of the total ribosomal RNAs and have negligible contamination with 18 and 28 S RNAs. On denaturing polyacrylamide gels they have an average molecular weight of 6.5-10(5) with a range from 2.2-10(5) to 1.53-10(6). The messenger RNAs have an average poly(A) content of 154 nucleotides. They are highly active in wheat germ in vitro protein synthesizing systems, giving as much as 4.3 pmol [35S]methionine incorporation into total protein per mol of mRNA. This is almost as active as a control globin mRNA preparation.
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Preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic purification of human alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNAs. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Grasso JA, Chromey NC, Moxey CF. Biochemical characterization of RNA and protein synthesis in erythrocyte development. J Cell Biol 1977; 73:206-22. [PMID: 856832 PMCID: PMC2109903 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.73.1.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Newts (Triturus cristatus) made anemic with acetylphenylhydrazine (APH) fail to regenerate erythrocytes (RBC's) immediately and exhibit a latent period of 1.5-2 wk during which animals lack RBC's and are aplastic. With the establishment of erythroid regeneration at 10-14 days, relatively homogeneous populations of successive erythropoietic stages occur in the blood. This feature makes possible biochemical analyses of events in early, intermediate, and late developmental stages, respectively, each of which can be obtained in vivo with minimal contamination by other stages. Previous studies have described a primitive cell population referred to as "erythroid precursor cells" (EPC's) which precedes the appearance of definitive erythroid elements. The present studies show that EPC's and early erythroid cells are engaged mainly in ribosomal production, including synthesis of rRNA and ribosomal proteins. Moreover, EPC's and early erythroid cells also synthesize tRNA and a presumed Hb-mRNA which has been identified by its sedimentation rate at 9-12 s and its content of polyadenylic acid. In intermediate stages, there occurs a fourfold decrease in the level of RNA synthesis and, while rRNA continues to be formed, there is a disproportionate accumulation of the two major cytoplasmic rRNA species in favor of the large ribosomal subunit RNA. In late developmental stages, the level of RNA synthesis is markedly diminished with little or no evidence of formation of defined RNA classes. Correlated radioautographic and biochemical studies with radioactive delta-aminolevulinic acid and leucine indicate that EPC's and other early erythroid elements synthesize not only hemoglobin but also ferritin and ribosomal proteins. It is concluded that: (a) erythroid RNA synthesis is most pronounced in the early developmental stages, being manifested predominantly by rRNA production but including tRNA and Hb-mRNA; (b) intermediate developmental stages show both "ribosomal wastage" and decreased growth rate, marking a pivotal point between the transcriptional activities of early stages and translational activities of late stages; (c) EPC's represent a cell population already committed to RBC formation and are excluded from a role as the pluripotential stem cell.
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Wood TG, Lingrel JB. Purification of biologically active globin mRNA using cDNA-cellulose affinity chromatography. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Morrison MR, Lingrel JB. Molecular weight determinations on the alpha-globin and beta-globin mRNAs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 447:104-9. [PMID: 963076 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(76)90100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The globin mRNAs containing between 30 and 40 polyadenylate residues can be separated from thos mRNAs containing longer poly(A) regions by Millipore filter binding. The molecular weights of the alpha-and beta-globin mRNAs containing this size class of poly(A) have beed determined by lectrophoresis on 3.7% polyacrylamide gels in the presence of 99% formamide. Because the number of adenylic acid residues in these mRNAs is known, the number of non-poly(A) nucleotides can be accurately calculated. The molecular weight of the beta-globin mRNA is 235 000 +/- 28 000 (736 +/- 88 nucleotides) and that of the alpha-globin mRNA is 208 900 +/- 43 870 (653 +/- 78 nucleotides). By subtracting the number of nucleotides in the coding and poly(A) regions, the number of non-coding nucleotides in the beta-globin mRNA were calculated to be 261, 69 more than the 193 present in the alpha-globin mRNA. Comparison of size estimates of newly synthesized globin mRNAs containing longer average lengths of poly(A) shhowed that there is no comparable processin of the 5' termini of the alpha-and beta-globin mRNAs concomitant with the stepwise degradation of the poly(A) regions which occur as the mRNAs mature.
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Nokin P, Huez G, Marbaix G, Burny A, Chantrenne H. Molecular modifications associated with Aging of globin messenger RNA in vitro. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 62:509-17. [PMID: 1261539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Using polyacrylamide gel elution-electrophoresis in aqueous medium, highly purified rabbit globin mRNA can be fractionated into several populations of molecules differing by their mean poly(A) content. Both alpha and beta globin mRNA are heterogenous with respect to their electrophoretic mobilities. With the conditions used no separation of alpha and beta globin mRNA occurs during electrophoresis. From the specific radioactivity distribution in the different mRNA fractions one can conclude that the polyadenylate sequence at the 3' end of globin mRNA molecules becomes shorter with aging. This shortening occurs on alpha as well as beta, globin mRNAs and the extent of heterogeneity in poly(A) content is similar for both globin mRNAs. Furthermore, using two different methods of mRNA fractionation (polyacrylamide gel elution-electrophoresis and elution of poly (U)-Sepharose-bound mRNA at increasing temperatures) it is shown that old mRNA molecules differ from relatively young messages in their ability to direct cell-free globin synthesis. Modifications reducing template activity in vitro thus seem to take place during globin mRNA aging.
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Lara FJ, Okretic MC. A micro-method for the assay of polyadenylate-containing ribonucleic acid by gel electrophoresis. Biochem J 1975; 151:575-80. [PMID: 1218092 PMCID: PMC1172405 DOI: 10.1042/bj1510575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A micro-method for the determination of the electrophoretic profile of the various poly(A)-containing RNA species in a RNA sample was developed. The method is simple to carry out and allows for great reproducibility. It combines the resolving power of electrophoresis in agarose with the specificity of binding of poly(A) to poly(U)-containing glass-fibre filters. It consists of the following steps. (1) The molecules in an RNA sample are first separated according to their molecular weight by electrophoresis in agarose, at low ionic strength. 2. The molecules thus seperated are then submitted to a second electrophoresis in 'binding buffer' in a direction perpendicular to the first one. In the course of this electrophoresis the poly(A)-containing RNA species are seperated from other RNA species as they bind to a poly(U)-containing glass-fibre filter which is placed across the electrophoresis path. The method was used to determine the electrophoretic profile of Rhynchosciara salivary-gland messenger RNA. It was found that the population of messenger RNA in the gland is dominated by forms moving as 18 and 158 S peaks, but there is also polydisperse RNA with slower mobility.
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Konecki D, Cimadevilla JM, Kramer G, Hardesty B. A simple method for the purification of reticulocyte globin messenger ribonucleic acid. Mol Biol Rep 1975; 2:355-41. [PMID: 1214785 DOI: 10.1007/bf00357021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A relatively simple and inexpensive method has been developed for the preparation of highly purified rabbit reticulocyte globin mRNA. After phenol extraction, polysomal RNA was chromatographed on Sigmacell type 38 cellulose and Sepharose 4B. The resulting mRNA preparation has a purity in excess of 90%. No selective loss of either alpha or beta globin mRNA is observed.
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Mercer JF, Naora H. A comparison of the chromatographic properties of various polyadenylate binding materials. J Chromatogr A 1975; 114:115-28. [PMID: 1184699 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)85248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The suitability of various materials for messenger RNA isolation and possible fractionation was examined by comparing the chromatographic behaviour of synthetic poly(riboadenylic acid) [poly(A)] and ribosomal RNA on each suport. The ratios of poly(A) to ribosomal RNA capacities of the various materials under different chromatographic conditions were used to estimate the potential selectivity of the columns for messenger RNA isolation. Using this criterion, benzoylated cellulose and oligo(deoxythymidylate)-cellulose should be the most selective materials of those studied. The elution conditions (temperature or salt gradient) used to obtain bound poly(A) were investigated to determine the optimum conditions for possible messenger RNA fractionation. It is concluded that oligo(deoxythymidylate)-cellulose appears to be the most suitable support of those investigated for messenger RNA isolation and possible fractionation.
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Greene RA, Morgan M, Shatkin AJ, Gage LP. Translation of silk fibroin messenger RNA in an Ehrlich ascites cell-free extract. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Cann A, Gambino R, Banks J, Bank A. Polyadenylate Sequences and Biologic Activity of Human Globin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Lingrel JB, Morrison M, Gorski J, Merkel CG. Various size classes of polyadenylic acid in mouse alpha and beta globin mRNAs and their significance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1974; 241:156-69. [PMID: 4530649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb21875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gielen J, Aviv H, Leder P. Characteristics of rabbit globin mRNA purification by oligo(dT) cellulose chromatography. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 163:146-54. [PMID: 4850977 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Gorski J, Morrison MR, Merkel CG, Lingrel JB. Size heterogeneity of polyadenylate sequences in mouse globin messenger RNA. J Mol Biol 1974; 86:363-71. [PMID: 4415788 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Houdebine LM, Gaye P, Favre A. Lack of poly(A) sequence in half of the messenger RNA coding for ewe alpha S casein. Nucleic Acids Res 1974; 1:413-26. [PMID: 10793675 PMCID: PMC344025 DOI: 10.1093/nar/1.3.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Gurdon JB, Lingrel JB, Marbaix G. Message stability in injected frog oocytes: long life of mammalian alpha and beta globin messages. J Mol Biol 1973; 80:539-51. [PMID: 4796973 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Boedtker H, Crkvenjakov RB, Dewey KF, Lanks K. Some properties of high molecular weight ribonucleic acid isolated from chick embryo polysomes. Biochemistry 1973; 12:4356-60. [PMID: 4796039 DOI: 10.1021/bi00746a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Cowan NJ, Milstein C. The translation in vitro of mRNA for immunoglobulin heavy chains. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 36:1-7. [PMID: 4732916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Size of the poly(A) region in mouse globin messenger RNA. Mol Biol Rep 1973; 1:55-60. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00357406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/1973] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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