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Cong Y, Gunari N, Zhang B, Janshoff A, Schmidt M. Hierarchical structure formation of cylindrical brush polymer-surfactant complexes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:6392-6397. [PMID: 19326944 DOI: 10.1021/la804290r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The complex formation of cylindrical brush polymers with poly(l-lysine) side chains (PLL) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) can induce a helical conformation of the cylindrical brush polymer in aqueous solution (Gunari, N.; Cong, Y.; Zhang, B.; Fischer, K.; Janshoff, A.; Schmidt, M. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2008, 29, 821-825). Herein, we have systematically investigated the influence of surfactant, salt, and pH on the supramolecular structure formation. The cylindrical brush polymers and their complexes with surfactants were directly visualized by atomic force microscopy in air and in aqueous solution. The alkyl chain length (measured by the carbon number, n) of the surfactant plays a key role. While helical structures were formed with n=10, 11, and 12, no helices were observed with n<10 and n>13. Addition of salt destroys the helical structures as do pH conditions below 4 and above 6, most probably because the polymer-surfactant complexes start to disintegrate. Circular dichroism was utilized to monitor the PLL side chain conformation and clearly revealed that beta-sheet formation of the side chains induces the helical conformation of the atactic main chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cong
- Institut for Physikalische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 11, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Gunari N, Cong Y, Zhang B, Fischer K, Janshoff A, Schmidt M. Surfactant-Induced Helix Formation of Cylindrical Brush Polymers with Poly(L-lysine) Side Chains. Macromol Rapid Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Chamsart S, Patel H, Hanak JA, Hitchcock AG, Nienow AW. The impact of fluid-dynamic-generated stresses on chDNA and pDNA stability during alkaline cell lysis for gene therapy products. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 75:387-92. [PMID: 11668438 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Extensive tests have been carried out to assess the impact of fluid-dynamic-generated stress during alkaline lysis of Escherichia coli cells (host strain DH1 containing the plasmid pTX 0161) to produce a plasmid DNA (pDNA) solution for gene therapy. Both a concentric cylinder rheometer and two stirred reactors have been used, and both the alkaline addition and neutralization stages of lysis have been studied. Using a range of shear rates in the rheometer, stirrer speeds in the reactors, and different periods of exposure, their impact on chromosomal DNA (chDNA) and pDNA was assessed using agarose gel electrophoresis, a Qiagen Maxiprep with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, and a Qiagen Miniprep purification with a UV spectrophotometer. Comparison has been made with unstressed material subjected to similar holding times. These tests essentially show that under all these conditions, <2% chDNA was present in the pDNA solution, the pDNA itself was not fragmented, and a yield of 1 mg/g cell was obtained. These results, together with studies of rheological properties, have led to the design of a 60-L, stirred lysis reactor and the production of high-quality pDNA solution with <1% chDNA after further purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chamsart
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Determining Structures and Analyzing Cells. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ciccolini LAS, Shamlou PA, Titchener-Hooker NJ, Ward JM, Dunnill P. Time Course of SDS–alkaline lysis of recombinant bacterial cells for plasmid release. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19981220)60:6<768::aid-bit13>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The high aqueous solubility of ionic compounds can be attributed to the ease of solvation of the counter ions. Replacement of the counter ions with ionic detergents dramatically alters the solubility properties of the molecule. Not only does the aqueous solubility drop precipitously, but the solubility in organic phases increases as well. Consequently, the partition coefficient changes by orders of magnitude. This ion pairing phenomenon, which we term hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP), has been extended to polyelectrolytes, such as proteins and polynucleotides. These materials form HIP complexes that dissolve in a range of organic solvents, often with retention of native structure and enzymatic activity. The HIP process has been used to purify protein mixtures, conduct enzymatic reactions in nonaqueous environments, increase structural stability, enhance bioavailability, and prepare new dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Meyer
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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Powers ME, Matsuura J, Brassell J, Manning MC, Shefter E. Enhanced solubility of proteins and peptides in nonpolar solvents through hydrophobic ion pairing. Biopolymers 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.360330608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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8
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Helix formation by poly{bis(hydroxyethyl)-L-glutamine}. Colloid Polym Sci 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01421998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Overgaard T, Erie D, Darsey JA, Mattice WL. Helix formation by hydroxyamyl-L-glutaminyl residues in water and aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate. Biopolymers 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.360230812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hamed MM, Robinson RM, Mattice WL. Helix formation upon acidification of protein-dodecyl sulfate complexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 743:260-7. [PMID: 6824704 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(83)90223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The pH dependence of circular dichroism spectra has been studied for dodecyl sulfate complexes formed by 25 proteins and for a random copolypeptide of glutamic acid and alanine. The pH range covered is that in which titration of side-chain carboxyl groups is to be expected. Circular dichroism spectra signify an increase in helical content upon acidification, although in many cases the increase is quite small. For all but three of the proteins studied, the spectral changes are in reasonable agreement with those expected because helix propagation by glutamyl and aspartyl residues is enhanced when the state of the side-chain carboxyl changes from COO- to COOH. This simple explanation seriously underestimates conformational changes reported for gastrin, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor and tropomyosin. Changes in charge density appear to play an important role in these proteins.
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Santiago G, Maroun RC, Hawkins ER, Mattice WL. Electrostatic interactions in ionic homopolypeptides in solutions of moderate ionic strength. Biopolymers 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.1981.360201011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Mattice WL, Robinson RM. Conformational changes expected in endogenous opioid peptides upon their interaction with acidic lipids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 101:1311-7. [PMID: 6272781 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Mattice WL, Robinson RM. Conformational properties of central nervous system myelin basic protein, beta-endorphin, and beta-lipotropin in water and in the presence of anionic lipids. Biopolymers 1981; 20:1421-34. [PMID: 6168313 DOI: 10.1002/bip.1981.360200706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Mattice WL, McCord RW, Shippey PM. Disorder-order transitions induced in anionic homopolypeptides by cationic detergents. Biopolymers 1979. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.1979.360180316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Maley F, Guarino DU. Differential binding of sodium dodecyl sulfate to amino acids as evidenced by elution from Sephadex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 77:1425-30. [PMID: 901543 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(77)80138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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McCord RW, Blakeney EW, Mattice WL. Conformational changes induced in ionized poly(L-arginine) and poly(L-histidine) by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Biopolymers 1977; 16:1319-29. [PMID: 880357 DOI: 10.1002/bip.1977.360160612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Maddy AH. A critical evaluation of the analysis of membrane proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecyl sulphate. J Theor Biol 1976; 62:315-26. [PMID: 994526 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(76)90123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Mattice WL, Riser JM, Clark DS. Conformational properties of the complexes formed by proteins and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Biochemistry 1976; 15:4264-72. [PMID: 963036 DOI: 10.1021/bi00664a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Circular dichroism spectra have been obtained for albumin, alpha-chymotrypsinogen, collagen, concanavalin A, elastase, hemoglobin, histone f2b, alpha-lactalbumin, lactate dehydrogenase, beta-lactoglobulin, lysozyme, myoglobin, papain, ribonuclease A, and thermolysin in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and dithiothreitol. While all spectra have the shape anticipated for a mixture of random coil and alpha helix, the intensities differ markedly ([theta]222 ranges from --1400 to --15 000 deg cm2/dmol). The variation in the circular dichroism can be quantitatively explained by a model which assumes that the arginyl, histidyl, and lysyl residues have an enhanced probability of propagating a helical segment in the presence of the detergent. The model also permits the computation of dimensional properties (unperturbed end-to-end distance and radius of gyration) for polypeptides of known amino acid sequence. Such computations have been performed for 67 proteins. The computed dimensions are compatible with experimental values and with the molecular weight dependence of the transport properties of the complexes. Furthermore, the model can account for the abnormal transport properties of the sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes formed by ribonuclease A, collagen fragments, and histones f2a1, f2a2, f2b, and f3. Even though some of the protein--sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes have helical contents as high as 50%, their overall conformation more closely approximates that of a random coil than a rod.
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Cavard D. Sensitization of colicin K-treated bacteria by sodium dodecyl sulfate: presence of free colicin in colicin K-treated cultures of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1976; 9:639-45. [PMID: 773302 PMCID: PMC429590 DOI: 10.1128/aac.9.4.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A method of assaying colicin K is described. It makes use of two properties of sodium dodecyl sulfate to protect bacteria against colicin action and to dissolve those bacteria on which colicin K had started its action. By this method, the kinetics of bacterial killing by colicin K have been measured directly in the treated culture without intervening dilution. The kinetics are exponential with time and are a function of the colicin multiplicity, as described previously, but do not reach a final plateau. At any time during colicin treatment, free colicin is found in the medium. Procedures that eliminate or destroy this free colicin, such as centrifugation and resuspension of the treated bacteria in a fresh medium, or addition of trypsin or sodium dodecyl sulfate to the treated culture stop bacterial killing.
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Mattice WL, Harrison WH. The importance of coulombic interactions for the induction of beta structure in lysine oligomers by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Biopolymers 1976; 15:559-67. [PMID: 3233 DOI: 10.1002/bip.1976.360150311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Trumpower BL, Katki A. Controlled digestion with trypsin as a structural probe for the N-terminal peptide of soluble and membranous cytochrome c. Biochemistry 1975; 14:3635-42. [PMID: 169881 DOI: 10.1021/bi00687a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
When purified bovine cytochrome c1 is digested with trypsin under controlled conditions, the heme polypeptide is preferentially converted from a species of molecular weight 30,600 to a heme polypeptide of molecular weight 29,000. The trypsin sensitive peptide bond is located in the N-terminal region of the cytochrome. Both the reduced and oxidized cytochrome are susceptible to hydrolysis by trypsin at the same locus, but the reduced cytochrome is cleaved at an initial rate approximately twofold greater than the oxidized cytochrome. Membranous cytochrome c1, as occurring in cytochrome b-c1 complex or succinate-cytochrome c reductase complex, is not susceptible to trypsin proteolysis under similar conditions, nor after more extensive treatment of the membranes with trypsin, in spite of the fact that cytochrome c1 presumably comes into contact with cytochrome c at the membrane surface during electron transport. These findings are consistent with a model for the structure of cytochrome c1 in situ in which the cytochrome is an integral membrane protein, located primarily in the membrane continuum, while still having the heme-containing portion of the protein available at the membrane surface for electron transfer to cytochrome c.
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Gellerfors P, Nelson BD. Analysis of the peptide composition of purified beef-heart complex III by dodecylsulfate electrophoresis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 52:433-43. [PMID: 1236140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb04011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The peptides of purified complex III from beef heart mitochondria have been studied by electrophoresis on dodecylsulfate gels. Of the 12 peptides consistently observed, only eight appear to be integral peptides of the functional complex. Attempts to identify these peptides have been made through co-electrophoresis of complex III and fractions in which the individual peptides were either purified or greatly enriched. Electrophoresis of complex III preparations which were not reduced by mercaptoethanol indicates that intermolecular disulfide bonds play no significant role in stabilizing the complex.
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