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Polakowski R, Yazer M, Palcic MM. The Donor Cross-Specificity of Human Blood Group Aand B-Synthesizing Glycosyltransferases. Transfus Med Hemother 2004. [DOI: 10.1159/000082127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Cailleau-Thomas A, Le Moullac-Vaidye B, Rocher J, Bouhours D, Szpirer C, Le Pendu J. Cloning of a rat gene encoding the histo-blood group A enzyme. Tissue expression of the gene and of the A and B antigens. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:4040-7. [PMID: 12180981 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The complete coding sequence of a BDIX rat gene homologous to the human ABO gene was determined. Identification of the exon-intron boundaries, obtained by comparison of the coding sequence with rat genomic sequences from data banks, revealed that the rat gene structure is identical to that of the human ABO gene. It localizes to rat chromosome 3 (q11-q12), a region homologous to human 9q34. Phylogenetic analysis of a set of sequences available for the various members of the same gene family confirmed that the rat sequence belongs to the ABO gene cluster. The cDNA was transfected in CHO cells already stably transfected with an alpha1,2fucosyltransferase in order to express H oligosaccharide acceptors. Analysis of the transfectants by flow cytometry indicated that A but not B epitopes were synthesized. Direct assay of the enzyme activity using 2' fucosyllactose as acceptor confirmed the strong UDP-GalNAc:Fucalpha1,2GalalphaGalNAc transferase (Atransferase) activity of the enzyme product and allowed detection of a small UDP-Gal:Fucalpha1,2GalalphaGal transferase (B transferase) activity. The presence of the mRNA and of the A and B antigens was searched in various BDIX rat tissues. There was a general good concordance between the presence of the mRNA and that of the A antigen. Tissue distributions of the A and B antigens in the homozygous BDIX rat strain were largely different, indicating that these antigens cannot be synthesized by alleles of the same gene in this rat inbred strain.
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3
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Morgan WT, Watkins WM. Unravelling the biochemical basis of blood group ABO and Lewis antigenic specificity. Glycoconj J 2000; 17:501-30. [PMID: 11421345 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011014307683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The ABO blood-group polymorphism is still the most clinically important system in blood transfusion practice. The groups were discovered in 1900 and the genes at the ABO locus were cloned nearly a century later in 1990. To enable this goal to be reached intensive studies were carried out in the intervening years on the serology, genetics, inheritance and biochemistry of the antigens belonging to this system. This article describes biochemical genetic investigations on ABO and the related Lewis antigens starting from the time in the 1940s when serological and classical genetical studies had established the immunological basis and mode of inheritance of the antigens but practically nothing was known about their chemical structure. Essential steps were the definition of H as the product of a genetic system Hh independent of ABO, and the establishment of the precursor-product relationship of H to A and B antigens. Indirect methods gave first indications that the specificity of antigens resided in carbohydrate and revealed the immunodominant sugars in the antigenic structures. Subsequently chemical fragmentation procedures enabled the complete determinant structures to be established. Degradation experiments with glycosidases revealed how loss of one specificity by the removal of a single sugar unit exposed a new specificity and suggested that biosynthesis proceeded by a reversal of this process whereby the oligosaccharide structures were built up by the sequential addition of sugar units. Hence, the primary blood-group gene products were predicted to be glycosyltransferase enzymes that added the last sugar to complete the determinant structures. Identification of these enzymes gave new genetic markers and eventually purification of the blood-group A-gene encoded N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase gave a probe for cloning the ABO locus. Blood-group ABO genotyping by DNA methods has now become a practical possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Morgan
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Yu LC, Lee HL, Chan YS, Lin M. The molecular basis for the B(A) allele: an amino acid alteration in the human histoblood group B alpha-(1,3)-galactosyltransferase increases its intrinsic alpha-(1,3)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 262:487-93. [PMID: 10462501 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the subgroup B(A) phenotype is thought to be due to an overlapping specificity of the human blood group A and B transferases. A new molecular basis for the B(A) allele, resulting from the C(700) to G substitution which predicts the alteration of Pro(234) to Ala, just ahead of the second of the four amino acid residues which differentiates the specificities of the A and B transferases, is reported here. Compared to normal group B sera, a relatively lower B-transferase activity was demonstrated in the B(A) serum, which correlated well with the observation of a smaller amount of B antigen on the B(A) red cells. Also a much higher A-transferase activity was demonstrated in the B(A) serum in contrast to the minute amount of A-transferase activity found in normal group B sera. The formation of the B(A) phenotype in this report is most likely due to the shifting of the specificity of the B transferase rather than an enhanced B-transferase activity which was previously presumed to be responsible for the formation of this phenotype. The Pro(234) to Ala alteration is suggested to be responsible for the shifting of the specificity with a subsequent increase in A- but a decrease in B-transferase activity. This new B(A) allele shows that not only the four critical residues but also the neighboring areas may influence the specificity of the A and B transferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Yu
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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5
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Watkins WM. Chapter 5 Biosynthesis 5. Molecular Basis of Antigenic Specificity in the ABO, H and Lewis Blood-Group Systems. NEW COMPREHENSIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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6
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Krotkiewski H, Lisowska E, Nilsson G, Grönberg G, Nilsson B. An improved approach to the analysis of the structure of small oligosaccharides of glycoproteins: application to the O-linked oligosaccharides from human glycophorin A. Carbohydr Res 1993; 239:35-50. [PMID: 8384526 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(93)84201-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of purified human glycophorin A with alkaline borohydride cleaved the oligosaccharide side chains to yield alditol derivatives that were separated by gel filtration into three mixtures of low molecular weight compounds. Each mixture was oxidised with periodate, and the products were reduced with borohydride and analysed after acetylation or methylation by GLC-MS and FABMS. The resulting data allowed the monosaccharide sequence and linkage positions to be assigned to each component of the mixtures. The anomeric configuration was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy of the intact fractions. The structures of a desialylated tetrasaccharide, two monosialylated trisaccharides, and five other minor products were defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Krotkiewski
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw
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7
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Abstract
Glycoproteins are widely distributed among species in soluble and membrane-bound forms, associated with many different functions. The heterogenous sugar moieties of glycoproteins are assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi and are implicated in many roles that require further elucidation. Glycoprotein-bound oligosaccharides show significant changes in their structures and relative occurrences during growth, development, and differentiation. Diverse alterations of these carbohydrate chains occur in diseases such as cancer, metastasis, leukemia, inflammatory, and other diseases. Structural alterations may correlate with activities of glycosyltransferases that assemble glycans, but often the biochemical origin of these changes remains unclear. This suggests a multitude of biosynthetic control mechanisms that are functional in vivo but have not yet been unraveled by in vitro studies. The multitude of carbohydrate alterations observed in disease states may not be the primary cause but may reflect the growth and biochemical activity of the affected cell. However, knowledge of the control mechanisms in the biosynthesis of glycoprotein glycans may be helpful in understanding, diagnosing, and treating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Brockhausen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Voak D, Sonneborn H, Yates A. The A1 (B) phenomenon: a monoclonal anti-B (BS-85) demonstrates low levels of B determinants on A1 red cells. Transfus Med 1992; 2:119-27. [PMID: 1308209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.1992.tb00145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A monoclonal anti-B (BS 85) that reacts strongly with red cells from weak B variants (B3, Bint and Bv) has demonstrated the presence of a trace of B on A1 red cells. The agglutination of group A1 red cells by an anti-B antibody is called the A1 (B) phenomenon and is the converse of the B(A) phenomenon seen with certain monoclonal anti-A antibodies. Fragile A1 (B) agglutination is best seen by spin-tube techniques and A1 red cells negative in saline tests are agglutinated by albumin and protease enzyme-enhanced tests, but no reactions are seen with A2 red cells. The A1 (B) reaction is specifically inhibited by B substance, and D-galactose and the galactose-containing sugars melibiose and lactose. Red cells from B variants showed differential inhibition patterns with various sugars. A1 transferase levels were normal even in the strongest A1 (B) reactive blood samples, although the plasma H transferase levels and H status of these red cells were elevated. This is in contrast to the B(A) phenomenon which is associated with elevated levels of B transferase. It is suggested that A1(B) overlapping specificity can occur because of a combination of higher H activity (and thus more H sites) together with normal levels of A transferase activity as they are 20% higher than normal levels of B transferase. The production of anti-B reagents free of the A1 (B) phenomenon with BS-85 is achieved by suitable dilution using quality control tests with protease-treated A1 red cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D Voak
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, University of Cambridge, U.K
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9
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McDonald DF, Thompson JM. A new monoclonal anti-A antibody BIRMA-1. A potent culture supernatant which agglutinates Ax cells, but does not give undesirable reactions with B cells. Vox Sang 1991; 61:53-8. [PMID: 1949711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1991.tb00927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A monoclonal anti-A antibody, BIRMA-1, has been evaluated and found to be eminently suitable as a blood-grouping reagent. The culture supernatant is potent, avid and specific as demonstrated by its reactivity with a large sample of donor bloods tested manually and on the Olympus PK 7100 automated blood grouping machine. Over 100 cord blood samples were tested manually, and all were correctly grouped using this antibody. No false-positive reactions were obtained with papainized group B cells. Reagent prepared from BIRMA-1 detected most examples of Ax and all other A subgroups and A variants tested. Negative reactions with B(A) cells indicate that it is possible to have an antibody capable of detecting Ax which will not react with B cells from individuals with high levels of galactosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F McDonald
- West Midlands Regional Transfusion Centre, Birmingham, UK
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10
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Navaratnam N, Findlay JB, Keen JN, Watkins WM. Purification, properties and partial amino acid sequence of the blood-group-A-gene-associated alpha-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase from human gut mucosal tissue. Biochem J 1990; 271:93-8. [PMID: 2121135 PMCID: PMC1149517 DOI: 10.1042/bj2710093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An alpha-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that transfers N-acetylgalactosamine from UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine to H-active structures to form A determinants was purified to homogeneity from human gut mucosal tissue of blood-group-A subjects. The mucosa was homogenized, then treated with Triton X-100, and the solubilized enzyme was purified by affinity chromatography on UDP-hexanolamine-agarose and octyl-Sepharose CL-4B. Enzyme activity was recovered in 44% yield with a specific activity of approx. 7 mumol/min per mg. The only effective acceptor substrates for the transferase were those containing a subterminal beta-galactosyl residue substituted at the O-2 position with L-fucose. The purified enzyme had a weak capacity to transfer D-galactose from UDP-D-galactose to similar acceptors to make blood-group-B determinants. H.p.l.c. and SDS/PAGE analysis indicated an Mr of 40,000 for the purified enzyme. For the first time a partial amino acid sequence Xaa-Ser-Leu-Pro-Arg-Met-Val-Tyr-Pro-Gln-Ile-Ser?-Val-Leu was obtained for the N-terminal region of the soluble alpha-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Navaratnam
- Division of Immunochemical Genetics, M.R.C. Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middx., U.K
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Itzkowitz SH, Dahiya R, Byrd JC, Kim YS. Blood group antigen synthesis and degradation in normal and cancerous colonic tissues. Gastroenterology 1990; 99:431-42. [PMID: 2114334 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(90)91026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ABH antigens are expressed by colonic epithelial cells throughout the colon during fetal life but only in proximal segments during adulthood. Malignant and premalignant colonic tumors frequently exhibit ABH reappearance (distal lesions) or ABH deletion (proximal lesions) and occasionally express incompatible A or B substances. Mechanisms governing these developmental and cancer-associated alterations are unknown. Therefore, experiments were performed to assess the activities of biosynthetic (glycosyltransferase) and degradative (glycosidase) enzymes in normal and cancerous tissues of the proximal and distal colon. In normal colonic mucosa, A, B, and H transferase activities were similar in proximal and distal segments. Analysis of enzyme substrate affinities and product characterization confirmed that the ABH transferases in colonic tissues were similar to the gene-specified transferases in human serum. Glycosidase enzyme activities were also comparable in proximal and distal normal colon. Cancers had lower A and B transferase but similar H transferase activities compared with paired normal mucosa. Thus, the absence of ABH antigen expression in normal distal colon is not caused by insufficient glycosyltransferase activity or excessive glycosidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Itzkowitz
- Gastrointestinal Research Laboratory, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California
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12
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Watkins WM. Monoclonal antibodies as tools in genetic studies on carbohydrate blood group antigens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS 1990; 17:259-76. [PMID: 1709669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1990.tb00879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W M Watkins
- MRC Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex, U.K
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Yamamoto F, Clausen H, White T, Marken J, Hakomori S. Molecular genetic basis of the histo-blood group ABO system. Nature 1990; 345:229-33. [PMID: 2333095 DOI: 10.1038/345229a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 730] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The histo-blood group ABO, the major human alloantigen system, involves three carbohydrate antigens (ABH). A, B and AB individuals express glycosyltransferase activities converting the H antigen into A or B antigens, whereas O(H) individuals lack such activity. Here we present a molecular basis for the ABO genotypes. The A and B genes differ in a few single-base substitutions, changing four amino-acid residues that may cause differences in A and B transferase specificity. A critical single-base deletion was found in the O gene, which results in an entirely different, inactive protein incapable of modifying the H antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yamamoto
- Biomembrane Institute, Seattle, Washington
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Watkins WM, Greenwell P, Yates AD, Johnson PH. Regulation of expression of carbohydrate blood group antigens. Biochimie 1988; 70:1597-611. [PMID: 3149525 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(88)90295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The carbohydrate antigens associated with the human ABO and Lewis blood group systems are excellent models for the study of the genetic regulation of glycoconjugate biosynthesis because their expression on erythrocytes and in saliva has been thoroughly investigated in terms of classical genetics and the chemical structures and pathways for the formation of the antigens are now well understood. The primary protein products of the blood group genes are believed to be the glycosyltransferase enzymes that complete the biosynthesis of the determinants. The important controlling factors still to be elucidated are the genetic and environmental influences leading to the tissue specific expression of these antigens. The 3 types of regulation mechanisms discussed in this review are those arising: 1) from the specificity requirements of the glycosyltransferases encoded by the blood group genes; 2) from the competition or co-operation of glycosyltransferases encoded by genes at the same or independent loci; and 3) from the existence and tissue distribution of glycosyltransferases with related, but not identical, substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Watkins
- Division of Immunochemical Genetics, MRC Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex, U.K
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Greenwell P, Yates AD, Watkins WM. UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine as a donor substrate for the glycosyltransferase encoded by the B gene at the human blood group ABO locus. Carbohydr Res 1986; 149:149-70. [PMID: 3089601 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)90375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The properties of the enzyme in the serum of blood group B individuals that catalyses the transfer of small amounts of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine to H-active precursor structures were compared with those of the blood group B gene-associated alpha-(1----3)-D-galactosyltransferase and with the blood group A gene-associated alpha-(1----3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferases in the serum of blood group A1 and A2 individuals. The biosynthetic products formed by the enzyme in B serum were identical with the A-active structures synthesised by the A1 and A2 gene-associated alpha-(1----3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferases but the enzyme differed from the A1 and A2 transferases in its apparent Km for UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, its heat susceptibility, its failure to bind to Sepharose 4B, and its adsorption to H-active sites on group O red cell ghosts under conditions which bind the B transferase but fail to adsorb the A1 and A2 transferases. The correlation between the levels of alpha-(1----3)-D-galactosyltransferase and alpha-(1----3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase activities in all the group B serum samples tested, the maintenance of the same ratio of activities after successive cycles of binding to group O red cell ghosts, the retention of the ability to convert blood group O to A-active cells after treatment of the serum with Sepharose 4B, and the failure to detect any comparable activity in group O serum samples tested under the same conditions indicated that the enzyme in group B serum that utilises UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine to make blood group A-active structures is the B gene-associated alpha-(1----3)-D-galactosyltransferase.
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17
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Viitala J. Blood group A and B glycosyltransferases synthesize A and B determinants on different acceptor polyglycosyl peptidesin vitro. Glycoconj J 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01050471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schaumburg-Lever G, Alroy J, Ucci A, Lever WF. Distribution of carbohydrate residues in normal skin. Arch Dermatol Res 1984; 276:216-23. [PMID: 6206805 DOI: 10.1007/bf00414231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sections of biopsies of normal skin obtained from 11 individuals were incubated with 8 lectins using an avidin-biotin complex (ABC). All sections when incubated with the appropriate lectin showed the presence of the following carbohydrate residues: L-fucose, beta-(1-4)-D-GlcNAc)2 (N-acetylglucosamine), acetylneuraminic acid, Gal-beta-(1-3)-GalNAc (N-acetyl-galactosamine), beta-D-galactose, alpha-D-glucose, and alpha-D-mannose. In addition, sections of individuals with blood group A showed alpha-D-GalNAc and sections of individuals with blood group B showed alpha-D-galactose. In the stratum (str.) basale, carbohydrates were present in small quantities, but as the cells matured and moved upward, the incorporation of carbohydrates into the cell membranes increased considerably. In the str. granulosum, lectin reactivity was absent in many sections, probably due to masking by phospholipids. The dark cells in the eccrine glands showed reactivity with all lectins except in the one nonsecretor with blood group A1, whose dark cells showed no L-fucose and alpha-D-GalNAc. The endothelial cells of the blood vessels showed lectin reactivity except when incubated with concanavalin A. The sebaceous glands showed both cytoplasmic and membrane staining when incubated with various lectins.
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