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Hodge CN, Aldrich PE, Fernandez CH, Otto MJ, Rayner MM, Wong YN, Erickson-Viitanen S. Studies on Orally Available Inhibitors of HIV Protease. Peptidyl Aldehydes and Trifluoromethyl Ketones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight peptidyl aldehyde inhibitors of HIV protease that reach in vivo plasma concentrations after oral administration substantiailly in excess of the antiviral IC90 are described. We also report efforts to improve the potency and stability of these compounds that culminated in a series of peptidyl trifluoromethyl ketones with increased potency but decreased bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. N. Hodge
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Wilmington, DE, 19880, USA
| | - P. E. Aldrich
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Wilmington, DE, 19880, USA
| | - C. H. Fernandez
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Wilmington, DE, 19880, USA
| | - M. J. Otto
- Department of Virology Research, The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Wilmington, DE, 19880, USA
| | - M. M. Rayner
- Department of Virology Research, The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Wilmington, DE, 19880, USA
| | - Y. N. Wong
- Department of Drug Metabolism, The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Wilmington, DE, 19880, USA
| | - S. Erickson-Viitanen
- Department of Virology Research, The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Wilmington, DE, 19880, USA
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Taylor DL, Ahmed PS, Brennan TM, Bridges CG, Tyms AS, Van Dorsselaer V, Tarnus C, Hornsperger JM, Schirlin D. Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Activity, Bioavailability and Drug Resistance Profile of the Novel Proteinase Inhibitor MDL 74,695. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MDL 74,695, a novel dipeptide-like compound containing the ‘difluorostatone type’ transition state mimic and a potent inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteinase, was investigated for anti-HIV activity in vitro. The compound showed selective inhibition of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 in MT-4 cells. A potent antiviral effect against a range of clinical isolates of HIV-1 cultured in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and primary monocytes was also demonstrated. The antiviral activity of MDL 74,695 against viruses resistant to a range of reverse transcriptase inhibitors was equivalent to the wild-type. In rats MDL 74,695 (30 mg kg−1) was 4.9% orally bioavailable and maintained levels above the in vitro 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) for approximately 3 h. Viruses with reduced sensitivity to MDL 74,695 and saquinavir were selected in cell culture by continuous passage in increasing drug concentrations, and first appeared after 20 and 17 passages, respectively. Amino acid changes were identified at positions 48 (glycine to valine), 50 (isoleucine to valine) and 82 (valine to either isoleucine or alanine) in various combinations for MDL 74,695-resistant viruses. For saquinavir-resistant viruses changes were identified at positions 48 (glycine to valine) and 90 (leucine to methionine). Studies using MDL 74,695, saquinavir and a third proteinase inhibitor indinavir, indicated that virus selected in the presence of MDL 74,695, with amino acid exchanges at positions 48 and 82 showed cross-resistance to saquinavir. However, viruses selected in the presence of MDL 74,695 with amino acid exchanges at positions 50 and 82 showed no significant change in sensitivity to saquinavir. Likewise, viruses selected in the presence of saquinavir with amino acid exchanges at positions 48 and 90 remained sensitive to MDL 74,695. All viruses selected after growth in the presence of either MDL 74,695 or saquinavir showed little or no resistance to indinavir.
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Affiliation(s)
- DL Taylor
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1–3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - PS Ahmed
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1–3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - TM Brennan
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1–3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - CG Bridges
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1–3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - AS Tyms
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1–3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - V Van Dorsselaer
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, 16 rue d'Ankara, 67080 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - C Tarnus
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, 16 rue d'Ankara, 67080 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - J-M Hornsperger
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, 16 rue d'Ankara, 67080 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - D Schirlin
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, 16 rue d'Ankara, 67080 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Chen ST, Wang KT. Peptide Synthesis in Organic Solvents Catalyzed by an Industrial Alkaline Protease “Alcalase”. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.199200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Silva AM, Cachau RE, Sham HL, Erickson JW. Inhibition and catalytic mechanism of HIV-1 aspartic protease. J Mol Biol 1996; 255:321-46. [PMID: 8551523 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the HIV-1 protease in complex with a pseudo-C2 symmetric inhibitor, which contains a central difluoroketone motif, has been determined with X-ray diffraction data extending to 1.7 A resolution. The electron density map clearly indicates that the inhibitor is bound in a symmetric fashion as the hydrated, or gemdiol, form of the difluoroketone. Refinement of the complex reveals a unique, and almost symmetric, set of interactions between the geminal hydroxyl groups, the geminal fluorine atoms, and the active-site aspartate residues. Several hydrogen bonding patterns are consistent with that conformation. The lowest energy hydrogen disposition, as determined by semiempirical energy calculations, shows only one active site aspartate protonated. A comparison between the corresponding dihedral angles of the difluorodiol core and those of a hydrated peptide bond analog, calculated ab-initio, shows that the inhibitor core is a mimic of a hydrated peptide bond in a gauche conformation. The feasibility of an anti-gauche transition for a peptide bond after hydration is verified by extensive molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations suggest that rotation about the C-N scissile bond would readily occur after hydration and would be driven by the optimization of the interactions of peptide side-chains with the enzyme. These results, together with the characterization of a transition state leading to bond breakage via a concerted exchange of two protons, suggest a proteolysis mechanism whereby only one active site aspartate is initially protonated. The steps of this mechanism are: asymmetric binding of the substrate; hydration of the peptidic carbonyl by an active site water; proton translocation between the active site aspartate residues simultaneously with carbonyl hydration; optimization of the binding of the entire substrate facilitated by the flexible structure of the hydrated peptide bond, which, in turn, forces the hydrated peptide bond to assume a gauche conformation; simultaneous proton exchange whereby one hydroxyl donates a proton to the charged aspartate, and, at the same time, the nitrogen lone pair accepts a proton from the other aspartate; and, bond breakage and regeneration of the initial protonation state of the aspartate residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Silva
- Structural Biochemistry Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Bergman DA, Alewood D, Alewood PF, Andrews JL, Brinkworth RI, Englebretsen DR, Kent SBH. Kinetic properties of HIV-1 protease produced by total chemical synthesis with cysteine residues replaced by isosteric L-?-amino-n-butyric acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00128504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Martin JA, Redshaw S, Thomas GJ. Inhibitors of HIV proteinase. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1995; 32:239-87. [PMID: 8577919 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Martin
- Roche Products Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, Herts, UK
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Abstract
Peptide mimics of substrates for HIV-proteases were prepared. These "norpeptides" are identical to a fragment of the HIV-polyprotein except that a crucial scissile bond was deleted, and an alpha,beta-disubstituted amino acid spans the P1 and P1 site. Thus all four stereoisomers of Leu psi[]Ala (i.e. H2NCH(CH2iPr)CH(Me)CO2H, 1) were incorporated into Ac-Ala-Arg-Val-Leu psi[]Ala-Glu-Ala-NH2 (all other residues being L-amino acids), and tested with respect to inhibition of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
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Darke PL, Huff JR. HIV protease as an inhibitor target for the treatment of AIDS. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1994; 25:399-454. [PMID: 8204507 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P L Darke
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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Otto MJ, Reid CD, Garber S, Lam PY, Scarnati H, Bacheler LT, Rayner MM, Winslow DL. In vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity of XM323, a novel HIV protease inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:2606-11. [PMID: 8109924 PMCID: PMC192753 DOI: 10.1128/aac.37.12.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
XM323 represents a novel class of potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease. In vitro studies have shown that inhibition of this enzyme translates into potent inhibition of replication of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2. The inhibition of virus replication was assessed with three assays designed to measure the production of infectious virus, viral RNA, or p24 antigen. The production of mature infectious virions was measured with a yield reduction assay. By this assay, several strains and isolates of HIV-1 and HIV-2 were shown to be susceptible to XM323 in two lymphoid cell lines (MT-2 and H9) and in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells, with a concentration required for 90% inhibition (IC90) of 0.12 +/- 0.04 microM (mean +/- standard deviation). The production of HIV-1(RF) RNA was measured with an RNA hybridization-capture assay. With this assay, XM323 was shown to be a potent inhibitor of HIV-1(RF) replication, with an IC90 of 0.063 +/- 0.032 microM. A third measure of virus replication, the production of p24 viral antigen, an essential protein component of the virion, was determined with the AIDS Clinical Trial Group-Department of Defense peripheral blood mononuclear cell consensus assay. This assay was used for expanded testing of XM323 against 28 clinical isolates and laboratory strains of HIV-1. XM323 was shown to be equally effective against zidovudine-susceptible and zidovudine-resistant isolates of HIV-1, with an overall IC90 of 0.16 +/- 0.06 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Otto
- Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company, Glenolden, Pennsylvania 19036
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Abdel-Meguid
- Department of Macromolecular Sciences, SmithKline Beecham, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
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Chen ST, Lin SL, Hsiao SC, Wang KT. One-pot synthesis of cathepsin inhibitors: Na-protected N-peptidyl-O-acetyl hydroxylamines catalysed by alcalase followed by lipase in anhydrous t-butanol. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)80456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
HIV produces a small , dimeric aspartyl protease which specifically cleaves the polyprotein precursors encoding the structural proteins and enzymes of the virus. This proteolytic activity is absolutely required for the production of mature, infectious virions and is therefore an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. This review summarizes the strategies and multidisciplinary efforts that have been applied to date to the identification of specific inhibitors of this critical viral enzyme. These inhibitors include rationally designed peptide substrate analogs, compounds conceived from tertiary structure information on the enzyme and natural products. Future directions in the discovery and development of HIV-1 protease inhibitors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Debouck
- Department of Molecular Genetics, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406
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Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the etiological agent for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), is a retrovirus which makes use of a virally-encoded aspartic protease to perform specific proteolytic processing of two of its gene products in order to form active enzymes and structural proteins within the mature virion. Accordingly, specific, exogenous inhibition of the HIV-1 protease is thought to be a viable approach for the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of AIDS. Indeed, this hypothesis has been validated in virally-infected cell culture with synthetic inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. This chapter reviews the current status of the development of inhibitors of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Meek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
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Raju B, Deshpande MS. Substrate analog inhibitors of HIV-1 protease containing phenylnorstatine as a transition state element. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 180:181-6. [PMID: 1930214 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Substrates of HIV-1 protease are classified into three groups (A, B and C) based on the amino acid residues present at P1' and P2' sites. Replacement of the scissile amide bond by phenylnorstatine in representative substrate analog sequences from class A, B and C, yielded inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. Of the twelve inhibitors synthesized in this series, class C substrate analog inhibitors are more potent inhibitors (Ki's 3.3-24 microM) than either class A or class B inhibitors. In this series of inhibitors, the (2S,3S) isomer of phenylnorstatine is preferred over the other isomers as a "transition state element" for design of inhibitors of HIV-1 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Raju
- Rational Drug Design, Boston University Medical Center, MA 02118
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