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Anzalone AV, Koblan LW, Liu DR. Genome editing with CRISPR-Cas nucleases, base editors, transposases and prime editors. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:824-844. [PMID: 32572269 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1186] [Impact Index Per Article: 296.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of new CRISPR-Cas genome editing tools continues to drive major advances in the life sciences. Four classes of CRISPR-Cas-derived genome editing agents-nucleases, base editors, transposases/recombinases and prime editors-are currently available for modifying genomes in experimental systems. Some of these agents have also moved rapidly into the clinic. Each tool comes with its own capabilities and limitations, and major efforts have broadened their editing capabilities, expanded their targeting scope and improved editing specificity. We analyze key considerations when choosing genome editing agents and identify opportunities for future improvements and applications in basic research and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Anzalone
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luke W Koblan
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Abstract
In spite of discovery of new antibiotics and regular progress in intensive care, mortality from severe bacterial sepsis remains high. In this review the importance of cellular and humoral immunity in the pathogenesis and the outcome of severe infection is delineated. Immunological evaluation of patients in Intensive Care Units should be performed almost routinely in order to detect "high risk" patients with acquired defect in host-defence mechanisms. For these patients in addition to nutritional care, passive or active immunotherapy will help to restore resistance to bacterial infection.
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Reichgott MJ, Forsyth RP, Melmon KL. Effects of bradykinin and autonomic nervous system inhibition on systemic and regional hemodynamics in the unanesthetized rhesus monkey. Circ Res 1971; 29:367-74. [PMID: 4398722 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.29.4.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies were performed in unanesthetized monkeys to determine if bradykinin infusions reproduce the circulatory events of early endotoxemia. Kinin infusions before and during autononiic ganglionic blockade with trimethaphan were significantly correlated (P <0.05) with decreases in mean arterial pressure. Kinin infusion at 15-18, µg/kg min
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produced 26 mm Hg fall in mean blood pressure at 3 min, due to fall in total peripheral resistance of 14 mm Hg/liter min
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. Heart rate rose 23 beats/min. After 10 minutes of infusion, peripheral resistance had returned to base line, blood pressure remained low due to fall in cardiac output of 0.53 liters/min (P <0.01). Ganglionic blockade prevented recovery of resistance. Plasma bradykinin levels at 3 and 10 minutes were 14 and 15 µg/ml, respectively. Regional and systemic hemodynamic effects of kinin (15-18 µg/kg min were determined in 10 monkeys. After 10 minutes of infusion, bradykinin produced systemic effects. Regional flow measurement (by radioactive microsphere technique) demonstrated a pattern similar to that seen during hemorrhage. Canglionic blockade lowered mean arterial pressure 33 mm Hg by generalized vasodilatation, Kinin infusion then resulted in further vasodilatation and fall in blood pressure of 12 mm Hg, and cardiac output of 0.74 liters/min. Regional flow distribution during combined infusion was similar to that seen during early endotoxemia.
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