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Azamatov AA, Zhurakulov SN, Vinogradova VI, Tursunkhodzhaeva F, Khinkar RM, Malatani RT, Aldurdunji MM, Tiezzi A, Mamadalieva NZ. Evaluation of the Local Anesthetic Activity, Acute Toxicity, and Structure-Toxicity Relationship in Series of Synthesized 1-Aryltetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloid Derivatives In Vivo and In Silico. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020477. [PMID: 36677539 PMCID: PMC9864514 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Isoquinoline alkaloids constitute one of the most common classes of alkaloids that have shown a pronounced role in curing various diseases. Finding ways to reduce the toxicity of these molecules and to increase their therapeutic margin is an urgent matter. Here, a one-step method for the synthesis of a series of 1-aryl-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines was performed in 85-98% yield by the Pictet-Spengler reaction. This was accomplished using the reaction between 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine and substituted benzaldehydes boiling in trifluoroacetic acid. Furthermore, 1-(3'-amino-, 4'-aminophenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines were obtained in 94% and 97% yield by reduction in 1-(3'-nitro-, 4'-nitrophenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines with SnCl2 × 2H2O. The structures of the substances obtained were confirmed by infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR) spectra. ADMET/TOPKAT in silico study concluded that the synthesized compounds exhibited acceptable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties without carcinogenic or mutagenic potential but with variable hepatotoxicity. The acute toxicity and structure-toxicity relationship (STR) in the series of 20 derivatives of 1-aryl-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (3a-r, 4a, b) was studied via determination of acute toxicity and resorptive action in white mice employing intragastric step-by-step administration. The first compound, 1-phenyl-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrochloride (3a), showed the highest toxicity with LD50 of 280 mg/kg in contrast to 1-(3'-bromo -4'-hydroxyphenyl)-6,7-methylenedioxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrochloride (3e) which proved to be the safest of the compounds studied. Its toxicity was 13.75 times lower than that of the parent compound 3a. All compounds investigated showed high local anesthetic activity on rabbit eyes in the concentrations studied. Only 3r, 3n, and 4a caused eye irritation and redness. All investigated derivatives (except 4b) in 1% concentration were more active than lidocaine, providing longer duration of complete anesthesia. Therefore, based on the obtained results of in silico tests, local anesthesia, and acute toxicity, a conclusion can be drawn that the experimental compounds need further extensive future investigations and possible modifications so that they can act as promising drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizbek A. Azamatov
- Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Mirzo Ulugbek Str. 77, Tashkent 100170, Uzbekistan
| | - Sherzod N. Zhurakulov
- Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Mirzo Ulugbek Str. 77, Tashkent 100170, Uzbekistan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan Named after Mirzo Ulugbek, University Str. 4, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
| | - Valentina I. Vinogradova
- Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Mirzo Ulugbek Str. 77, Tashkent 100170, Uzbekistan
| | - Firuza Tursunkhodzhaeva
- Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Mirzo Ulugbek Str. 77, Tashkent 100170, Uzbekistan
| | - Roaa M. Khinkar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania T. Malatani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Aldurdunji
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Antonio Tiezzi
- Department for the Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forestal Systems, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Nilufar Z. Mamadalieva
- Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Mirzo Ulugbek Str. 77, Tashkent 100170, Uzbekistan
- Correspondence:
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Sommer T, Hübner H, El Kerdawy A, Gmeiner P, Pischetsrieder M, Clark T. Identification of the Beer Component Hordenine as Food-Derived Dopamine D2 Receptor Agonist by Virtual Screening a 3D Compound Database. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44201. [PMID: 28281694 PMCID: PMC5345022 DOI: 10.1038/srep44201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) is involved in food reward and compulsive food intake. The present study developed a virtual screening (VS) method to identify food components, which may modulate D2R signalling. In contrast to their common applications in drug discovery, VS methods are rarely applied for the discovery of bioactive food compounds. Here, databases were created that exclusively contain substances occurring in food and natural sources (about 13,000 different compounds in total) as the basis for combined pharmacophore searching, hit-list clustering and molecular docking into D2R homology models. From 17 compounds finally tested in radioligand assays to determine their binding affinities, seven were classified as hits (hit rate = 41%). Functional properties of the five most active compounds were further examined in β-arrestin recruitment and cAMP inhibition experiments. D2R-promoted G-protein activation was observed for hordenine, a constituent of barley and beer, with approximately identical ligand efficacy as dopamine (76%) and a Ki value of 13 μM. Moreover, hordenine antagonised D2-mediated β-arrestin recruitment indicating functional selectivity. Application of our databases provides new perspectives for the discovery of bioactive food constituents using VS methods. Based on its presence in beer, we suggest that hordenine significantly contributes to mood-elevating effects of beer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sommer
- Computer Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstr. 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstr. 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ahmed El Kerdawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-el-Aini Street, Cairo, P. O. Box 11562, Egypt
- Molecular Modeling Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-el-Aini Street, Cairo, P. O. Box 11562, Egypt
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstr. 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monika Pischetsrieder
- Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstr. 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Tabakoff B, Hoffman PL. The neurobiology of alcohol consumption and alcoholism: an integrative history. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 113:20-37. [PMID: 24141171 PMCID: PMC3867277 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the neurobiological predisposition to consume alcohol (ethanol) and to transition to uncontrolled drinking behavior (alcoholism), as well as studies of the effects of alcohol on brain function, started a logarithmic growth phase after the repeal of the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution. Although the early studies were primitive by current technological standards, they clearly demonstrated the effects of alcohol on brain structure and function, and by the end of the 20th century left little doubt that alcoholism is a "disease" of the brain. This review traces the history of developments in the understanding of ethanol's effects on the most prominent inhibitory and excitatory systems of brain (GABA and glutamate neurotransmission). This neurobiological information is integrated with knowledge of ethanol's actions on other neurotransmitter systems to produce an anatomical and functional map of ethanol's properties. Our intent is limited in scope, but is meant to provide context and integration of the actions of ethanol on the major neurobiologic systems which produce reinforcement for alcohol consumption and changes in brain chemistry that lead to addiction. The developmental history of neurobehavioral theories of the transition from alcohol drinking to alcohol addiction is presented and juxtaposed to the neurobiological findings. Depending on one's point of view, we may, at this point in history, know more, or less, than we think we know about the neurobiology of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Tabakoff
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, MS8303, 12800 E. 19 Ave., Aurora, CO 80045 U.S.A
| | - Paula L. Hoffman
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, MS8303, 12800 E. 19 Ave., Aurora, CO 80045 U.S.A
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Hipólito L, Sánchez-Catalán MJ, Martí-Prats L, Granero L, Polache A. Revisiting the controversial role of salsolinol in the neurobiological effects of ethanol: old and new vistas. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 36:362-78. [PMID: 21802444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The possible involvement of salsolinol (Sal), an endogenous condensation product of ACD (the first metabolite of ethanol) and dopamine, in the neurochemical basis underlying ethanol action has been repeatedly suggested although it has not been unequivocally established, still being a controversial matter of debate. The main goal of this review is to evaluate the presumed contribution of Sal to ethanol effects summarizing the reported data since the discovery in the 1970s of Sal formation in vitro during ethanol metabolism until the more recent studies characterizing its behavioral and neurochemical effects. Towards this end, we first analyze the production and detection of Sal, in different brain areas, in basal conditions and after alcohol consumption, highlighting its presence in regions especially relevant in regulating ethanol-drinking behaviour and the importance of the newly developed methods to differentiate both enantiomers of Sal which could help to explain some previous negative findings. Afterwards, we review the behavioral and neurochemical studies. Finally, we present and discuss the previous and current enunciated mechanisms of action of Sal in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Hipólito
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, Universitat de València, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Tóth BE, Bodnár I, Homicskó KG, Fülöp F, Fekete MIK, Nagy GM. Physiological role of salsolinol: its hypophysiotrophic function in the regulation of pituitary prolactin secretion. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2002; 24:655-66. [PMID: 12200196 DOI: 10.1016/s0892-0362(02)00216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have recently observed that 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (salsolinol) produced by hypothalamic neurons can selectively release prolactin from the anterior lobe (AL) of the pituitary gland. Moreover, high affinity binding sites for SAL have been detected in areas, like median eminence (ME) and the neuro-intermediate lobe (NIL) that are known terminal fields of the tuberoinfundibular DAergic (TIDA) and tuberohypophysial (THDA)/periventricular (PHDA) DAergic systems of the hypothalamus, respectively. However, the in situ biosynthesis and the mechanism of action of SAL are still enigmatic, these observations clearly suggest that sites other than the AL might be targets of SAL action. Based on our recent observations it may be relevant to postulate that an "autosynaptocrine" regulatory mechanism functioning at the level of the DAergic terminals localized in both the ME and NIL, may play a role in the hypophyseotrophic regulation of PRL secretion. Furthermore, SAL may be a key player in these processes. The complete and precise mapping of these intra-terminal mechanisms should help us to understand the tonic DAerg regulation of PRL secretion. Moreover, it may also give insight into the role of pre-synaptic processes that most likely have distinct and significant functional as well as pathological roles in other brain areas using DAergic neurotransmission, like striatonigral and mesolimbic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla E Tóth
- Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Tuzoltó u. 58, Budapest H-1094, Hungary
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Tóth BE, Homicskó K, Radnai B, Maruyama W, DeMaria JE, Vecsernyés M, Fekete MI, Fülöp F, Naoi M, Freeman ME, Nagy GM. Salsolinol is a putative endogenous neuro-intermediate lobe prolactin-releasing factor. J Neuroendocrinol 2001; 13:1042-50. [PMID: 11722700 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2001.00725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The isolation and identification of a prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) from the neuro-intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland has been pursued for over a decade. Using high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (R)-salsolinol (SAL) (a dopamine-related stereo-specific tetrahydroisoquinoline) was found to be present in neuro-intermediate lobe as well as median eminence extracts of male, intact-, and ovariectomized female rats. Moreover, analysis of SAL concentrations in neuro-intermediate lobe revealed parallel increases with plasma prolactin in lactating rats exposed to a brief (10 min) suckling stimulus following 4-h separation. SAL appears to be a selective and potent stimulator of prolactin secretion in vivo and it was without effect on the secretion of other pituitary hormones. We have also found that SAL can elevate prolactin release, although to a lesser extent, in pituitary cell cultures as well as in hypophysectomized rats bearing anterior lobe transplants under the kidney capsule. Lack of interference of SAL with [3H]-spiperone binding to AP homogenates indicates that SAL does not act at the dopamine D2 receptor. Moreover, [3H]-SAL binds specifically to homogenate of AL as well as neuro-intermediate lobe obtained from lactating rats. Taken together, our data clearly suggest that SAL is synthesized in situ and this compound can play a role in the regulation of pituitary prolactin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Tóth
- Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Hegde VR, Dai P, Ladislaw C, Patel MG, Puar MS, Pachter JA. D4 dopamine receptor-selective compounds from the Chinese plant Phoebe chekiangensis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Stammel W, Woesle B, Thomas H. Enantiomeric separation of tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids by high-performance liquid chromatography with ?-cyclodextrin as chiral selector. Chirality 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.530070103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Musshoff F, Daldrup T, Bonte W. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric screening procedure for the identification of formaldehyde-derived tetrahydroisoquinolines in human urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 619:235-42. [PMID: 8263095 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80112-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method has been developed for the identification of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and six metabolites extracted from urine in the picogram range. The derivatization procedure for the substances, formed by reaction of formaldehyde with biogenic amines, employs propionic anhydride and can take place in aqueous medium. In this way artificial formation of these compounds via condensation of biogenic amines with aldehydes or alpha-keto acids during the work-up procedure is eliminated. The procedure results in hydrophobic compounds, which are quantitatively extractable by liquid-liquid extraction with organic solvents. Further clean-up was performed by solid-phase extraction on C18 sample preparation columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Musshoff
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
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Stammel W, Müller R, Thomas H. Demonstration of highly specific and sensitive antibodies to a naturally occurring tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid, salsolidine. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 25:917-27. [PMID: 8344447 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(93)90248-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
1. We report for the first time on the production and characterization of antibodies against a naturally occurring tetrahydroisoquinoline, namely salsolidine (6,7-dimethoxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline). 2. Immunogen synthesis was carried out by coupling the hapten salsolidine to bovine serum albumin (BSA) as carrier protein on the basis of reductive amination. 3. By immunization of rabbits with salsolidine-BSA conjugate antisalsolidine antibodies were produced. 4. At a final dilution of 1:1700 the highest-titre antiserum bound 35% of 0.21 pmol [3H]salsolidine. This antiserum was used to develop a radioimmunoassay for salsolidine. 5. Cross-reactivity studies revealed a high specificity of the antiserum to the hapten. 6. The antibodies had a high affinity to salsolidine (Ka = 1.5 x 10(9) M-1). 7. Standard curves covered a measuring range of 0.5-70 pmol/tube and the detection limit was found to be 0.27 pmol/tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Stammel
- Universität Ulm, Abt, Physiologische Chemie, Ulm, Germany
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Stammel W, Thomas H, Staib W, Kühn-Velten WN. Tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids mimic direct but not receptor-mediated inhibitory effects of estrogens and phytoestrogens on testicular endocrine function. Possible significance for Leydig cell insufficiency in alcohol addiction. Life Sci 1991; 49:1319-29. [PMID: 1921648 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(91)90196-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Possible effects of various tetrahydroisoquinolines (TIQs) on rat testicular endocrine function were tested in vitro in order to prove whether these compounds, some of which have been claimed to accumulate in alcoholics, may be mediators of the development of Leydig cell insufficiency, a well-known side-effect of ethanol ingestion. TIQ effects on different levels of regulation of testis function were compared in vitro with estrogen effects, since both classes of compounds have structural similarities. Gonadotropin-stimulated testosterone production by testicular Leydig cells was inhibited by tetrahydropapaveroline and isosalsoline, the IC50 values (30 microM) being comparable to those of estradiol (3 microM), 2-hydroxyestradiol (10 microM), and the phytoestrogens, coumestrol (15 microM) and genistein (7 microM); salsolinol (85 microM) and salsoline (240 microM) were less effective, and salsolidine was ineffective. None of these TIQs interacted significantly with testicular estrogen receptor as analyzed by estradiol displacement. However, tetrahydropapaveroline, isosalsoline and salsolinol competitively inhibited (Ki 130-150 microM) substrate binding to cytochrome P450XVII, one key enzyme of androgen biosynthesis, with similar efficiency as the estrogens did (Ki 50-110 microM); salsoline and salsolidine were again much less effective. Since the efficient TIQ concentrations in this system are identical with those reported to generate central-nervous effects, it is concluded that certain TIQs may amplify peripheral inhibitory effects of ethanol on testicular endocrine function by their interaction with at least one enzyme of the androgen biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Stammel
- Abteilung Physiologische Chemie, Universität Ulm, F.R. Germany
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Myers RD. Isoquinolines, beta-carbolines and alcohol drinking: involvement of opioid and dopaminergic mechanisms. EXPERIENTIA 1989; 45:436-43. [PMID: 2656285 DOI: 10.1007/bf01952025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Two classes of amine-aldehyde adducts, the tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) and beta-carboline (THBC) compounds, have been implicated in the mechanism in the brain underlying the addictive drinking of alcohol. One part of this review focuses on the large amount of evidence unequivocally demonstrating not only the corporeal synthesis of the TIQs and THBCs but their sequestration in brain tissue as well. Experimental studies published recently have revealed that exposure to alcohol enhances markedly the endogenous formation of condensation products. Apart from their multiple neuropharmacological actions, certain adducts when delivered directly into the brain of either the rat or monkey, to circumvent the brain's blood-barrier system, can evoke an intense and dose-dependent increase in the voluntary drinking of solutions of alcohol even in noxious concentrations. That the abnormal intake of alcohol is related functionally to opioid receptors in the brain is likely on the basis of several distinct lines of evidence which include: the attenuation of alcohol drinking by opioid receptor antagonists; binding of a TIQ to opiate receptors in the brain; and marked differences in enkephalin values in animals genetically predisposed to the ingestion of alcohol. Finally, it is proposed that the dopaminergic reward pathways which traverse the meso-limbic-forebrain systems of the brain more than likely constitute an integrative anatomical substrate for the adduct-opioid cascade of neuronal events which promote and sustain the aberrant drinking of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Myers
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 17834
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Beecher CWW, Farnsworth NR, Gyllenhaal C. Pharmacologically Active Secondary Metabolites from Wood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-74075-6_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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Duncan MW, Smythe GA, Clezy PS. Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric methodology for simultaneous assay of salsolinol, dopamine, norepinephrine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and dihydroxyphenylethanol. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1985; 12:106-14. [PMID: 2410051 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200120304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of deuterated (2H4)salsolinol from (2H4)dopamine via a Pictet-Spengler condensation is described. This (2H4)salsolinol is an ideal internal standard to determine picomole (ng) amounts of salsolinol (SAL) in a variety of sample types including urine, plasma, beverages and fruits. The deuterated standard is completely free of contamination by the non-deuterated species. The extraction procedure described is fast, highly efficient and does not lead to artifactual salsolinol formation even in the face of high dopamine concentrations. As well as SAL the method described allows simultaneous determination of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and its two metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and dihydroxyphenylethanol (DOPET). Each of the analytes is measured as its trifluoroacetyl derivative. Using trifluoroacetic anhydride in conjunction with trifluoroethanol allows simultaneous one-step derivatization of the acid function of DOPAC. All compounds were measured in the single ion monitoring (SIM) mode and quantified using appropriate deuterated internal standards. SAL, DA, DOPET, DOPAC and NE have been quantified in a variety of food and beverage sources. Soy sauce and dried banana have been identified as rich dietary sources of SAL. These data suggest diet should be considered a potentially important source of 'mammalian alkaloids' such as SAL, and the presence of SAL in mammalian systems is not necessarily evidence for an in vivo Pictet-Spengler condensation.
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